10th Standard Social Science - Part 2 (PDF)

Government of Karnataka SOCIAL SCIENCE (Revised - 2022) ED H 10 IS BL EP S R TB U BE @K Tenth Standard TO Part - 2 T O N English M...

Government of Karnataka SOCIAL SCIENCE (Revised - 2022) ED H 10 IS BL EP S R TB U BE @K Tenth Standard TO Part - 2 T O N English Medium Karnataka Textbook Society (R.) 6th Cross, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru - 560 003  Content Chapter Chapters Page.No No. HISTORY 17 THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857) 1 18 THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE 6 19 INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE 29 20 WORLD WARS AND INDIA’S ROLE 34 ED POLITICAL SCIENCE H IS 21 WORLD CHALLENGES AND INDIA’S ROLE 44 BL EP S 22 WORLD ORGANISATIONS 49 R TB U SOCIOLOGY BE @K 23 COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PROTESTS 59 24 SOCIAL CHALLENGES 65 GEOGRAPHY TO 25 INDIA - LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE 75 26 INDIA - MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES 85 T O 27 INDIA - TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION 92 N 28 INDIA - MAJOR INDUSTRIES 100 29 INDIA - NATURAL DISASTERS 106 ECONOMICS 30 RURAL DEVELOPMENT 113 31 PUBLIC FINANCE AND BUDGET 120 BUSINESS STUDIES 32 ENTREPRENEURSHIP 130 33 CONSUMER EDUCATION AND PROTECTION 137 ii  HISTORY Chapter - 17 THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857) We learn about the following in this chapter: Causes for the First War of Independence Immediate causes for the revolt Spread of the revolt and its nature Failure of the revolt and its effects With the objective of expanding their rule in India, the British had brought into force the Doctrine of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of ED Lapse. Many provinces came into the control of the British because of H these rules. As a result, Indians were upset. They were dissatisfied with the IS British administration too. This dissatisfaction surfaced as a major revolt BL EP S in 1857. While some Indians called this ‘The First War of Independence’, R TB U British historians called it as ‘The Sepoy Mutiny’. BE @K Causes for the First War of Independence: Political causes: Many kingdoms lost their Do you know this: rights due to the promulgation of Doctrine of Doctrine of Lapse : TO Lapse brought about by the British. Satara, Doctrine of Lapse: This Jaipur, Jhansi, Udaipur and other kingdoms policy was established T by Lord Dalhousie during O came under British control. Dalhousie British rule. According N cancelled the princely titles of the Nawabs of to this policy, an Indian Tanjore and Carnatic kingdoms. The Moghul king could not transfer his sultans, the Nawab of Oudh and other kings kingdom to his adopted were stripped of their kingly status. children in the absence of Consequently, lakhs of soldiers who were natural heirs. Thus, his dependent on these kings, became unemployed. kingdom came naturally This became a strong cause for the protest of under British rule. 1857 against the British. Economic causes: Due to the industrial revolution in England, Indian handicrafts and cottage industries suffered heavily. England, instead of 1 being a trading country, became a hub of industries. The Indian craftsmen became unemployed. Primarily, the textile and wool industries became sick and people lost their jobs. The cottage industries too suffered a death blow. The British imposed a heavy tax on sale of Indian goods in England. Because of the zamindari system, the landlords, acting as commission agents between the Government and the farmers, exploited the farmers. The right given to the taluks to collect tax was withdrawn. An ‘Inam Commission’ was appointed and all the gifted lands (‘Inam lands’) were taken back. Due to this, the farmers felt insulted and experienced many financial problems. This too led to the revolt of farmers against the government. Administrative causes: The British brought into force new civil and criminal laws. These were applicable only to Indians. English became the ED language of the courts. Most of the time the British judges favoured the British. The new rules were not understood by the common people. H IS Military causes: The condition of the Indian soldiers in the British army BL EP S was pathetic. The status, salary and opportunities for promotion that R TB U British soldiers enjoyed were not given to Indian soldiers. The religious BE @K sentiments of the Indian soldiers were disturbed when they were forced to cross the oceans to serve on a foreign land. Eruption of the Revolt and its spread: Most of the Indian soldiers in the British army believed that if they TO fought together, they could drive away the British from India. At that time, T the soldiers were being given new rifles called ‘Royal Enfield’. A rumour O spread among the soldiers that the cartridges used in these rifles were N greased with the fat of cow and pigs. While cows were sacred to the Hindus, pigs were blasphemous for Muslims. This incident became the immediate cause for the revolt. The rumour that spread in the army troops at Barackpur led to severe dissatisfaction. When the British officers ordered the Indian soldiers to pull the safety catch with the help of their teeth, the soldiers rejected the command and revolted against their superiors. At this juncture, an Indian soldier named Mangal Pandey killed a British official. Subsequently, he was arrested, tried and hanged. 2  Meerut was a strong military base of the British. When the British ordered the Indian soldiers to use the greased cartridges, the soldiers refused to carry out the order. The soldiers were imprisoned. As a result, there was a revolt in Meerut. Indian soldiers rushed into the prison and released the soldiers jailed there. This became the spark that led to the fire of the War of Independence. Later, the group of soldiers went to Delhi from Meerut. They laid siege on the Red Fort and declared the Moghul king, Bahadur Shah II as the Emperor of India. Protesting soldiers from different parts of India reached Delhi. Consequently, the protest became serious. It spread like wild fire to Kanpur and Jhansi. In Kanpur, Nana Saheb rose in protest. Tatya Tope was his assistant. In Jhansi, a revolt took place under the leadership of Queen Laxmibai. When Kanpur fell into ED the hands of the British, Tatya Tope came to Jhansi to H help the Queen. Thathya Tope IS BL The heat of the revolt was felt in Lucknow too. Ultimately, EP S R TB Lucknow was taken over by the British. The war spread U BE @K to the south of river Yamuna. As a result, the soldiers in Jhansi felt encouraged. Jhansi Rani Laxmibai who was enraged by the Doctrine of Lapse, declared war against the British. She tied her adopted son to her back and fought TO in the war. She took Gwalior under her control. When the Jhansi Rani Laxmibai battle took place again with the British, the Queen laid T O down her life. Even today, the queen occupies a pride of N place in the history of the independence struggle. Reasons for failure of the revolt: The First War of Independence of 1857 failed due to various reasons. The movement did not spread to the whole country. This struggle was intended to protect the interests of a few rather than getting freedom for the country. Instead of being an organized struggle, it erupted due to certain unexpected reasons. The unity among the British forces and lack of it among the Indian soldiers also led to the failure. There was no proper direction or proper leadership. In addition, there was a lack of strategy, 3 expertise among soldiers, effective leadership, discipline and direction. Many provincial kings, on account of their loyalty to the British, did not support the struggle. The people lost confidence in the soldiers due to their arson and looting. Effects of the revolt: The freedom struggle put an end to the administration of the East India Company, and the administration was taken over by to the Queen of England. The administrative responsibility was handed over to the Secretary of Indian Affairs in the British Parliament. In 1858, the Queen of England made a declaration. This declaration has been called India’s ‘Magna Carta’. The following points were included in it: The agreements made by the East India Company with the kings were ED accepted. H Ambitious expansion plans had to be given up. IS A stable government had to be provided to Indians. BL EP S There would be equality before law. R TB U The government would exhibit religious tolerance and not to interfere BE @K in religious matters of the country. The British realized that peaceful rule was not possible without support, trust and confidence of the Indians. This gives new route to Indian freedom movement. Indians understood the inevitability of finding TO alternative routes to obtain freedom from the British. T O EXERCISES N I Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 1. British historians refer to the 1857 revolt as ___________. 2. The policy brought into force by Dalhousie was _________. 3. ______ killed the British Major during the 1857 revolt. 4. Jhansi Rani fought aganist British and took ________ under her control. 4 II Discuss the following in groups and answer them: 1. What were the effects of the Doctrine of Lapse? Analyse. 2. The economic changes of the time were responsible for the 1857 revolt. How? 3. What were the factors that disturbed the religious sentiments of the soldiers during the 1857 revolt? 4. What were the immediate causes for the First War of Independence? 5. Make a list of the reasons for the failure of the revolt. 6. What were the features of the declaration of the British Queen in 1858? III Activities: ED 1. On the Indian map, mark the kingdoms which were taken over by H the British with the help of the Doctrine of Lapse. IS 2. Organise a debate on “The 1857 revolt was the First War of BL EP S Independence”. R TB U BE @K  TO T O N 5  Chapter - 18 THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE We learn about the following in this chapter: Indian National Congress Moderates, Extremists and Revolutionaries Non-cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Quit India movement Farmers’ and workers’ protests Subhash Chandra Bose, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohammad Ali Jinnah ED Partition of India H IS There were many instances of protest against the establishment of BL British rule in India. The wars fought by many kings against the British EP S R TB were all in their own self-interest. After the First War of Independence in U 1857, many changes and effective reforms were brought in. Improvements in BE @K transport and communication, journalism, establishment of organizations, and changes in administration saw people getting engaged in huge numbers in many provinces. Lord Lytton brought in ‘Domestic Papers Control Act’ in 1878 to exercise control over the Indian publications, and Lord Rippon TO brought in ‘Ilbert Bill’ to bring in uniformity in the judicial system. Certain organizations tried to protest against this in Europe and were successful. T The freedom struggle assumed a specific direction as a result of protests O all over the country. To avoid armed struggle, the British adopted certain N strategies. Consequently, the British Government declared the supremacy of the Queen in 1858, and announced that Indians were British citizens. Through this step, the British government declared provision of better amenities to Indians. In the subsequent developments, the aristocratic new generation who learnt English, started fighting for their rights in a constitutional manner. This led to the establishment of Indian National Congress. Indian National Congress Right from the time of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the minds of middle class people of India were getting prepared to face new challenges. Towards this 6 end, many organizations were established throughout the country. Among them, ‘The Hindu Mela’, ‘The East India Association’, ‘Poona Sarvajanik Sabha’ and ‘The Indian Association’ were prominent. They had limited scope and interests. They were waiting for a national level integration to happen at an appropriate time. An opportunity came handy for organizing such an all Indian organization. In the year 1885, a retired English officer, A.O.Hume established the Indian National Congress. It worked towards creating political awareness and nationalist attitude. In spite of the diversity in India, the Indian National Congress struggled to kindle the patriotic feelings of Indians. It published papers in the local languages and started debates on political problems. As a result, the people became aware of the political situation and its problems. The British realized the growing strength of the Congress and started implementing ED its ‘Divide and Rule’ policy. They separated Hindus and Muslims through their manipulative techniques. In spite of this, the Indian National Congress H was able to formulate positive plans of action related to national issues. IS BL EP S By the end of the 19th century, differences surfaced in the Indian R TB U National Congress. Based on the plan of action, beliefs and type of struggle BE @K adopted by them, they were identified as moderates and extremists. First Phase : Moderates (1885 - 1906) Traditionally, the first 20 years of the beginning of Congress are called the TO ‘Moderate Age’. Among the moderates, M.G.Ranade, Surendranath Bannerjee, T O Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopalakrishna N Gokhale were prominent. The moderates trusted the British administration and Dadabhai Gopalakrishna their impartiality. They used to place their Naoroji Gokhale requests and appeals before the government within the constitutional framework. The moderates taught people about political situations. They conducted meetings, discussed problems and placed before the government various requests related to development of industries, reduction of military expenses, improvement in educational standards, forcing the British government to take up studies about poverty in the country etc. 7  For the first time, the moderates critically Activity : analysed the ill-effects of the British rule in India. Collect the photographs They placed before the people facts and figures of moderates and read about the drain of Indian wealth into England. their Biographies. Dadabhai Naoroji explained about the transfer of Indian wealth to England and called it as Drain Theory. He maintained that encouraging imports and reducing exports created a situation unfavorable to India, leading to drain of wealth. Since India had to bear the burden of paying wages, pension and administrative expenses of British officials, a lot of wealth was flowing into England. The Age of Moderates is also called the Age of Generous Nationalism. Second Phase : Extremists (1906 - 1920) ED One group of Congress members who became unhappy with the mild attitude of the moderates called them ‘political beggars’. Those who H IS criticized the moderate thinking and propagated extremist ideas were BL known as Extremists. Aurobindo Ghosh, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra EP S R TB Pal and Balgangadhara Tilak were the prominent extremist leaders. U BE @K TO Aurobindo Balgangadhara Lala Lajpat Bipin Chandra T Ghosh Pal O Tilak Rai N Partition of Bengal: Bengal was the centre of protests and anti-British sentiments. In order to curb this, Viceroy Lord Curzon proposed a plan to divide Bengal citing administrative problems. East and West Bengal based on Muslim and Hindu population were created. Thus, by creating differences between the two communities, they tried to reduce the intensity of freedom struggle. Extremists opposed the partition of Bengal in the year 1905, highlighting it as an example of ‘Divide and Rule’ policy. Protests started mounting throughout the country against the division of Bengal. The Swadeshi movement was very important among these protests. Swadeshi movement 8 called for a ban on western goods and the organizations supporting the import of European items. They encouraged the people to use Indian goods. In the backdrop of these explosive protests, in 1911 the British government withdrew the Declaration of Partition of Bengal. Extremists maintained that good Do you know this? administration cannot be a substitute for Tilak inspired nationalism independence. Tilak declared: “Swaraj is my in people through Ganesha birthright and I will get it at any cost”. Thus, festival and Shivaji birthday an independent India was the aim of celebrations. extremists. They started preparing the common people for freedom struggle. Through religious functions they started organizing people for a freedom movement. Lokamanya Tilak utilized his ‘Kesari’ in Marathi and ‘Maratha’ newspaper in English for freedom struggle. Through these papers he called for the ED active participation in the fight for freedom. He was imprisoned for his revolutionary articles and enquiries were instituted against him. He wrote H Geetha Rahasya in the jail. IS BL EP S Do you know this? R TB U “In the development of a nation, inefficient administrators fulfil certain BE @K useful objectives: they bring to wakefulness the lion sleeping carelessly; they are helpful in bringing about national integrity through inspiring people.” These words of S.N.Bannerjee can apply to the revolutionaries who fought for our freedom. TO The role of Revolutionaries in freedom struggle : T The revolutionaries dreamt of a totally free India. They strongly believed O that the British could be thrown out of India only by violent means. They N started establishing their secret branches in India and abroad, and engaged in collection of money, arms and training of people. ‘Anusheelana Samithi’ and ‘Abhinava Bharata’ were important organizations of this kind. They used bombs and firearms to achieve their objectives. The government tried their best to suppress them. The revolutionaries were arrested for murder attempts. They were declared guilty and given life imprisonment. Many were hanged to death. V.D.Savarkar, Aurobindo Ghosh, Shyam KrishnaVerma, Madame Cama, Khudiram Bose, Ramaprasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekar Azad were prominent revolutionary leaders. 9  The dream of the revolutionaries of gaining independence through forceful means did not succeed. However, they were a powerful source of inspiration for the national freedom movement. Some of the extremists in the later years continued their struggle as revolutionaries. Prominent among them was Aurobindo Ghosh. ED Bhagat Singh Chandrashekar V.D. Savarkar Azad H IS BL EP S Gaidin Liu : The christian missionary and the power of the British R TB U was taking control of the whole of north-east India. Knowing about this, BE @K Jadonang of the Naga tribe, an youngster built a youth's army to fight against the British. But there was no place for the ladies. So Gaidin Liu, an young lady collected ladies of North-eastern India and joined Jadonang to fight the British. She joined the Herakka religious movement along with TO Jadonang. British Government Imprisoned Jadonang at silcher jail and later hanged him to death on 29th August 1931. Gaidin Liu took charge T of the army and let the movement against the British. In just 8 months O the British were taken aback. She fought on the lines of Guerilla warfare. N The entire villages of North-east co-operated. Thousands of people joined her army. Some of the traitors gave information about her to the British. Do you know this? Macdonald who was against her got Aurobindo Ghosh published a information from doctor Haralu and book ‘Vartaman Rananiti’ in which he proposed military training and Imprisoned her. She was in jail from skills of warfare. Even Barinder 1932 Oct 12th till India became free. Kumar Ghosh expressed the same Haralu was awarded with Kaiser - E views in his daily ‘Yugantar’. - Hind by the British. 10 Final Phase : Gandhian era. (1920 – 1947) Gandhiji got his Barrister degree in England and started his law practice in South Africa. The British who were ruling South Africa, practised apartheid and discriminated mainly against Africans and Indians. People who were employed in low-paid jobs, were not allowed to travel on trains along with the white people and could not eat along with them. The British treated them mercilessly. Gandhiji brought together the people who were discriminated against, Gandhiji in South Africa and carried out agitations and protests against the British in a peaceful, non-violent manner. The success that he got to his movement against the British in South Africa inspired Gandhiji to do the same in India and achieve freedom from the British. ED In the freedom movement of India, 1920-1947 is also termed Gandhian H Age. Gandhiji was in the forefront of the struggle till India won her IS independence. With the entry of Gandhiji, the freedom movement gained a BL EP S new dimension. Gandhiji made use of indirect protests, non-violence and R TB U satyagraha as the main instruments for the freedom struggle. He wrote BE @K about his principles in the newspaper ‘Young India’. Satyagraha was his main political weapon. Do you know this? Satyagraha: TO Gandhiji succeeded in using satyagraha to fight against the apartheid policy in Africa. He used the same weapon in the Indian freedom struggle. T O He maintained that satyagraha was not a way to apply physical pressure on N anyone but a struggle accompanied by self-respect. Do you know this? With the entry of Gandhiji, admission to the Congress was made open to everyone and it became the common man’s organization. In order to press for fulfillment of its demands, the organization resorted to non-cooperation and civil dis-obedience movement. It also suggested positive programmes for the upliftment of the society. To implement their plans, the Congress began the ‘Tilak Swarajya Fund’ with an investment of one crore rupees. In this manner, a complete change could be witnessed in the Congress with the arrival of Gandhiji in the organization. Hence, this period has been called ‘Gandhian age’. 11  The British government brought into force many regulations with a view to suppress the increasing revolutionary activities. The most important of them was the Rowlatt Act in 1919, which gave the judges power to arrest and interrogate people based on mere suspicion. Gandhiji protested against this inhuman Act through satyagraha. It gained support throughout the nation. Thousands of Indians participated in these protests against the British. Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre: Punjab witnessed widespread protests against Rowlatt act. As the protests turned violent, the control over Amritsar city was given to General Dyer. Dyer imposed military rule in the city and banned all demonstrations against the british rule. The protestors had decided to assemble at Jallianwallah Bagh. They were not aware of this ban. About 20,000 ED protestors had assembled in this demonstration against the Rowlatt act. H This peaceful demonstration was in progress in high-walled Jallianwallah IS Bagh which had narrow entrances. General Dyer arrived at this place BL EP S without any previous warning with his army, and attacked the protestors R TB U from all sides with firearms. In this massacre, about 379 people died and BE @K thousands suffered serious injuries. This incident is called Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy. The government appointed Hunter Commission to conduct an enquiry TO into the Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy, but it was of no consequence. The atrocities against Indians continued. T O Do you know this? N In the backdrop of Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy, Rabindranath Tagore wrote a letter to the Viceroy and surrendered the ‘Knighthood’ awarded to him. The revolutionary Udham Singh killed General Dyer who had massacred innocent Indians. 12 Khilafat Movement The British had plans to demolish the Ottoman Empire during the I World War. The Turkish Emperors of the Ottoman Empire were Muslim Khalifs. Due to this, the hatred against the British grew in the minds of Indian Muslims. Ali brothers started the Khilafat movement in India in order to support the Turks. Gandhiji believed that only if Hindus and Muslims fought together against the British, the British would leave the country. In this context, he felt that participation of Muslims in the Congress was vital. Hence, Gandhiji declared his support to the Khilafat movement. This turned out to be a joint Hindu-Muslim nation-wide movement against the British. Many national leaders and the Congress took active part in the Khilafat movement. Non-co-operation movement ED In the year 1920, Gandhiji gave a call for a non-co-operation movement H against the British. Students supported his call by abstaining from schools IS and colleges. Lawyers remained away from courts. Indian dignitaries BL EP S R TB returned all the awards given by the British. Supporting this movement, U Motilal Nehru and C.R.Das sacrificed their law careers. During this period, BE @K there was a stiff opposition to the visit of the British Prince. There were widespread agitations against the visit throughout the country. After seeing the intensity of the agitation, fear surfaced in the mind of the British. At this juncture, thousands of people jumped into the freedom TO struggle at Chowri-Chowra in T Uttar Pradesh. In the year 1922, O police used their force against N peaceful protestors. Enraged by this, the people tried to enter the police stations. Police resorted to firing. When their ammunition got exhausted, the police ran into the station. The angry protestors set the police station on fire. About 22 police were burnt alive inside the Non-co-opration movement station. This incident is termed 13 Chowri-Chowra incident in history. The incident made Gandhiji unhappy. Gandhiji resented the violent incident and withdrew his non-co-operation movement. The British government considered Gandhiji responsible for the violent event. It sentenced him to prison for six years. But in 1924, Gandhiji was released citing the reason of ill-health. Do you know this? In the corporation elections that took place in Calcutta in 1924, Swaraj Party won the majority. C.R.Das was elected as the Mayor. He was known as ‘Deshbandhu’. Through the 1919 Act, Indians were given the opportunity to contest elections. However, since the atrocities and injustice by the British were continuing, ED some Congressmen rejected the Act. With an intention of contesting elections in the future, Motilal Nehru and H IS C.R.Das, along with some other Congressmen, established BL EP S ‘Swaraj Party’ in 1923. Through this party, they wanted R TB to enter the legislative assembly and oppose the policies Motilal Nehru U BE @K of the British from within. In the subsequent Belgaum Conference held in 1924, Gandhiji approved of the plan of the Swaraj Party and accepted it as a part of the Congress plan. Thus Swaraj Party became a part of the Congress. TO According to the Government of India Act of 1919, there was a proposal to appoint a Commission at the end of ten years. This Commission was to T examine the impact of the 1919 Act, suggest suitable changes if needed, and O N submit it to the government. Accordingly, in 1927, the British Government appointed the Simon Commission under the leadership of John Simon. This commission did not have a single Indian as the member. Treating it as an insult to India, the Congress boycotted the Simon Commission. There were widespread demonstrations during the visit of Simon to India. The people started shouting ‘Simon, Go back’. Wherever the Simon Commission went, it witnessed demonstrations, hartals and agitations. During this time, Lala Lajpat Rai who was the leader of the movement, died after being injured in police caning. This made the Indians’ fight much more intense. 14  Do you know this : On January 1st, 1930, Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the Indian tri-colour on the banks of river Ravi. With an intention to reduce the hatred towards the government, as soon as the Commission’s work was over, the British government decided to call a meeting of the Indian representatives and have a discussion with them. The result was the Round Table Conference. In the year 1929, under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru, a Congress Session was held in Lahore. During this conference, the Congress declared that ‘Purna Swaraj’ was their aim. On January 26, 1930, the Congress celebrated Independence day all over the country and supported the Lahore declaration. This conference entrusted the responsibility of organizing the ‘Civil Disobedience’ movement to Gandhiji. ED Civil Disobedience Movement H Gandhiji, after assuming the IS leadership of Civil disobedience BL EP S movement, submitted a Charter of R TB U 11 demands to Viceroy Irwin. He had BE @K conveyed that if these demands were not met, he would start Civil Disobedience movement. One of the demands was abolition of tax imposed on salt. But Irwin TO did not consider Gandhiji’s demands. Dandi March As a result, in the year 1930, Gandhiji T O travelled from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in Surat on foot with his N followers to produce salt in the seashore. In this manner, he started the Civil Disobedience Movement. This event in history is popular as ‘Dandi March’. Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Kamala Nehru, Vallabhai Patel, Rajagopalachari, Babu Rajendra Prasad and thousands of others who participated in the Civil Disobedience movement were arrested. This agitation spread to many parts of the country. 15  Do you know this? In the Dandi march, Karnataka’s 18-year old Mylara Mahadevappa also participated. Karnataka Congress formed a committee with R.R.Diwakar, Koujalgi Hanumantharao, Gangadhar Deshpande Hardikar and Karnad Sadashiva Rao and started the production of salt at Ankola taluk in Karwar district. As mentioned earlier, as per the decision of the British government to call a meeting of the Indian representatives, the First Round Table Conference was held in 1930. The result was that the British understood they could not take any decision without the participation of Indian leaders. In this conference, an opportunity was created to allow untouchables to be represented separately. In order to enable them to participate in the conference, Gandhiji and other Congress leaders were released from ED prison. But Gandhiji and the Congress refused to attend the conference. Representatives of the princely kingdoms, leaders of different communities H like B.R.Ambedkar, M.R.Jayakar, Tej Bahadur Sapra, Mohammad Ali IS Jinnah, Srinivas Shastri and others took part in the conference. Approval BL EP S was given to matters like Dominion status, responsible government and R TB U casteist representation at the conference. But since the Congress did not BE @K participate there, the conference was not productive. In order to bring the Indian National Congress to the conference and help Britain achieve its objectives, Viceroy Irwin met Gandhiji and discussed certain proposals. The result of this discussion was the Gandhiji-Irwin Pact in 1931. In the subsequent developments, the Congress gave up its Civil disobedience TO movement and agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference. Mohammed Ali Jinnah and B.R.Ambedkar participated in this conference. T O In this conference, B.R.Ambedkar asked for separate constituencies N for the depressed classes during elections. This was not acceptable to Gandhiji. As a result, there was difference of opinion between Gandhiji and Ambedkar. Hence, even the II Round Table Conference ended without any conclusions. But the British Government declared that they would recognize the depressed classes’ request for separate constituency. Gandhiji began up a fast unto death agitation. Attempts were made to placate Ambedkar. Consequently, Poona Agreement was reached. As per this agreement, out of the existing constituencies, some were reserved for depressed classes. In such places, only depressed classes leaders had filed nomination as representatives of all people. Instead of a separate constituency, some areas were reserved for the depressed classes. 16  The British Government wanted to bring a Union government at the Centre and provincial governments in the states. With this intention in mind, towards the end of 1932, it called for the Third Round Table Conference. The Congress was not happy with the system suggested by the government and hence did not participate in the conference. The British government had intended to bring about many reforms through the Round Table Conferences. In this backdrop, in 1935, the Indian Government Act was promulgated. This act had provisions for an Indian Union and provincial independence. Indians got political rights. Due to this, the Congress and Muslim League participated in elections. The Congress won the elections and formed a provincial government. When the II World War started, as a result of political developments in Europe, the Indian Viceroy unilaterally declared war against Germany. This was opposed by the Congress which walked out of the Cabinet. Gandhiji started an agitation opposing the Viceroy’s decision. In order to pacify the ED Indians, Stafford Kripps was sent for mediation. H Quit India Movement IS BL The British Government in the year 1942 EP S R TB sent Strafford Kripps to India for peace talks. U Kripps’ Commission put forward certain BE @K suggestions in front of Indians. Giving dominion status to India, forming a Constituent Assembly for the purpose, and giving freedom to the states to either join or TO remain out of the Union were some of the suggestions. These suggestions were not T acceptable to Congress. On the 8th of August Quit India Movement O 1942, the Congress started the Quit India N Movement. Gandhiji gave a call to the Indians to ‘Do or Die’. In this context, many leaders like Gandhiji, Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Abul Kalam Azad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Acharya Kripalani, Kasturba Gandhi and others were imprisoned. Since most of the Congress leaders were in jail, organizations Vallabhbhai Abul Kalam Patel Azad other than the Congress came into the 17 limelight. This movement paved the way for the emergence of new leaders. Jayaprakash Narayan assumed leadership of the movement. He was a prominent leader of the Socialist wing of the Congress. He carried out many revolutionary activities along with his followers throughout India. The Socialists implemented their plans through a group titled ‘The Freedom Struggle Front’. Through that organization, they imparted training to workers. They urged the people to participate in the freedom struggle. They collected funds, and gave a proper direction to the movement. The interesting fact is that, at this time, Discuss : a movement began outside the borders of India Indians participated for its freedom. In this context, the efforts of voluntarily in the Quit India Subhash Chandra Bose are unparalleled. Movement. Why? After the 1937 elections, the Muslim League ED was not called to participate in the government. H When in 1939, the British government unilaterally declared that India too IS would participate in the II World War, the Congressmen in the Cabinet BL EP S R TB resigned their posts. At this juncture, Muslim League celebrated ‘Vimukti U Divas’. It did not participate in the Quit India movement. It put forward BE @K its proposal for the partition of India. Do you know this? Esoor Incident: Essor is a village near Shikaripura in the Mysore TO province. During the independence struggle, this village was named ‘Swatantra Halli’. Here everybody wore the Gandhi cap. The villagers T O prohibited officials from entering the village, but, those officials who N visited the village in 1942 were forced by the activists to wear the cap. The Sub-inspector who was with the officials protested against this and fired at the crowd. The enraged people killed him. Historically, this incident is referred to as ‘Esoor Incident’. Farmers and Labours protests In the freedom struggle, farmers and labour organizations have also played a prominent role. Some of the organizations were influenced by the Congress, while others followed Marxist principles. During the British rule, farmers in many places, revolted against landlords and European 18 planters. They refused to grow indigo in Champaranya district. They staged agitations against land tax. Gandhiji persuaded the British to abolish tax through satyagraha. As a part of the national freedom struggle, the Congress tried to organize the farmers. Gandhiji had influence over the activities of farmers in Champaranya, Kheda and other areas. Influenced by the Indian National Congress, the farmers who were oppressed in the areas of Tebhag, Malabar etc. rose in revolt against landlords and the British. The farmers’ problems merged with the non-co-operation movement, Civil Disobedience and Quit India movements. Many protests were organized under the banner of Kisan Sabha. The protests used to be pro-Congress and, at times, anti-Congress. The Telangana farmers’ revolt challenged the Andhra Reddy landlords and the Nizam’s Razaks. Bengali farmers revolted against the exploitation by ED landlords. In Maharashtra, the farmers protested against low wages. H Labourers Revolt IS BL EP S The labour movement started in Calcutta in the year 1827. People R TB U started getting organized to fight for their rights in jute and textiles BE @K industries and the railways. The railway porters staged agitation in railway stations by shouting slogans and demanded higher wages from the British officials. The Printers’ Union of Calcutta and the Bombay textile workers created national awareness. The Madras Labour Union was established. Subsequently, many labour unions were born. The Congress supported TO these movements of the labour organizations. T The Tribal Movements O N The Tax and Forest Act implemented by the British East India Company provoked the tribal revolt. Of the tribal rebellions, the Santala’s revolt and Munda movement are prominent. In this regard, the Halagali Hunters rebellion in Karnataka is noteworthy. The Santala tribal revolt can be termed India’s first movement. These tribals lived in Bengal and Orissa hillocks. When the permanent landlord system was brought into force by the British, the people of this community became destitutes. Their lands went to the landlords. The landlords, money-lenders and the British government behaved in a way that triggered intolerance in the Santalas. The Company exploited the decency and 19 peace-loving attitude of the Santalas. Enraged by this, the Santalas held secret meetings and decided to loot the landlords and prominent citizens. The agitation became intense in Barahat area and also in Bhagatpur and Rajamahal. The rioters killed their enemies. As a result, the landlords and money-lenders ran away. The government used the army to stem the revolt and was successful. Many rioters were arrested. Although the revolt by the Santalas ended, it lent its voice to many similar protests later. Subhash Chandra Bose The most prominent among the revolutionary fighters of India was Subhash Chandra Bose. Although he secured the 4th rank in the Indian Civil Services examination, he rejected the prestigious post in the British Service, and took an active part in the freedom struggle. He was popularly called Netaji. ED As a parallel to the peaceful struggle of Gandhiji, H in the early part of the 1930s, Subhash Chandra Subhash Chandra IS Bose Bose was engaged in the attempt to organize Indians BL EP S settled abroad and equip them for fighting against the R TB U British. He travelled to Vienna, Berlin, Rome, Istanbul and other countries BE @K and inspired the Indians there to support their motherland. The rise of Communism and Socialism in Europe influenced the Congress in India and led to certain changes. Socialist leftist ideology affected many people in the Congress too. In this backdrop, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash TO Chandra Bose established the Congress Socialist Party in 1934. With Gandhiji’s support, Bose T became the President at the Haripur Do you know this? O N Session of the Indian National “India must be freed before the Germans come…..Every defeat England Congress. However, a difference of received in Europe should loosen the opinion arose between Gandhiji who hold of British imperialism on India. displayed a soft attitude towards the We should stop talking about Britain’s war policy of the British, and the survival either with the help of the empire harsh attitude shown by Subhash. or with India’s assistance. In these troubled times, India should first think Subhash objected to the reluctance about itself.” of Gandhiji to request international Subhash Chandra Bose help at that time. In 1938, at the Tripura Session of the Congress, even against Gandhiji’s opposition, Subhash Chandra Bose became the 20 President of the Congress. With that, the gap between Gandhiji and Subhash widened. The plans of Subhash Chandra Bose, who desired to stay within the Congress and fight the British, suffered a setback. Disappointed with the Congress and Gandhiji’s techniques, Netaji left the Congress and established a separate party called Forward Block. This party aimed to bring in Do you know this? progressive, fast changes. Subhash “I vow before God that I will opposed the war preparations of the liberate India and its 38 crore people British and the participation of India who are my countrymen……Even in the World War. As a result, he was after independence, I will be forever arrested by the British. ready to shed even the last drop of Desiring to join hands with blood for the survival of my country.” the enemies of the British, and Subhash Chandra Bose thereby defeat the British, Subhash ED Chandra Bose escaped from house- H arrest and left for Germany. He IS gained the support of the German dictator, Hitler to make India free. BL EP S He tried to establish an army with the help of Indian war criminals in R TB U Germany. Through Azad Hind Radio, he broadcast his speeches to the BE @K Indians. He joined hands with Ras Behari Bose who had organized Indians to fight depending on the fate of Japan in the war. Ras Behari Bose has established the military wing of the Indian Independence League at Tokyo and named it Indian National Army. Later, he gave up the leadership of TO the INA to Subhash Chandra Bose. At this Activity : juncture, Subhash Chandra Bose gave the call Write an essay on Opinion T “Delhi Chalo!” He urged the Indians: “Give me of Subash Chandra Bose O blood, I will give you freedom!” There was a about freedom movement. N ladies wing in the INA named Jhansi Regiment. Captain Lakshmi was the Commandant of this regiment. In this manner, Subhash had planned a military strategy through Rangoon to capture Delhi which was in the clutches of the British. By that time, thousands of soldiers of the INA had prepared themselves to occupy Delhi. Towards this end, as per Netaji’s command, they began an armed attack on the Burma border. Fierce fighting took place between the British and the INA. In the midst of this, Subhash died in a plane accident (This news has remained controversial ever since. It is believed that the death 21 of Netaji was a hoax). The British army captured the Burmese capital, Rangoon and arrested the INA members. Later days saw many attempts of most of the Congress leaders including Gandhiji working towards release of the INA soldiers. INA There were many Indian revolutionies working abroad for the country’s cause. Among them was rashbehari Bose, living as a fugitive from the British since 1915 in Japan. He seized the opportunity oftered by the war to molilise Indians to an armed struggle against the British. there were a number of Indian soldiers fighting on behalf of the British. The Japanese after defeating the British in South East Asia, took a number of Indian soldiers as prisoners of war. Major Fuziwara a Japanese army officer persuaded captain Mohan Singh a prisoner of war to work in colla boration with the Japanese for India’s freedom. In march 1942 a conference of Indians was held in Tokyo and they formed ED the Indian Independence League. This was followed by a conference in Bangkok, where Rashbehari Bose was elected president of the League H and a division was taken to raise the INA. Captain Mohan Singh was IS appointed as the commander of INA. Which had about 40,000 Indian BL EP S Soldiers. This conference endorsed Subhash Chandra Bose to lead the R TB movement. U BE @K Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Dr.B.R.Ambedkar strongly believed that political independence was meaningless without social TO independence. He maintained that if a person from the lowest of the low classes did not get social and economic T freedom, political freedom did not matter at all; it O remained only a mirage. He did not see India as only a N non-living political entity, but as one which had a living side to it, with feelings and emotions too. He carried out a study of the caste system and came up with a plan to Dr.B.R.Ambedkar eradicate it. In order to prove that the untouchables had been denied basic facilities, he started ‘Mahad’ and ‘Kalaram’ temple movements. He attended the three Round Table Conferences and gave valuable suggestions. Differences of opinion surfaced between Gandhiji and Ambedkar with regard to the leadership of untouchables and upliftment of Harijans. The demand for a separate electoral constituency for untouchables brought about a conflict between Gandhiji and Ambedkar. 22 Ambedkar was a diwan in the court of the Maharaja of Baroda. He carried out his responsibilities as a member of the Mumbai Legislative Council and, later, Viceroy Executive Council, with great meticulousness. Ambedkar did not join the Congress party. Instead, he established an organization ‘Bahishkruta Hitakarini Sabha’ and two separate parties named ‘Swatantra Karmika Party’ and ‘Republican Party of India’. He published various newspapers like ‘Prabuddha Bharata’, ‘Janata’, Mukanayaka’ and ‘Bahishkruta Bharata’. He stayed away from Communist and Socialist approaches, and worked towards progress of agricultural labourers. Do you know this? In ‘Mahad’, a place in Maharashtra, untouchables were not allowed to use the water in the lake. The movement that enabled even the untouchables to use the water is known as the ‘Mahad Movement’. ED Similarly, in a temple named ‘Kalaram’, untouchables were not allowed to enter. Even there, Ambedkar started a revolutionary movement which H enabled the untouchables too to enter. However, though these movements IS created an awareness in people at that time, they did not succeed to a BL EP S great extent. R TB U The constitution was framed as a guiding force BE @K Do you know this? for independent India. Dr.Babu Rajendra Prasad was chosen as the President of the Constituent “A leader without newspapers is like a Assembly. Later, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar was bird without wings.” unanimously chosen as the Chairman of the TO Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Constitution Draft Committee. He advocated T equality in the constitution and gave legal O protection against practice of untouchability. The Indian Constitution N considers practice of untouchability a crime. After independence, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar became the Law Minister. Though he had been inspired by modernism, intellectualism and western philosophy, Ambedkar remained faithful to his native principles. In the Activity : eve of his life, he gave up Hinduism and embraced Read the Biography of Buddhism. He believed that the same change Dr.B.R.Ambedkar. that Marxism brought about through violence and bloodshed, could be brought about by non- violence and peace through Buddhism. He was posthumously awarded the ‘Bharat Ratna’ for his lifetime achievements. 23 Jawaharlal Nehru Nehru entered the freedom struggle through Home Rule agitation. He was a prominent leader in the non-co-operation movement of 1920 and was the President of Lahore Convention in 1929. During this convention, the objective of ‘Purna Swaraj’, a totally free India was declared. When Gandhiji withdrew the non-co-operation movement, Nehru got disappointed. Nehru’s ideas gave a new direction to political activities. He was influenced by Communist ideology. As a result, communist leanings became strong in the Indian Jawaharlal Nehru National Congress. Consequently, Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose established the Congress Socialist Party. Nehru was the president of the 49th Convention of the Indian National ED Congress. He declared that the Congress should stay away from the H imperialist war being fought at the international level. He argued that IS ‘Charaka’ and ‘Harijan’ movements were not very effective. At that Session, BL EP S he appeared to have moved away from Gandhiji’s ideology. R TB U At the 50th Convention of the Indian National Congress, Nehru adopted BE @K a softer approach towards his socialist and communist ideas. He declared, “Today Congress supports complete democracy in India, and it will fight for democracy, not socialism.” TO We see Prime Minister Nehru as the architect of industrialization and modern India. He also supervised, under the leadership of Home Minister T Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel who was popularly known as ‘Iron Man’, to bring O together all the princely states and merge them with the Union of India. N Later, Nehru laid the foundation for Indian democracy by reorganizing all the states on the basis of language. A mixed economic system which had principles of both capitalism and socialism was his contribution to modern India. He Activity : believed that growth was possible through Learn more about the intense industrialization. He was the pioneer foreign policy framed by the who envisaged the development of India first Prime Minister, Pandit through five-year plans. With regard to foreign Jawaharlal Nehru. policy, India abandoned the political stand 24 of the two groups and advocated Non-alignment policy. On the basis of Panchasheel principles, he remained away from power politics and aimed to implement the formula of peace and harmony. He died in 1964. Mohammed Ali Jinnah Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined Indian National Congress in 1906 and worked as private secretary to Dadabhai Naoroji. He defended Tilak in court cases where he was accused of provoking unrest, and this brought him great appreciation. He joined Home Rule League movement. In many conferences ED that took place in 1916, he spoke H about the need for unity between IS Jinnah and Gandhiji Hindus and Muslims. Since he was BL EP S being seen as a pro-Muslim R TB U politician, he opposed the British legacy. Condemning the Rowlatt Act, he BE @K resigned from his post in the Central Legal Advisory Committee. He declared that he was a nationalist Muslim in the Round Table Conferences. When in 1937, the Congress and the Muslim League failed in forming the government after the elections, he changed his strategy. As the days of TO declaration of freedom for India neared, he intensified his demand for Pakistan in many ways. He was successful in dividing the nation during T the time of Independence. O N Partition of India Throughout the freedom struggle, the Congress supported a united India. The Muslim League, on the other hand, kept on demanding a nation for Muslims. In the Lahore Session of the Muslim League that took place in 1940, Jinnah declared that Hindus and Muslims could never form a country. After the II World War, the Labour Party came to power in Britain. It adopted various measures to solve the political imbroglio in India. It sent a Cabinet Mission to have talks with India about self-rule. This Commission had talks with the Congress and Muslim League, and suggested federal form of government for India. It also recommended 25 formation of a Constitution Preparation Assembly and establishment of an interim national government. A difference of opinion arose between the Congress and Muslim League with reference to formation of interim government. The Muslim League gave a call to observe 16th August 1946 as ‘Direct Action Day’ pressing for the formation of a separate nation. Due to this, widespread communal riots took place throughout the country. In Bengal alone, thousands of innocent Hindus were brutally murdered by fundamentalist muslims within a span of 48 hours. The Muslim League did not participate in the Constituent Assembly which met under the leadership of Rajendra Prasad. Relations between the Congress and Muslim League had worsened a great deal. At this time, the British government, declaring that it would transfer power soon, sent Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy to India in March 1946. Mountbatten had talks with Gandhiji, Jinnah and others, and framed ED a plan to divide India. In July 1947, the India Independence Bill was passed H and became an Act. Accordingly, on 15th August 1947, two nations named IS India and Pakistan came into existence. Radcliff Commission marked the BL EP S boundaries of these nations. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru took the oath as R TB U the first Prime Minister of India. BE @K EXERCISES I Fill in the blanks with suitable words: TO 1. The Indian National Congress was established in the year _________. T 2. The person who talked about the ‘Drain theory’ was ______________. O N 3. ‘Swarajya is my birth right’ was declared by ___________. 4. The Ali brothers started the __________ movement. 5. Separate nation for Muslims was proposed by ___________. 6. The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress that took place in 1929 was presided by ____________. 7. The person who started ‘Mahad’ and ‘Kalaram’ temple movements was _______________. 8. The Jhansi regiment of Indian National Army was headed by __________. 26  9. The place where Gandhiji carried out the Salt Satyagraha was____________. 10. Quit India movement was carried out in the year____________. II Fill in the blanks with given alternatives : 1. Founder of the Indian National Congress was _________. a) Mahathma Gandiji b) A.O.Hume c) Balagangadhara Tilak d) Gopalkrishna Gokhale 2. Publisher of ‘Maratha’ Paper was _________. a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Ras Bihari Bose c) Balagangadhara Tilak d) V.D. Savarkar ED 3. Swaraj Party was established in the year _________. H IS a) 1924 b) 1923 BL EP S c) 1929 d) 1906 R TB U 4. President of Indian National Congress Haripura session was BE @K _________. a) Sardar valbha Bhai Patel b) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar c) Lal Lajapath Roy d) Subhashchandra Bose TO 5. Iron man of India was _________. T O a) Bhagath Sing b) Chandrashekar Azad N c) Abul Kalam Azad d) Sardar Valbahi Patel III Discuss the following in groups and answer them: 1. Which were the organizations in India before the establishment of the Indian National Congress? 2. What were the demands put forward by moderates to the British? 3. Analyse the drain theory. 4. Name the revolutionaries in freedom movement. 5. Explain the role of Balagangadhar Tilak in the freedom struggle. 27  6. What were the reasons for withdrawing of partition of Bengal? 7. Describe Chowri-Chowra incident. 8. Describe the Salt Satyagraha. 9. What were the reasons for the failure of the Quit India movement? 10. Name the revolutionaries who took part in the Indian freedom struggle. 11. What was the result of the second Round Table Conference? 12. Give an account of the achievements of Subhash Chandra Bose in the independence struggle. 13. Describe the tribal revolts in the Indian freedom struggle. III Activities: ED 1. Collect pictures of freedom fighters and prepare an album. H 2. With the help of the internet, collect pictures and information about IS BL Jallianwallah Bagh tragedy and Dandi satyagraha. EP S R TB U 3. Arrange lectures on Gandhiji’s policies of satyagraha and non- BE @K violence. IV Project : 1. Enact dramas depicting patriotism in your school. TO  T O N 28  Chapter -19 INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE We learn about the following in this chapter: The consequences of the partition of India The problem of refugees The problem of formation of government The integration of the princely states The reorganization of states The declaration of the British government on the 3rd of June 1947, based on the report of Lord Mountbatten, formed the basis for the creation ED of two independent countries called India and Pakistan. Although Indians H were not in favour of separate countries for Hindus and Muslims, it became IS inevitable due to the ‘Divide and Rule’ policy of the British. Many problems BL EP S cropped up along with independence. Many questions like rehabilitation R TB U of refugees, communal riots, formation of government, integration of var- BE @K ious provinces, production of food, development of agriculture, growth of industries etc. had to be dealt with. Problem of refugees TO The problem of refugees was one of the worst problems resulting from the partition of India. Due to the division, people had to migrate from T Pakistan to India leaving their homes,familiar environment, property etc., O N and go to a new place. The burden of providing shelter, employment, land, education, health care, conducive social environment to these refugees fell on the government. Many efforts went into this process of rehabilitation. Communal Riots The seeds of hatred between Hindus and Muslims Activity: sown by the British grew to explosive level by Discuss with your the division of the country. The links of religious teachers the problems harmony among various religions were very India had been facing in mainlaining peace in the loose and weak. Hatred grew among those who country. lived together leading to untold suffering. 29 Bringing these religious conflicts under control by the time of division was a herculean job for the government. Mahatma Gandhiji strived hard to control the communal conflicts which were leading to destruction of national unity. He took to fast in Calcutta, reading the Bhagavad gita, praying that the people be liberated of their intense passions. Formation of Government A temporary government was formed on the 15th of August 1947, when India got its independence.. Mountbatten continued as the Governor General of the country. Jawaharlal Nehru took over as the first Prime Minister of the country. The Indian constitution was adopted on the 26th of January 1950. The Chairmanship of the Constitution Drafting Committee was assumed by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar. After the constitution was ED adopted, Babu Rajendra Prasad became the first President of the country. The constitution declared India as a sovereign, democratic, republic. H IS Later, the 42nd amendment was brought in, and the phrases ‘Secular’ BL and ‘Socialist’ were added. On the basis of this, the Indian government EP S R TB followed an independent ‘Non-Alignment’ foreign policy. India brought in U BE @K parliamentary democracy into force. Do you know this? Parliamentary democracy: The Constitution Preparation Committee studied many constitutions and the experiences of different countries and came to the conclusion that a parliament consisting of elected TO representatives was the best form of government. Hence they rejected the presidential model and recommended a parliamentary democracy. T O Integration of provinces N When the British left India, there were 562 provinces. While dividing the country, the British had given three options given to the provinces. Firstly, they could join the Union of India. Secondly, they could join Pakistan. Thirdly, without getting integrated with either of the nations, they could remain independent. In this backdrop, the Government of India invited all the provinces to join the Union of India under the 1947 Vallabhbhai Patel Integration Act. Those who joined in this way were given a privy purse based on that province’s income. In 30 addition, they were given some special facilities and status. Later in the year 1969, the Government abolished the payment of privy purse and other facilities. During the process of integration, Junagadh, Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir displayed their stiff opposition. Resolving all these problems and bringing about a successful integration of provinces were done by the ‘Iron Man’ of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Junagadh The king of Junagadh wanted to merge his province with Pakistan. People came on to streets against the king. Unable to face the people, the king fled the kingdom. Based on the request made by the diwan of the province to the Indian government, the army was sent to Junagadh to establish peace. Junagadh was merged with India in 1949. Hyderabad ED Hyderabad was under the Nizam’s rule. With the intention of remaining H independent, the Nizam refused to join the Union of India. At this time, IS an armed struggle of the farmers of Telangana under the leadership of BL EP S Communists was under way. There was a severe hatred against Razakar R TB the cruel army of the Nizam. The Indian government sent an army and U defeated the Nizam, paving the way for merger of Hyderabad with the BE @K Union of India in 1948. Jammu and Kashmir King Harisingh of Jammu and Kashmir which is located between Indian TO and Pakistan, wanted to be independent. Fearing a merger of Kashmir with India, Pakistan incited the tribals of the Jammu and Kashmir valley. The T National Conference of Sheikh Abdullah which fought for the freedom of O N Kashmir, finally decided that merging with India that had a democratic republican constitution, was better than merging with Pakistan which had a religious constitution. Pressurized by such forceful circumstances, king Harisingh requested for help from the Indian government. After the Pakistani attempt failed, Jammu and Kashmir merged with India with certain conditions. One part of Kashmir remained with Pakistan. The Indian government complained to the United Nations Organisation against this. On 1st January 1949, the UNO ordered a ceasefire. The North-West region of Kashmir occupied by Pakistan is called Pak-occupied Kashmir even now. The integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India is unique compared to that of other provinces. 31 Pondicherry The French colonies had continued their hold on Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Chandranagar in post-independence India. As a result of the struggle by the Congress, the Communists and other organizations urging that it should be a part of India, in 1954, these provinces joined India. Pondicherry was declared a Union territory in 1963. Goa An endless struggle took place demanding the Activity : inclusion of Goa which was under the imperialist Make a list of the states rule of Portugal, with India. Though they were that came into existence ordered to give up Goa, the Portuguese brought after 1970. in additional troops from Africa and Europe, and tried to strengthen their hold by suppressing ED the movement. In 1955, satyagrahis from different parts of India gathered at Goa and began a liberation movement demanding that the imperialists H quit Goa. In 1961, the Indian army intervened and took Goa under its IS control. Goa which remained a Union Territory till 1987, became a state BL EP S later on. R TB U Linguistic formation of states BE @K The most important democratic movement that was carried out in post-independence India was the movement for linguistic formation of states. In order to provide good administration, demand was made to TO mark the boundaries based on the language of the people in those areas. The administration was not effective during the times of the British and T the princely kingdoms because the language used for administration was O different from the language of the common man. In this backdrop, the N desire for linguistic formation of states was intense. After Potty Sriramulu, under the aegis of the Andhra Mahasabha, went on a fast-unto- death satyagraha for 58 days and then died in 1952, demanding the formation of Vishalandhra state, this demand became much more severe. In 1953, the government formed Justice Fazal Ali Commission in which Fazal Ali was the Chairman, K.M.Panickker and H.N.Kunjru were the members. In 1953, Andhra Pradesh became the first state to be formed based on language. As per the report of the Commission, the State Reorganisation Act came into force in 1956. Accordingly, 14 States and 6 Union Territories were formed in the country. 32  Kannada-speaking areas had been scattered under different provinces. Demanding that all these areas be brought together, a movement began under the leadership of ‘All Karnataka State Formation Parishat’. Finally, on November 1st, 1956, The ‘Mysore State’ was inaguarated. It was renamed as ‘Karnataka in 1973’. At present there are 28 States and 8 Union Territories in India. EXERCISES I Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 1. The last Governor General of the British India was _______. 2. The first Home Minister of India was ______________. 3. The first President of India was _____________. ED 4. Pondicherry joined India as a Union Territory in _________. H 5. The linguistic organization of India took place in __________. IS II Discuss the following in groups and answer them: BL EP S R TB U 1. What were the problems faced by India after Independence? BE @K 2. How did the country deal with the problem of refugees? 3. Describe the manner in which Pondicherry was liberated from the French. TO 4. How was Goa liberated from the Portuguese? 5. Describe the process of linguistic organization of states. T O III Activity: N 1. Draw a map of India and mark the states. IV Projects: 1. Make a list of the capitals and languages of the states in India. 2. With the help of your teacher, learn about the cultural significance of our neighbouring states.  33  Chapter - 20 WORLD WARS AND INDIA’S ROLE We learn about the following in this chapter: The I World War The rise of dictators The II World War India's Role The First World War Even prior to 1914, there were frequent strifes and conflicts among ED Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia to gain H control over Europe and the colonies. Industrial revolution and new IS inventions led to severe competition among European countries. There is BL EP S a history, spanning centuries, of rivalry among European countries with R TB regard to capturing markets and the resources of innumerable countries U of the world including India. The agreements arrived at in this process BE @K served to keep alive the boundary disputes of many countries. This shook the balance of power equations between strong European countries. Due to the above state of affairs, every strong nation indulged in extreme militarization. Many alliance pacts were formed. Extreme nationalism TO began to develop in some countries. Imperialist tendencies strengthened. The first World War divided the countries into two groups. Britain, France T O and Russia formed the Triple Entente pact whereas Germany, Austria- N Hungary and Italy entered into a Triple Alliance pact. Within a short while, Italy joined the rival group. As the war progressed, the groups changed in structure. The first world war took place between 1914 - 1918. The immediate reason for the war was the assassination of the Austrian prince, Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28th July. This incident created a rift between Austria and Serbia. In the beginning, America was neutral. Russia was against Germany. By the time the war ended, the picture had changed. America had joined Britain and France. In November 1917, a Socialist Revolution took place 34 which prompted Russia to arrive at a ceasefire agreement with Germany and withdraw from the war. Germany, which had been severely battered by the attacks of the Triple Entente countries, accepted defeat and stopped fighting. In 1919, the Alliance signed a humiliating Versailles treaty. Austria- Hungary and the Ottoman kingdoms lost their identity. Germany lost most of its area. The map of Europe changed drastically. Many small independent nations came into being. With the intention of preventing wars in the future, the League of Nations was established. Among the defeated countries, feelings of shame and humiliation gave rise to aggressive nationalism. The compensation for the loss in war and other decisions that were heaped on Germany affected the people adversely. Unemployment, poverty and slump in development led to widespread ED dissatisfaction which was exploited by German industrialists for their own profit. This atmosphere enabled the growth of a dictator like Hitler who H IS caused the II World War. The weapons manufacturers and arms traders of BL Britain, France, Germany and America made enormous gains at this time. EP S R TB U Do you know this? BE @K In the World War I, approximately 1,00,00,000 people including soldiers and civilians of both the parties lost their lives. 2,00,00,000 people were injured and 35,00,000 people were permanently disabled. As in any war, even the first world war was fought for the profit and greed of some TO people. Immense suffering and loss of lives resulted. Rise of Dictators T O Hitler : The situations that resulted after World War N I brought into existence dictators like Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy. Hitler first became the Chancellor and, subsequently, after the death of Hindenberg, became a dictator. Hitler became the Fuhrer. By the time Hitler assumed power, communists and socialists had grown powerful in Germany. Against this backdrop, gaining the support of industrialists, Hitler suppressed the Hitler communists and socialists. He banned labour unions and political parties. He declared that Nazi was the only political party. 35  Hitler planted his speculative thoughts and the fear that Jews would control the world, in the minds of Germans, and created a fear psychosis. He declared that the German Aryan race was the best in the world. To propagate all this, Hitler adopted Nazi philosophy. The gist of Nazi philosophy is: The best race in the world is the Aryan race. Only Germans are eligible to rule the world. All other communities are eligible only to be ruled. Jews are responsible for all the problems of Germans. In addition to Jews, Communists, Catholics and Socialists are also responsible. These people are unfit to exist. This sort of intense nationalism was put into practice in the cruelest manner. To spread racial hatred, he appointed a special minister called Goebels. He organized an outfit called ‘Brown Shirts’ to create unrest and fear in the minds of people. In this direction, the mass murders and massacres have become most ED infamous in history. As per an estimate, he was responsible for the death of H 6 million Jews and over a crore of other civilians. His mass massacre was IS called ‘Holocaust’. He enacted his rules of 1934 called the Nuremberg Laws. BL EP S R TB He imprisoned people in gas chambers without light or ventilation, without U giving them food or water. He made them work like slaves in concentration BE @K camps. He indulged in mass killings by using poisonous gas and mass shootings. He designed ways of killing people irrespective of whether they were children, women or old people. He employed his dictatorial power TO for mass massacres. The ambition to win the entire world and popularize the Aryan race was one of the reasons for the World War II. The chapter T of Hitler’s racial hatred ended with his death. O N Mussolini: The social movements, repercussions of World War I and the Russian revolution led to the emergence of parallel political force with Mussolini’s fascism. Intense nationalistic attitude, destruction of enemies, glorification of violence, racial supremacy, imperialist expansion, support to massacres were the main features of Fascism. The Prime Minister of Italy from 1922-1943 was the founder of the ‘National Fascist Party’. In 1925, he dismissed the democratic government and legally assumed dictatorship. With the support of his secret police, he destroyed all his political opponents. He prohibited all labour strikes. 36 He became a dictator. Joining hands with Hitler, he became responsible for the death of lakhs of people. He was assassinated in 1945. World War II Even before people forgot the deaths and casualties of World War I, World War II started with the declaration of war by Nazi Germany against Poland on September 1st 1939. World War II is the most destructive and barbaric in the history of mankind. More than 30 countries were directly involved in this war. World War II lasted from 1939 – 1945. The Great Depression during the 1930s caused by the destructive policies of the developed nations caused very difficult situations in Europe and America. The life style of people deteriorated to a pitiable extent. Industrial and agricultural production came to a standstill. Unemployment reached a dangerous proportion. Against the backdrop of the defeat of World War ED I, humiliating treaties and enormous economic loss, there developed intense nationalistic awareness in many countries. In Germany and other H European nations, industrialists donated huge amounts to propagate IS nationalism. Using this resource, movements of hatred and arrogance BL EP S became active. People like Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy, came R TB U to power. In East Asia, Japan with an intention to expand its empire, was BE @K attacking Chinese territories. During World War II, two rival groups, namely the Axis and the Allies, were formed. There were Germany, Italy and Japan in the Axis group, whereas there were Britain, France, Russia and other countries in the TO Allies group. When Germany attacked Poland, Britain which was an ally of Poland, declared war against Germany. However, in reality, Britain did not T O immediately rush to Poland’s help. Poland was captured by Germany. At N this time, since there was communism in Russia, Britain, France, America and the others hoped that Hitler would attack Russia. Aware of this, on 24th August 1939, Russia signed a no-war pact with Germany (Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact). As a result, Hitler attacked the West instead of the East. Hitler entered into an agreement with Italy and occupied most parts of Western Europe including Denmark, Norway and Holland. In 1941, Hitler directed his attacks at Soviet Russia. Thus, Russia was forced to enter the war. At this juncture, Japan joined Hitler’s camp. Japan attacked and occupied many areas in America and Europe which were to the west of the Pacific Ocean. 37  Do you know this? How many were killed in World War II?: In the world war II, civilians and soldiers put together, about 4,82,00,000 people lost their lives. German-led Axis forces lost about 82,00,000 people, while the Allied forces lost about 4,00,00,000. Maximum number of people, that is, 2,00,00,000, died in Russia. China, with 1,00,00,000 came second. With their sacrifice, victory over Hitler was impossible. The human race could not have been saved from the Nazi regime. Italy and Germany attempted to capture the British colonies in North Africa and the Suez Canal, but failed. In 1942, Russia defeated the German troops in the Stalingrad war. After that, in 1943, Germany faced a series of defeats. Russia played a major role in these defeats. The Allied forces ED invaded Italy. America defeated Japan and got back the western Pacific islands. With the Great March of the Russian Red troops and the attack H of the western nations, Germany was forced to surrender, and Berlin IS collapsed. Hitler committed suicide in 1945. With this ended the war in BL EP S R TB Europe. In 1945, America threw the first-ever nuclear bomb on Hiroshima U and Nagasaki of Japan. As a result, lakhs of people were reduced to ashes. BE @K The effects of this are being felt by Japan even today. After Manchuria was liberated by Russia on 15th August 1945, Japan surrendered totally. With this, the Allied forces registered an emphatic victory. TO World War II which witnessed the maximum deaths and injuries, caused pronounced social and political changes in the entire world. The United T Nations Organisation replaced the League of Nations. The victorious Allied O countries, namely the United States of America, Soviet Union of Russia, N China, Britain and France became the permanent members of the United Nations Organization. The Soviet Union and the United States of America became the most aggressive, rival countries. This paved the way for the beginning of a cold war. Asian and African nations were benefitted due to a conducive atmosphere for acquiring freedom. Britain, France and many other nations lost many colonial establishments which were under their rule. India’s independence may be considered in this background. Since America used atomic power, it led to a severe competition in acquisition o