Research Design Types PDF

Research Methodology 2 Research Design  Framework of a research method & techniques chosen by a researcher which explains the type of research.  Is the path through which the researcher undertakes to accomplish the general and specific objectives of the study....

Research Methodology 2 Research Design  Framework of a research method & techniques chosen by a researcher which explains the type of research.  Is the path through which the researcher undertakes to accomplish the general and specific objectives of the study. 3  Start your paragraph by indicating the research design you want to use.  Define and describe the research design chosen (with citation).  Explain: a. Why the researchers choose this design b. What makes this design significant to accomplish of the study? 4 5 Research environment  Tells where the study is conducted.  Emphasizes the significant of the place of research Be sure to highlight the primary research environment & secondary research environment if there is any. 6 Research environment  1st paragraph: share basic information about CIT-U being your primary research environment. If you are conducting a face-to-face survey research with SHS students as your respondents, narrow down your environment to the SHS building. Share the significance of the chosen environment after presenting basic pieces of information.  2nd paragraph: (Online survey/interview) Explain your virtual environment. (Experimentation) Explain your testing site or facility. 7 8 Research participants/Respondents For Survey Research ✗ 1st paragraph: a. Describe who the research respondents are. b. why are these respondents chosen as a source of data. 9 Research participants/Respondents For Survey Research ✗ 2nd paragraph: a. Specify the population, sampling technique and sample size. b. What makes this sampling technique fit and appropriate for the study? c. How will this sampling technique help researchers in the data gathering? 10 11 Research instrument ✗ Explains the research methods and tools used by the researcher ✗ Before accomplishing this part, researchers must already present their survey questionnaire or interview guide for checking. 12 quantitative research (Survey) ✗ Specify what tool will be used by the researchers. ✗ Explain the significance in using the tool ✗ Specify whether it is researcher made or adapted from an existing study or standardized testing. ✗ If the tool is researcher made: explain how will it be validated. 13 quantitative research (Survey) ✗ If the tool is standardized: State the name of the tool, the original authors/proponents, and original intended purpose. ✗ What does the standardized questionnaire measure? ✗ How is this tool significant in the accomplishment of research goal? 14 15 quantitative research (Survey) ✗ If the tool is researcher-made:  What is your questionnaire all about? Specify topics included.  What does your questionnaire intend to measure?  How did you decide to create your own question?  How can your questionnaire help answer research question?  How will you test for validity and reliability? Who are the experts involved? What is the Cronbach’s Alpha value? 16 Data gathering ✗ Explains the whole data gathering process ✗ Covers PRE-, ACTUAL, and POST- data process for both qualitative and quantitative research. 17 18 19 20 Data analysis ✗ Tells how all gathered data be analyzed. Qualitative Research- explains how researchers do thematic coding including he steps on how to do it. Quantitative Research- explains what statistic treatment will be used (descriptive statistics, inferential statistics: if inferential, which one; Chi-square, T-test, McNemar’s, Pearson r, Anova, or others?) 21 Data analysis Quantitative Research- ✗ What type of data will you be generating or quantifying? Is it ordinal, nominal/categorical, ratio, interval or other type? ✗ Where and how will you get these data? Will it be from respondent’s perception level, satisfaction level, stress level, productivity level, etc.? Or ✗ Will it be from UTM testing, sensory evaluation, titration test, soil analysis, etc.? 22 Data analysis Quantitative Research- ✗ Which type of data you have, will you be using descriptive or inferential statistics? ✗ If descriptive, what is descriptive statistics? (use citation) ✗ If inferential, what is inferential statistics? (use citation) ✗ If descriptive, what will researchers compute? Will they compute the mean? Mean of what? Will the compute the mean/average of students’ academic performance? Why? 23 Data analysis Quantitative Research- ✗ If inferential, what will researchers compute? Will they compute the significance difference of sampling groups or significant correlation? If significant correlation, what specific statistical technique will they use? Will they use pearson r? why? If they want to compute the significant difference of students’ pre-test and post-test scores, what statistical treatment will they use? Will they use t-test? Why? ✗ Don’t forget to insert the main formula. 24 Rigor in research Quantitative Research- ✗ Validity means how well a test measures what it need to measure (face, construct, criterion-related, formative, and sampling) ✗ Reliability means the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results (test-retest, parallel form, inter rater and internal consistency) 25 26 Research ethics ✗ Explains how researchers abide by the codification of scientific morality in practice. ✗ Presents how researchers follow correct and ethical standards in dealing with the research problem. ✗ Serves as the ticket prior to gathering of research data Note: if the study is highly experimental and does not involve humans, researchers assigned to create this part may combine all principles in one paragraph. 27 Research ethics ✗ Honesty, legality, and Integrity (This must be included in either qualitative or Quantitative research survey and experiment since researchers need to observe integrity/truthfulness in gathering & analysing data) ✗ Informed Consent (not included in pure experimental studies unless they use human being as tests subjects esp. in Quasi-experimental research design) ✗ Voluntary Participation (not included in pure experimental studies unless they use human being as tests subjects esp. in Quasi-experimental research design) 28 Research ethics ✗ Beneficence (For qualitative or Quantitative research survey researchers need to emphasize how they will make sure that participants/respondents are not harmed in the whole data gathering process. For experimental studies, researchers need to emphasize how they value safety. They need to explain the safety measures they will observe to avoid any form of harm inflicted to any living being be it humans, animals, or plants, even the environment) ✗ Confidentiality, anonymity, and Privacy (This may not be included if the study is purely experimental and not involving human beings) ✗ Incentives and compensation (This may not be included if the study is purely experimental and not involving human beings) 29 Research ethics 30 31 Types of quantitative research Qualitative vs. Quantitative 33 Qualitative vs. Quantitative 34 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS EXPERIMENTAL NON-EXPERIMENTAL True Experimental SURVEY STUDIES DESCRIPTIVE Quasi-Experimental RETROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE CROSS SECTIONAL CORRELATIONAL LONGITUDINAL EVALUATIVE 35 1 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH  Experimental research involves cause and effect relationships that involve manipulation of the independent and dependent variables. 37 38  ✗ Try this. ✗ Does noise affect the amount that people can remember when learning? 6 Identify the independent, dependent, and intervening variables. 39 Types of Experimental Design True Experimental Quasi - experimental 40 TRUE EXPERIMENTAL ✗ A design is considered true experiment when the following criteria are present: The researcher manipulates the experimental variables i.e., the researcher has control over the independent variables 41 TRUE EXPERIMENTAL ✗ There must be one experimental group and one comparison or control group ✗ The subjects are randomly assigned either to the comparison or experimental group. ✗ The control group is a group that does not receive the treatment 42 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL ✗ It is a design in which either there is no control group or the subjects are not randomly assigned to groups. 43 Types of Non-experimental Design ✗ Survey Studies ✗ Retrospective ✗ Cross-sectional ✗ Longitudinal ✗ Descriptive ✗ Comparative ✗ Correlational ✗ Evaluative 44 SURVEY STUDIES ✗ The investigations are conducted through self- report. Surveys generally ask respondents to report on their attitudes, opinions, perceptions, or behaviors. ✗ Example: Survey on product review/customer satisfaction 45 RETROSPECTIVE ✗ The dependent variable is identified in the present and an attempt is made to determine the independent variable that occurred in the past. 46 ✗ Example: A group of 100 people with AIDS might be asked about their lifestyle choices and medical history in order to study the origins of the disease. A Second group of 100 people without AIDS are also studied and the two groups are compared. 47 CROSS-SECTIONAL ✗ The data are collected as a single point in time. The design requires subjects who are at different points, phases, or stages of an experience. ✗ Example: The Psychological Experience of Students in Different Grade Levels 48 LONGITUDINAL ✗ Unlike in the cross-sectional survey, the researcher collects data from the same people at different times. ✗ Example: The psychological experiences are observed from the first grade as they pass through the different stages 49 DESCRIPTIVE ✗ It seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable. These research projects are designed to provide systematic information about a phenomenon. ✗ Example: A Description of The Tobacco Use Habits of Teenagers 50 COMPARATIVE ✗ This design is used to compare and contrast representative samples from two or more groups of subject in relation to certain variables. ✗ Example: An educational researcher may want to determine whether a computer - based program has a positive effect on test scores. 51 CORRELATIONAL ✗ This design attempts to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables using statistical data. ✗ Example: The Relationships Between the Types of Activities Used in Math Classrooms and Student Environment 52 EVALUATIVE ✗ This design involves making a judgement of worth or value. It can be formative (process) or summative (outcome). 53 ✗ Example: Goiter is highly prevalent in many parts of Bangladesh. UNICEF, Bangladesh initiated a lipiodol injection campaign in some selected Upazila in 1989. After two years, the impact of this campaign was evaluated. The results were compared with another area where no such attack was launched. 54 Classification of Quantitative Research Designs 55 Classification of Quantitative Research Designs 56 THANK YOU  57