UCSPol 2nd Quarter Pointers PDF

UCSPol 2nd Quarter Pointers MODES OF ADAPTATION CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE 1. Conformist – a person who acc...

UCSPol 2nd Quarter Pointers MODES OF ADAPTATION CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE 1. Conformist – a person who accepts both the societal goals and the approved means to reach them. Conformity, the process whereby people change their beliefs, attitudes, actions, or perceptions 2. Innovator – a person who seeks to achieve goals by means that are not approved by society. 3. Ritualist – a person who follows the norms of the letter but rejects or abandons the hope of TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL achieving societal goals. Direct control is exercised by the primary groups like family and peer groups, who praise or condemn 4. Retreatist – a person who rejects both the societal goals and institutionalized means to achieve an individual's behavior. Indirect control is exercised by secondary groups like traditions, customs, them. institutions, etc. 5. Rebel – a person who rejects both the societal goals and the means to achieve them; instead, he substitutes them with new goals and new means to achieve them Positive means of social control are used to encourage socially acceptable behaviors. These include respect, praise, job promotions or academic awards and prizes. Negative means of social control HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS, AND THE COMMON GOOD include formal punishments, and informal strategies such as social exclusion and shaming. A member of a political community must be able to internalize the Preamble of the Constitution by heart. The Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states: Formal control is designed and regulated by some authority like the government which a make laws to We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a control order. Informal control is the unwritten rules and regulations characterized by informal just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, authority like criticism, sociability and public opinion. promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, DEVIANCE justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. Deviance is defined as the recognized violation of cultural norms. When most of us think of deviant GROUPS behavior, we think of someone who is breaking the law or acting out in a negative manner. Deviancy, A group is a collection of people whose members interact with each other in accordance with the however, must not be construed as always negative. This may be tolerated, approved, or disapproved. position they occupy and the roles they are expected to perform. Four patterns of classifying groups: according to the EXPLANATIONS FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIORS ✓ Nature Social Ties; The primary group is the basic universal human relationship. This is the PATHOLOGY kind of group where the members have intimate, personal, “face-to-face” relationships. It is Social Pathology considers deviant behavior as the result of a societal disease that must be isolated, usually characterized by bonds of tenderness, sympathy, mutuality of interest, and a “ we” feeling. contained, and treated. Biological pathology maintains that deviance results from actual physical (family, peer-group, neighborhood) A secondary group which the individual comes in contact with illness, malfunctions, or deformities. later in life. It is characterized by impersonal, business-like, contractual, formal, and casual SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION relationships. It is larger in size, of short duration, and is physically and spatially distant from Cultural conflict suggests that deviant and criminal behavior results when two normative systems come other groups. into contact. Member expectations in one system differ from those of the other, thus, actions outside ✓ Self-Identification; The In-Group is a group in which an individual identifies himself and is the dominant normative system appear deviant. given a sense of belongingness. Out-Group which one has a feeling of indifference, strangeness, LABELING avoidance, and dislike. It refers to the members’ position in reference to another group or to a The labeling theory of deviant behavior suggests that what defines deviance is the actions of others or group where they do not belong. the actors themselves. The crucial variable here is the power of the labeler. If the individual or group is ✓ Purpose; A Task Group is a group of persons formed to accomplish jobs, tasks, or not powerful enough to effectively affix the deviant label on a person displaying out-of-the-ordinary obligations. Relationship Group formed to fulfill the feeling of companionship. Influence Group behavior, then no consequence will likely follow. formed to support a particular cause or ideology. VALUE CONFLICT ✓ Social Organization; Gemeinschaft is a social system in which most relationships are personal This theory holds that acts are considered criminal or deviant because they are at variance with a or traditional and often both. It is composed of many primary groups. Its structure is referred to group’s values. There is also an assumption that what is valued by one group is not valued by another. as “community.” Gesellschaft is a society of bargaining and contract. Relationships are individualistic, impersonal, formal, contractual, and realistic. This is also referred to as “society.” KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, RELIGION and BELIEF SYSTEMS An extended family is simply a family unit that extends past the nuclear family to include other Kinship means relationships based on blood or marriage. Every society defines the nature of Kinship relatives such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents. It consists of two or more nuclear families interaction by determining which kin are more socially important than others, terms to classify living together. kin types, and expected forms of behavior between them. 1. Fictive kinship – people who are not related by blood or marriage BASED ON DESCENT 2. Consanguineal kin – kinship based on bloodline Patrilineal family is a group whose members trace their relationships and affiliations with relatives 3. Affinal kin – kinship based on marriage on the father side. Matrilineal family refers to a family whose members trace their relationships and affiliations with KINSHIP BY BLOOD relatives on the mother side. Bilateral family refers to a family whose Family members trace their Descent a group in which membership depends on common descent from a real or mythical ancestor. relationships and affiliations with relatives on both parents. a. Unilineal descent a group in which membership may rest either on patrilineal descent (patrilineage) or on matrilineal descent (matrilineage) Based on Residence b. Cognatic descent refers to all descendants of an ancestor who enjoy membership of a common Patrilocal is a family where in the newly married couple lives with or near the home of the groom’s descent group by virtue of any combination of male or female linkages. parents. Matrilocal is a family where in the newly married couple resides with or near the home of the bride’s KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE parents. Marriage is an institution that admits men and women to family life. It is a formal prescription Bilocal is a family where in the newly-weds choose to stay with either the groom or the bride’s which defines the rights, duties and privileges of husband and wife with respect to each other, parents. their children, their relatives, and the society as a whole. Neolocal is a family where in the couple resides independently from either groom or bride’s parent. Marriage can be viewed from religious point of view and from legal point of view. Avunculocal is a family where in the couple is prescribed to reside with or near the domicile of the Marriages are of different types across the world. Types of weddings are not to be confused with maternal uncle of the groom. types of marriages; ✓ Polygamy is the marriage of person to several people. Religion is a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe especially when Polygyny is a form of marriage in which one man marries more than one woman at a given time. considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and Polyandry is the marriage of one woman with more than one man. It is less common than ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. polygyny. ✓ Monogamy is a form of marriage in which one man marries one woman. It is the most SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION common and acceptable form of marriage. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION/ INEQUALITIES is defined as the arrangement of any social group ✓ Group Marriage is a type of marriage of two or more women with two or more men. Here the or society into a hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to power, property, social husbands are common husbands and wives are common wives. Children are regarded as the evaluation, and/or psychic gratification. Social stratification is a particular form of social inequality. children of the entire group as a whole. All societies arrange their members in terms of superiority, inferiority and equality. Stratification is a process of interaction or differentiation whereby some people come to rank higher than KINSHIP BY RITUAL others. Ritual kinship in the form of godparenthood played an important role in strengthening and extending the ties of kinship, as it did in much of Latin America. Parents selected godparents for a COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION child at his or her baptism, confirmation, and marriage. The godparents were then tied to the Social Class refers to the level or category where persons have more or less the same socio-economic parents as co-parents. privileges in society. Social Status refers to the position of an individual or group within a social structure. VARIATION IN FAMILY PATTERNS Social Role refers to the behavior expected of a person who occupies a particular status. BASED ON INTERNAL ORGANIZATION A conjugal family is a nuclear family of adult partners and their children (by birth or adoption). The spouses and their children are of prime importance and other more distant relatives less important. The marriage bond is important and stressed. BASES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Cultural Diffusion is simply defined as the spread of a cultural item from its place of origin to other 1. Power or Authority is the ability to secure one’s ends in life, even against opposition. The degree places. In a more expanded definition diffusion is the process by which discrete culture traits are to which one directs, manages, or dominates others. transferred from one society to another, through migration, trade, war, or other contacts. 2. Property or Wealth refers to the rights over goods and services. How much of the resources of society are owned by certain individuals and how much do they gain or earn every time. PROCESSES OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION 3. Prestige or Social Evaluation implies social judgment that a status or position is more prestigious 1. Primary diffusion is a process brought about by migration, the movement of people from one place to and honorable than others. The degree of honor one’s position evokes. It also includes the fame another. one attains upon reaching a certain degree of prestige. 2. Secondary diffusion involves the direct transfer of material culture from one society to another. 3. Stimulus diffusion refers to the transfer of ideas SOCIAL MOBILITY IN SOCIAL STRATIFICATION is the movement of persons from one position to another in the stratification system. ACCULTURATION AND ASSIMILATION TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY Assimilation Individuals or groups may move from one position to another in the society which does not involve The process by which a person or a group’s language and/or culture become similar to another culture a shift into a higher or lower stratum. This is known as horizontal social mobility. or language. Another type of social mobility is the movement of individuals or persons into either a higher or Acculturation lower stratum. This refers to vertical social mobility. The exchange of cultural features that results when different groups come into continuous firsthand A type of social mobility in which persons experience change in their social position over the course contact. of their lifetime is what is known as career mobility. It can be downward mobility when one is demoted from his position or upward mobility when one moves to a position higher in rank, payment or prestige. --------- END OF UCSPol 2ND QUARTER ---------- The intergenerational social mobility is a type of social mobility in which a person acquires his position from the parents’ social stratification level. “It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.” ― Confucius CULTURE, SOCIAL, and POLITICAL CHANGE SOCIAL CHANGE in sociology, is the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behavior, social organizations, or value systems. THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE EVOLUTION THEORY The uni-linear evolutionary theory views the development of society from a simple to complex form of organization b. The multi linear evolutionary theory views the occurrence of change from multiple lines that do not lead to a single result. CONFLICT THEORY It was initially proposed by Marx and Engels and later by Marxist sociologists. It views the inevitability of social change as a result of conflict among members of society caused by struggle over property Cyclical or Rise and Fall Theory It was proposed by writers Oswald Spengler and Arnold Toynbee. Like the theory of gravity, everything that goes up, goes down. This theory describes the rise and fall of societies, cultures, and civilizations in cyclical manner. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY It was espoused by Emile Durkheim. Functionalism views society as a social system of interconnected parts, a bit like a human body with each part of the body depending on the other to ‘function.’