Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person PDF

Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER / PPT-BASED Mikaela Kristel Alcon (Mika) > the systematic principles for thinking LESSON 1 : Doing Philosophy...

Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER / PPT-BASED Mikaela Kristel Alcon (Mika) > the systematic principles for thinking LESSON 1 : Doing Philosophy rationally 1. Philosophy 2.5. Political Philosophy > comes from the Greek words philos (love) > studies governments and deals with and sophia (wisdom) questions of justice, power, and rights > the need to philosophize is driven by the love 2.6. Aesthetics of wisdom. To love wisdom is to have an > explores the nature of beauty, art, and taste insatiable desire for truth LESSON 3 : Western Philosophy LESSON 2 : Branches of Philosophy 1. Ancient Philosophy 1. Heraclitus of Ephesus > started in Athens, Greece > one of the most important thinkers in history > Greek philosophers used reason (and > known for his Philosophy of Change abandoned polytheism) > “There is nothing permanent except change” 1.2. Pre-Socratic Period 2. Branches of Philosophy > world’s first philosophers 2.1. Metaphysics > shifted from traditional mythological > beyond physics; knowledge science, deals explanations to natural law with the true nature of reality 1.2.1. Philosphers > explores fundamental nature of reality and > Thales - “Everything is composed of being water” 2.1.1. Metaphysics of Plato > Democritus - “Universe was formed out > World of Forms (ideal form) of chaos through the joining of atoms” > World of Matter (Things) > Pythagoras - “Everything could be 2.2. Epistemology explained through mathematical > explores the nature and limitations of theories and formulae” knowledge > Heraclitus - “Everything is constantly > how knowledge is obtained changing” > relationship between belief, truth, and 1.2.2. Three Most Famous Philosphers knowledge 1.2.2.1. Socrates 2.2.1. Rationalism > “The unexamined life is not worth > real knowledge is based on logic, laws, living” and methods that reason develops > founder of philosophy, left no writing > “I think therefore I am” - R. Descartes > Socratic Method 2.2.2. Empiricism > Attainment of Good Life - being wise > knowledge can be attained through and virtuous senses/experiences > “Know thyself” > “Mind is like a Tabula rasa” - J. Locke 1.2.2.2. Plato 2.3. Ethics > student of Socrates > philosophical study on morality of humans > his teaching and writings were 2.4. Logic considered the foundation of > rules for thinking Philosophy Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER / PPT-BASED Mikaela Kristel Alcon (Mika) > Theory of Forms - everything that 3. Modern Philosophy exists is based on an idea that can > from darkness to light only be perceived in the mind > the rise of rationalism, mostly in France and > established The Academy Germany, argued all knowledge must begin 1.2.2.3. Aristotle from certain “innate ideas” in the mind > student of Plato 3.1. Humanism > all ideas and views are based on > promoted the idea that man was the center perception of his own universe > greatly influenced the physical 3.2. Rationalism sciences > R. Descartes - “doubt everything that can be > we gain knowledge based on doubted” experiences 3.3. Empiricism > “people must live in moderation by > J. Locke - “knowledge is determined only by being virtuous” experience derived from sense perception” 2. Medieval Philosophy > Niccolo Machiavelli - “it is better to be > focuses on religion feared than be loved” > tension between faith and reason arises 3.4. Existentialism 2.1. Scholasticism > emphasizing the absurdity of reality and the > integrates into an ordered system both human responsibility to make choices and natural wisdom of Greece and Rome and accept consequences religious wisdom of Christianity > “existence precedes essence” 2.1.1. Thomas Aquinas > Albert Camus - “life is absurd.” > Italian philosopher, leading Roman > Friedrich Nietzsche - the will to power; Catholic theologian Ubermensch or superman 2.1.1.1. 5 Ways of Proving God 4. Postmodern Philosophy > Motion - unmoved mover (God) > emphasizes the diversity of human caused things to move and change experience > Causation - uncaused cause (God) > uncertainty or lack of absolutes > Contingency - necessary being > Michel Foucault - argued that power and (God) caused contingent things to be knowledge are intertwined > Goodness/Perfection - degrees of LESSON 4 : Eastern Philosophy perfection, maximum perfection (God) 1. Buddhism > Way of Design - intelligence (God) > explains the meaning of life and the world directed things as it is > Nirvana or liberation - highest state of 2.1.1.2. Natural Law enlightenment > underlying principles of moral > Siddhartha Gautama - “Enlightened One” practice 1.1. Philosophy of Buddhism > good should be pursued and done > life is suffering while evil should be avoided > the cause of suffering is attachments or cravings Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER / PPT-BASED Mikaela Kristel Alcon (Mika) > to stop suffering, you must release all > the slave that leaves the cave represents a attachments or cravings philosopher. He understands more the reality > the end to suffering is contained in the eight and truth than average people do fold path > challenge us to seek the power of possibility 2. Confucianism and truth even if it needs letting go of previous > founded by Kung Fuzi (Master Kong) from beliefs ancient China 2. Theories of Truth > focus on relationships should be 2.1. Correspondence Theory emphasized, for it is often taken for granted > “to see is to believe” > to be a gentleman, a person should follow > truth is when a proposition aligns with reality the moral way, consisting of the virtues of 2.2. Coherence Theory love, righteousness, wisdom and loyalty > truth is when a belief fits consistently with 3. Filipino Philosophy other accepted beliefs 3.1. Philosophers 2.3. Pragmatic Theory > Rolando Gripaldo > truth is based on the practical effects and > Florentino Timbreza usefulness of a belief > Fr. Leonardo Mercado 3. Phenomenology 3.2. Dimensions > founded by Edmund Husserl 3.2.1. Loob > studies human experiences and how we > sharing of one’s self to others perceive reality > believes in the innate goodness of the > emphasizes understanding lived experiences human being from a first-person perspective > pakikisama, utang na loob 4. Existentialism 3.2.2. Concept of Time > founded by Jean-Paul Sartre > Gulong ng Palad - life as a series of > centers on human freedom and the ups and downs individual's role in creating meaning in an > Filipino time - mistakenly interpreted as irrational world always delayed 5. Postmodernism 3.2.3. Bahala Na > challenges the idea of absolute truth, > Pre-Spanish people believed in a proposing that truth varies across contexts Supreme Being, Bathala who keeps the and societies balance of the universe 6. Logic > means to leave everything to God > focuses on reasoning and the construction of > puts complete trust in the divine arguments, including the identification of providence fallacies > perceived as courage to take risks 6.1. Ad hominem > occurs when someone attacks the person LESSON 5 : Theories of Truth making an argument rather than addressing 1. Plato’s Allegory of Truth the argument itself > it speaks of ignorance of humanity trapped 6.2. Appeal to Force (Ad baculum) in the conventional ethics formed by society > uses a threat of force or an undesirable Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER / PPT-BASED Mikaela Kristel Alcon (Mika) outcome to persuade someone to accept a 4. Philosophers conclusion 4.1. Plato 6.3. Appeal to Emotion > body is material, soul is immaterial > manipulates people's emotions, such as pity > body’s existence is dependent on the or fear, instead of using logic to win an soul, soul’s existence is independent of the argument body 6.4. Appeal to Popularity (Ad Populum) > human person is just a soul using a body > occurs when something is claimed to be true 4.1.1. 3 Part Soul or good simply because many people > Rational Soul - the highest part, believe it responsible for wisdom and reason 6.5. Appeal to Tradition > Spirited Soul - the emotional part, > argues that something is correct or governing courage and willpower acceptable because it has been done that > Appetitive Soul - the part responsible way for a long time for desires and basic needs 4.2. Aristotle LESSON 6 : Human Person as Embodied Spirit > body and soul are in a state of unity 1. Human Person > soul is the realization of life > the human being is not just a mere animal 4.2.1. 3 Aspects of Soul > to be human is as simple as having a body > Vegetative Soul - shared by all living and soul things 1.1. Body > Appetitive Soul - passions, appetites, > material aspect as a human person that and emotions makes it visible and tangible > Intellectual Soul - possessed only by > our five senses makes it possible for us to be humans sensed 5. What does it mean to have a body and soul? > possesses material dimensions > recognize the limitations of our body 1.2. Soul > man is more than just a body > not visible and tangible which makes the 6. Significance of having an Embodied Spirit activities of the soul hard to identify > recognize the traits and behavior of the 2. Embodied Spirit human person > union of body and soul > it enables us to realize our own limitations > enables us to do and experience and see our potentials all the things that make us a human person > man has limits but filled with potentialities 3. Traits and Behavior of Human Person LESSON 7 : Transcendence of Human Person > Self-awareness > Self-determination 1. Transcendence > Capability to reach out and interact with > ability to surpass limits others and the world > “It is through our limitations that > dignity possibilities become real” > overcoming oneself or being in control > essence of transcendence is to Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person 1ST SEMESTER / FIRST QUARTER / PPT-BASED Mikaela Kristel Alcon (Mika) acknowledge our limitations, identify possibilities for development, and change ourselves for the better > transcendence gives the human person an avenue to realize his limitations and improve himself to be better