UC 1 - Raising Organic Chicken (JUVY).pptx

Know more about Chicken…. Chicken Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classifiacation Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves...

Know more about Chicken…. Chicken Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classifiacation Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae Genus: Gallus Species: G. gallus Subspecies: G.g. domesticus Trinomial name Gallus gallus domesticus  Benefits derived from organic chicken  Organic food tastes better  Organic food production helps protect future generation. Food choices in the family and community determine children’s health.  Organic food has higher level of nutrients  Theuse of antibiotics, antinicrobials, hormones and other promoter growth are prohibited in the organic production.  Chemical residue is missing or at very low level in organically grown produced foods.  Organic farming could be one of the ways familys can survive.  Terminologies  Chicken – is a domestic fowl breed for flesh or eggs; believed to have been developed from the red jungle fowl.  Chicks – young chicken  Cocks – the adult male chickens over the age of one year.  Cockerels – males less than a year old.  Pullet – young female over a year old.  Hen –females over a year old  Culling – removal of undesirable and unproductive chicken. Chicken are gregarious birds and live together in flocks.  Common facts on Chicken Anatomy  Maximum Lifespan: 30 – 35 years  Maximum Production life 12 -15 years  Body temperature: adult 103 degrees F chick 106.7 degrees F Respiratory Rate: cock 12 -20 breaths per minute hen 20 -36 breaths per minute Heart rate: adult 250 – 350 beats per minute chick 350 – 450 beats per minute  Breeds of Chicken Plymouth Rock  One of the most familiar dual- purpose heritage farm breeds.  They are calm, love to free range, and are very hardy.  They are good layers, with about 280 pinkish- brown eggs a year.  Breeds of Chicken Brahma Chicken  One of the biggest type of chicken.  Average layer of brown eggs.  Slow to mature so not fantastic for meat purpose.  They are hardly in both cold and hot conditions.  A good mother  Breeds of Chicken StarBro  They lay about 260 brown eggs in one year.  Calm and docile  Excellent chicken breed for flock owners new and old.  It can be sourced from Universal Robina Farm.  Breeds of Chicken Leghorn  Leghorn are fantastic egg produced (about 300 white eggs a year)  Can be a dual purpose chicken, using them for meat, once their laying production declines.  They are the world’s top breed behind commercial egg producing lines.  Breeds of Chicken  One of very popular layer breeds used for egg Dekalb White production in the Philippines.  Generally quiet.  Suited backyard chicken farming, enriched cages, as well as free range chicken farming.  Good livability.  Large number of eggs laid  Good egg size, as well as high quality of the eggs produced  They are the world’s top breed behind commercial egg producing lines.  Breeds of Chicken  One of the most popular broiler breeds in the Arbor Acres Broilers country.  Excellent livability  Very good growth rate  Efficient feed conversion ratio  Very good meat yield  Grow fast  San Miguel is one of the supplier in the Philippines.  Breeds of Chicken  A dual – purpose chicken Delaware  Lay about 280 brown eggs a year  Have a calm friendly dispositions  The meat is delicious and the hen lay jumbo eggs.  The male can weigh up to 8.5 pounds and a female 6.5 pounds. Breeds of Chicken But nothing beats our Native Breeds CAMSUR NATIVE PARAWAKAN BANABA JOLOANON DARAG  Standard Qualification of Eggs Sizes Weight Extra large (XL) 62 grams up Large (L) 55-61 grams Medium (M) 48-54 grams Small (S) 41-47 grams Peewee (P) below41 grams Management Practices to achieve high quality eggs  A. Proper Nutrition  B. Clean nest and cages to avoid strain on eggs  C. Clean egg trays and containers  D.Laying birds must be free from disturbance  E. keep egg in a cool storage preferably at Suitable Housing for Chicken  Site Selection Select a good site for the free-range chicken house  Flat area or at least not so stiff / rough terrain  Shaded with trees  Grassy for forage purposes  Easy water and electricity source  Far from road with heavy traffic circulation  Easy access for caretaker Poultry Housing System A good poultry housing system have to be weather proof.  Thepoultry housing system should have the facilities of providing warmth, particularly during brooding period  Must have to be well ventilated  Must have to have the facilities of protecting the poultry birds from harmful predators. Poultry House  Effective drainage system  The poultry house must have to be well ventilated.  Ensure sufficient entrance of sunlight and fresh air inside the house  Itwould be better if the house become situated north to south faced.  The proper distance of one house to another house is about 40 feet.  Clean the house properly before keeping the birds inside the poultry house.  Make a deep litter and keep it dry and clean always. Poultry House  Wooden and rice brain can be used for making litter  Keep feed and feeding engagement in proper distance inside the poultry house according to the number and demand of poultry birds.  The poultry house and all equipment must have to be free from virus, parasites and germs  Buildthe poultry housing area will be free from loud sound/sound pollution.  Make the poultry house in quiet and calm place.  It would be better if the house located in an open air place. What is Poultry Litter?  Manure and bedding material  -sawdust, wood shavings / rice hull, etc.  Returnssoil nutrients and organic matter  Builds soil fertility and quality  Slowly releases nutrients  Liming effect RANGING AREA:  Free – range chicken requires a ranging area. Fence with net or other fencing materials Minimum 1 square meter per bird (bigger is better) Easy water source distribution Easy access for caretaker Not treated with chemical fertilizer Cage type  Slatted – floored houses – 0.75 – 1.0 sq. ft/ chicken  Solid-floored houses - 1.5 sq. ft/ chicken Advantages of a deep litter system  It is economical  Hygienic, comfortable and safe to birds.  Build up litter supplies vitamin B12 and Riboflavin to the birds  Controls diseases and vices  It increases the efficiency of production  Materials such as paddy husks saw dust, dried leaf, chopped straw and groundnut kernels depending upon the availability can be used as Points to be considered while adopting deep litter system:  The deep litter system should always be kept dry.  Only right numbers of birds should be housed  The house should be well ventilated  The litter should be stirred at least once in a week -wet litter if any should be replaced immediately with new dry litter and birds must be fed a balanced ratio  The time starting deep litter system should be in the dry period of the year as it allows sufficient time ( atleast two months) for bacterial action.  Placing of water should be given due attention to keep litter dry. Housing Equipments  The building should be designed and constructed using materials that (PNS/BAFT)  Shouldnot cause any injury or impart hazard to the welfare of chickens;  Provide comfort  can be easily cleaned and disinfected;  can be easily replaced when damaged;  create efficient stock management;  enhance biosecurity. In starting preparing suitable housing you need to be familiar with the materials which are vital for a successful suitable housing.  Coco lumber  Nipa Hut  Nets  Bamboo  Rice hull  Soil  Sand  Salt sprayed with IMO  Knapsack sprayer The following are some of the most important tools and materials Coco lumber Rice hull Nipa Salt Chicken House Equipments Water equipment Pan and jar type Fountain Drinker Water basin made of plastoic/ wood/ GI with grill  Knapsack sprayer Concoction Shovel Bamboo Feeder Brooding facilities Brooding -process of providing chicks with proper temperature naturally or artificially to make and comfortable  Types of Brooding  Natural brooding – mother hen sits on the egg  Artificial Brooding  Gas brooder – 1 for every 500 chicks  Improvised Charcoal brooder – 1 can for every 100 chicks;  Incandascent bulb brooder – 1 set of 100 watts for every 50 chicks  Improvised Gas brooder Charcoal brooder Incandascent bulb brooder Materials needed for brooding 1. Litter materials 2. Brooding light / source of heat 3. Chickguard 4. brooding house The ranges of temperature ideals at various ages of broiler chicks are as follows Age of chicks Temperature (C) 1–7 32. 2 -35.0 8 – 14 29.4 – 32.2 14 – 21 26.7 – 29 Essential factors for Successful brooding  1. Good quality of chicks to start with  2. Proper temperature  Chicks are evenly distributed in the brooding area.  Doing activities like playing, eating, drinking and sleeping.  Extremely low Temperature  Chicks stay together near the source of heat.  File each other  Unusual chirping sound  Temperature is higher than what the chicks need  Stay away from the source of heat  Drink a lot of water and spread their wings.  Adequate floor area  1. Proper Ventilation  2. Adequate lighting facilities  3. Proper Sanitation  Healthy Chicken  1. EYES  Bright eyes  Alert and clear of any discharge.  Cloudy eyes or a lack of alertness can signify blindness or an underlying diseases  2. BEAK  Beak is not broken at the tip or flaking off.  3. FEET and LEGS  Legs are not overly scale  Feet and legs will be straight and they will stand tall  No deformities  Healthy Chicken  4. POSTURE  A healthy chick will stand tall and walk with ease.  5. FEATHERS  Check that their feathers have a good coverage with no unusual bald patches or injuries. Some chickens will peck each other or pull Feathers out which can cause serious injury if I left unchecked.  6. VENT  More common in chicks but also possible in adult hens is pasted unclear vent. This is where loose stools is accumulates around the vent and seals it over. If left untreated pasted vent can actually be fatal so make sure the hens you are buying have a clear vent.  7. Uniformity, alertness and beautiful appearance. A healthy bird will:  Be active and alert  Be normal size/weight for the strain, age and sex  Have no lameness or paralysis  Have no injuries  Have no deformities  Have no discharge from the nostrils or eyes  Have no strained feathers around the vent  Have no swellings  Generally have good plumage related to the whether in a moult or in lay. A sick bird will show some or all of the following signs:  Isolation – sick animals usually seek a quiet place out of the way of others.  Hunched stance- sick birds often have a hunched stance with ruffled feathers And eyes partially closed.  Diarrhea – usually evidenced by strained by strained feathers in the vent region.  Paralysis – of the leg(s), wing(s) or neck  Sneezing and / or coughing, there maybe nasal discharge.  Blood in the faeces  Swelling of the joints  Injuries  Loss of weight – this may be pronounced if the condition is a chronic one e.g. Marek’s Disease.  Unexpected changes to the food and water consumption often the first signs of illness.  Slower growth or a drop in egg production. FEED CHICKEN Nutrients - provide poultry the energy and mineral needed for the development of bone, flesh, feathers, and eggs. Functions of Feeds Feed is utilized by chicken for the following: 1. To maintain life 2. to promote growth 3. to produced their kind Six major components of feeds:  1. WATER  Soften feed and carries it through the digestive tract  As a components of blood (90% of blood content)  Water carries nutrients from the digestive tract to cell and carries away waste productions  Helps cool the bird through evaporation  A baby chick is composed of about 80% water  Poultry consume twice as much water as feed Note:(birds do not have sweat glands, so their heat loss occurs in the air sacs and lungs through rapid respiration.) Six major components of feeds:  2. Carbohydrates  Energy source for animals  Make up the largest portion of a poultry diet  Important sources of carbohydrates in poultry diets includes corn, rice bran, barley, and other grains  3. Fats  Helps absorb the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K  Fat is added to feed to reduce grain dust  Improves the palability of feeds ( that is, makes feed more appetizing) Six major components of feeds:  4. Protein  Helps in the construction of body tissues such as muscles, nerves, cartilage skin, feathers, beak, and so on. Main sources of protein in poultry diets  Plant protein such as soybean meal, canola meal, corn gluten meal, and so on.  Animal proteins used includes fishmeal and meat and bone meal.  5. Minerals  Play a role in bone formation  Formation of blood cells  Blood clotting  Enzyme activation  Energy metabolism and for proper muscle function Six major components of feeds:  Source of Minerals  Limestone  Oyster shell  Salt 6. Vitamins  Essential for normal body functions, growth, and reproduction.  Vitamin A is required for normal growth and development of epithelial tissue ( skin and the linings of the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts) and reproduction  Vitamin B3 is required for normal growth, bone development, and eggshell formation.  Vitamin K is essential for blood – clot formation  Vitamin B are involved in many metabolic functions, including energy metabolism  Vitamin D can be produced when sunlight hits the bird’s skin  Animal feed may be the major expense in animal production ( about 70% of the total cost), but providing your flock with a well- balanced diet and plenty of cool, clean water means you will be able to receive back from them the maximum supply of fresh eggs or nutritious meat. FEED MATERIALS 1. Corn Meal bran 2. Copra meal 3. Fish Meal 4. Soy 5. Oyster Shells 6. Salt 7. Vitamins Putting it all together there are two main goals in mixing feeds 1. ensuring adequate nutrition 2. minimizing cost FEEDING MATERIALS The chicken must be fed daily with a program or time schedule. Among feeding materials that necessary for chicken farming are the following.  1. For day old to 21 days old (Brooding Stage)  Chick feeder troughs (1-meter) -1 for every 25 chicks;  Chick Feeder plate (32 cm diameter) – 1 for every 25 chicks  2. For ranging stage to harvest (22 days onwards)  Bucket Feeder (8 kg capacity ) – 1 for every 20 chickens  Plastic drum container – 50 kilos capacity for feeds storage WATERER / DRINKING MATERIALS Free- range chicken are also given drinking water, without water thety may suffer dehydration. Among drinking materials necessary to use are the following  1. For day old to 21 days old (Brooding Stage) ½ gallon container (2 liters) – 1 unit for birds  2. For ranging stage to harvest (22 days onwards) 1 gallon container (4 liters) – 1 unit for every 10 chickens  Basin with plastic guard – 1set for every 15-20 chickens  Water drum (200 liters capacity) or water line for distribution  Philippine National Standard for Organic Poultry Production In the formulation of organic feed, the following ingredients/ raw materials are not allowed:  Synthetic growth promoters or stimulants;  Synthetic appetizer;  Preservatives, except when used as a processing aid,  Artificial coloring agent  Urea and other synthetic nitrogen compounds  Slaughter waste and other decease animals parts  Droppings, dung or other manure  Feed ingredients subjected to solvent extraction (e.g. with petroleum products)  Synthetic and / or chemically isolated amino acid;  Genetically engineered microorganisms or products thereof;  Synthetic antibiotics;  Synthetic and / or chemically isolated vitamins and minerals Feeding Methods A. Restricted Feeding In restricted feeding, the amount of feed given is controlled or limited to a certain amount just to satisfy the appetite of the chicken. Advantages:  better feed conversion ratio (FCR) (lower feed cost and performance)  good carcass quality  better health control  less digestive problems Disadvantages:  Lower average daily gain  Unequal growth especially if feed trough is not long enough to accommodate all pigs  More laborious  Less chance of coping up with higher market price. Feeding Methods B. Ad libitum Feeding feeding without restrictions and feed is mode available anytime Advantages:  Higher ADG( Average Daily Gain) is achieved  Less feed competition  less laborious Disadvantages:  Thicker backfat  Higher feed conversion ration (higher feed cost)  More digestive problems in younger pigs  Less control on health problems  Recommended Feeding Ration Days of Culture Kinds of feeds Feed Volume per Day per Feed Volume per day per chick Chick 01- 07 days Chick booster 05.57 grams 7 am 78 grams 05.57 grams 7 pm 08-14 days Chick booster 05.57 grams 7 am 78 grams 05.57 grams 7 pm 15-21 days Chick booster/ Starter 05.57 grams 7 am 78 grams 05.57 grams 7 pm 22- 35 days Chick starter 05.57 grams 7 am 78 grams 05.57 grams 7 pm 29- 35 days Starter/grower mash 05.57 grams 7 am 78 grams 05.57 grams 7 pm 36-42 days Grower mash 05.57 grams 7 am 78 grams 05.57 grams 7 pm 43-49 days Grower/finisher mash 05.57 grams 7 am 78 grams 05.57 grams 7 pm 50-56 days Finisher mash 05.57 grams 7 am 78 grams 05.57 grams 7 pm Forms of Feeds Types of Feeds 1. Mash 1. Pre-starter 2. Crumbles 2. Starter 3. Pellets 3. Grower 4. Finisher 5. Layer Protein 35% 25% 18% Carbohydrates 50% 60% 60% Lipids / Fats 8% 8% 15% Minerals 5% 5% 5% Vitamins 2% 2% 2% Grow and harvest chicken  Good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production  Principles of health management  The key principles of poultry health management are: 1. Prevention of disease 2. early recognition of disease 3. early treatment of disease Causes of poultry diseases  1. Deficiencies of essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals or other nutrients  2. The consumption of toxic substances such as poisons  3. physical damage e.g. environment extremes and injury  4. internal and external parasite infestations such as lice and worms.  5. infections disease caused by micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses  WAYS OF TRANSMISSION  Direct transmission  Indirect transmission 1. Direct transmission – the cause of the disease via direct contact to a susceptible healthy bird. 2. Indirect transmission – causal organism is passed from one bird to another via an intermediate host such as insects, earthworms, snails or slugs, wild birds or animals or some other object such as equipment, food or water, vehicles, people, respiratory droplets, litter or faeces. Causes of infectious disease Viruses bacteria Fungi protozoa Internal parasites external parasites Prevention of Disease  Quarantine – the isolation of the flock from disease causing organisms  Hygiene – The destruction of as many harmful organisms as possible.  The use of an appropriate vaccination program. –trigger the birds immune system.  The use of appropriate preventive medication programs- for disease for which there are no vaccines  The use of a suitable monitoring program – to monitor for the presence of disease organisms and the success or failure of the hygiene program or the vaccination program. Herbal medicine garden -herbal medicine are use to prevent diseases and also serves as natural flavouring.  Chili – use as antibacterial/ antiviral  Origano – use for respiratory problems  Garlic –as natural antibiotic  Ginger –as natural antibiotic  Guava – leaves as use as antibacterial  Ipil-Ipil –leaves as use as de-wormer / anti parasitic  Lemon grass – as juice for detoxification  Cleaning and disinfecting materials  Cleaning and disinfection of every area as important to maintain the biosecurity of the farm.  Footbath – at least 4 inches deep to properly soak foot ware for disinfection  Cleaning materials – broom, dust fan, web broom, pale, brush  Detergents and disinfecting agents – (ex. Powder soap.)