Research Design in Survey Studies
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of defining the research environment?

  • To explain the theoretical framework guiding the research.
  • To outline the specific location where data will be collected. (correct)
  • To identify the target audience for the study.
  • To describe the research method used for data collection.

    • In a survey research design, why is it crucial to explain the sampling technique used?

  • To demonstrate the reliability and validity of the research instruments.
  • To explain how the selected sample represents the larger population of interest. (correct)
  • To ensure the study is conducted ethically and with participant consent.
  • To justify the relevance of the research to the study's objectives.

    • Which aspect of the research design focuses on the path taken to achieve the study's objectives?

  • Research Design (correct)
  • Research Participants
  • Research Environment
  • Research Instrument

    • Which of the following is NOT a key element of defining the research participants in a survey study?

    <p>Describing the research instruments used. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is validating a researcher-made survey questionnaire essential?

    <p>To confirm that the questionnaire accurately captures the intended concepts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of clearly outlining the research design in a research proposal?

    <p>To provide a roadmap of how the research will be conducted from start to finish. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a survey research design, what is the primary objective of describing the research respondents?

    <p>To explain the demographics of the participants and their relevant backgrounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is MOST relevant when explaining the research design in a research proposal?

    <p>A justification for the chosen research methods and techniques. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that differentiates true experimental research from quasi-experimental research?

    <p>True experimental research involves randomly assigning subjects to groups, while quasi-experimental does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example "Does noise affect the amount that people can remember when learning?", what is the dependent variable?

    <p>The amount of information remembered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of experimental research?

    <p>To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a true experimental design?

    <p>Observation of the dependent variable in a natural setting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of experimental design is considered less rigorous than a true experimental design?

    <p>Quasi-experimental (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason to include a control group in an experimental study?

    <p>To compare the effects of the intervention to the effects of no intervention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of quantitative research design?

    <p>Grounded theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does random assignment help to ensure the internal validity of a true experimental design?

    <p>It reduces the risk of systematic bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design focuses on describing the current state of a specific aspect being studied?

    <p>Descriptive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research design would be used to investigate the long-term effects of a new medication on patient health?

    <p>Longitudinal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher wants to understand the differences in stress levels between students living on-campus and off-campus. What research design would be most appropriate?

    <p>Comparative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A study aims to determine if there is a relationship between hours of sleep and academic performance. What type of research design would be most suitable?

    <p>Correlational (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design relies on data gathered from participants at a single point in time?

    <p>Cross-sectional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A study that investigates the impact of childhood trauma on adult mental health by gathering data from individuals with a history of trauma would be considered which type of research?

    <p>Retrospective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A researcher wants to understand the reasons behind the decline in student enrollment at a particular university. What research design would be most helpful?

    <p>Retrospective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research design relies heavily on self-reported data through questionnaires or interviews?

    <p>Survey (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of research ethics?

    <p>To guide researchers in conducting ethical research. (A), To protect the rights and welfare of research participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a primary principle of research ethics?

    <p>Confidentiality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of reliability in research?

    <p>To ensure that research results are consistent and reproducible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of validity assesses how well a test measures a specific theoretical construct?

    <p>Construct Validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical technique is typically used to determine the significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores?

    <p>T-test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Pearson correlation coefficient measure?

    <p>The relationship between two variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of reliability?

    <p>External reliability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for a questionnaire to be 'standardized'?

    <p>The questionnaire has been rigorously tested for reliability and validity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information should be included if a researcher is using a standardized questionnaire in their study?

    <p>The name of the questionnaire, its original authors, and the intended purpose of the tool. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information should be included when describing a researcher-made questionnaire?

    <p>The topics covered by the questionnaire, the intended measurement, and how validity and reliability were tested. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of data gathering in a research study?

    <p>To collect information that will be used to answer the research question. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a step in the data gathering process?

    <p>Analyzing data to identify patterns and trends relevant to the research question. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis?

    <p>Qualitative data analysis focuses on themes and patterns, while quantitative data analysis focuses on numbers and statistics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a descriptive statistic used in quantitative data analysis?

    <p>Correlation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT an inferential statistical test used in quantitative data analysis?

    <p>Standard deviation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Research Design

    Framework for selecting research methods to meet study objectives.

    Research Environment

    Location where the research is conducted, highlighting its significance.

    Primary Research Environment

    The main location for conducting the research, such as a school building.

    Secondary Research Environment

    Supportive locations or contexts involved in the research, like online platforms.

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    Research Participants

    Individuals who provide data for the study, often through surveys.

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    Sampling Technique

    Method used to select participants from the population for the study.

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    Research Instrument

    Tools and methods used to gather data, such as surveys or interviews.

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    Validation of Tools

    Process of ensuring that a research instrument is reliable and effective.

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    Standardized Questionnaire

    A research tool with known authors and specific measurement purposes.

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    Researcher-Made Questionnaire

    A custom survey created by the researcher to answer specific topics.

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    Data Gathering Process

    Steps involved in collecting data: pre-, actual, and post-data processing.

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    Qualitative Data Analysis

    Analyzing non-numerical data using thematic coding and steps.

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    Quantitative Data Analysis

    Analyzing numerical data using statistics such as descriptive and inferential.

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    Descriptive Statistics

    Statistical methods that summarize and describe data characteristics.

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    Inferential Statistics

    Statistical techniques used to infer properties of a population based on a sample.

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    Cronbach’s Alpha

    A measure of internal consistency or reliability of a questionnaire.

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    Validity

    The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

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    Reliability

    The degree to which an assessment tool yields consistent results.

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    Pearson r

    A statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.

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    T-test

    A statistical test used to compare the means of two groups.

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    Informed Consent

    A process ensuring participants understand the study before agreeing to participate.

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    Voluntary Participation

    Participants should choose to join the study willingly.

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    Beneficence

    The ethical principle of ensuring participants aren't harmed during research.

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    Research Ethics

    Standards that guide the conduct of research to ensure integrity and respect for participants.

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    Safety Measures in Research

    Protocols to prevent harm to living beings and the environment during studies.

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    Confidentiality in Research

    Ensuring privacy and anonymity of participants in studies involving humans.

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    Incentives in Research

    Compensations offered to participants for their involvement in studies.

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    Quantitative Research Types

    Various designs of quantitative studies, including experimental and non-experimental.

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    Experimental Research

    Research design focusing on cause and effect through manipulation of variables.

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    True Experimental Design

    A true experiment involves control groups, random assignment, and variable manipulation.

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    Quasi-Experimental Design

    Design without random assignment or control groups, often used in practical settings.

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    Variables in Research

    Elements that researchers manipulate (independent) or measure (dependent) in studies.

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    Survey Studies

    Investigations conducted through self-reports to gather attitudes, opinions, or behaviors.

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    Retrospective Study

    Identifies a current dependent variable and seeks past independent variables.

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    Cross-sectional Study

    Data collected at a single point in time from subjects in different stages.

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    Longitudinal Study

    Involves data collection from the same subjects at different times.

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    Descriptive Study

    Aims to describe the current status of a variable systematically.

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    Comparative Study

    Compares samples from two or more groups regarding certain variables.

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    Correlational Study

    Determines the extent of relationships between two or more variables using statistics.

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    Study Notes

    Research Methodology

    • Research methodology outlines the framework and techniques chosen for a research study, explaining the research type.
    • It details the path researchers take to accomplish the overall and specific objectives of the study.

    Qualitative Research (Pure)

    • Chapter 3: Includes sections for proposed method (research design), research environment, research participants, research instrument, and data gathering procedure (pre-data, actual, and post-data). Also includes sections for rigor in research, data analysis, and ethical considerations.
    • Data Gathering Procedure: Broken down into pre-data gathering, actual data gathering (interview proper), and post-data gathering phases.

    Quantitative Research (Survey)

    • Chapter 3: Includes sections for proposed method (research design), research environment, description of respondents, research instrument, data gathering procedure (pre-data, actual, and post-data), data analysis, and ethical considerations.
    • Data Gathering Procedure: Includes pre-data gathering, actual data gathering (survey proper), and post-data gathering phases.

    Quantitative Research (Experimental)

    • Chapter 3: Includes sections for proposed method (research design), research environment, research procedure (preparations, actual experimentation, data gathering), data analysis, and ethical considerations.
    • Research Procedure: Includes distinct sub-sections for preparations, actual experimentation, and data gathering

    Research Design

    • A framework of research methods and techniques.
    • Explains the type of research and the path researchers will take to reach research objectives.

    Research Environment

    • 1st Paragraph: Describes the primary research environment, highlighting the significance. (e.g. school building).
    • 2nd Paragraph: Explains the virtual environment of online surveys or interviews, or experimental testing sites/facilities.

    Research Participants/Respondents

    • 1st paragraph: a. Describes the respondents. b. Explains why specific respondents were chosen.
    • 2nd paragraph: a. Specifies the population, sampling technique, and sample size. b. Explains the appropriateness of the sampling technique. c. Explains how the sampling technique assists in data collection.

    Research Instrument (Quantitative - Survey)

    • Specifies the research tool. Explaining the tool's significance, whether it's researcher-made or standardized. Clarifying tool validation (if researcher-made).
    • If standardized, provides details on the tool (name, authors, original purpose, measurement). Explains how the tool is useful for the research goal.
    • If researcher-made, details to be supplied include: topics included, intended measurement, explanation of creation process, reliability/validity testing and method, and involvement of experts (including Cronbach's Alpha value)

    Data Gathering

    • Explains the full data collection process including pre-, actual, and post-data stages. Covers both qualitative and quantitative research.

    Pre-Data Gathering

    • Qualitative/Quantitative - Survey: Outline the process of preparing for data collection including Ethics Board approval. Include drafting of transmittal letters, participant preparation, materials preparation (if applicable).
    • Experimental: Describe how the transmittal letter, procedure familiarity, materials preparation, and (if applicable) parent consent will be addressed.

    Actual Data Gathering

    • Survey Research: Explains how the survey forms (online or onsite) are sent and how respondents are identified. Includes explanation on checking for complete responses data gathering.
    • Qualitative research: Explains the interview dynamics, duration, question types, and when to conclude the interview.
    • Experimental: Detailed explanation of how the experiment is conducted, the characteristics of the process, specific details, and timeframes

    Post-Data Gathering (Qualitative/Quantitative - Survey)

    • Survey Research: Explains what happens after data collection is complete. Covers data organization techniques, examples (figures, tables).
    • Qualitative Research: Explains how the researcher handles data after all interviews are complete, including methods such as converting video to audio data and creating transcript.
    • Experimental: Explains the action following experimentation, the testing approach, and the result quantification methods.

    Data Analysis

    • Qualitative Research: Details the thematic coding methods researchers will use.
    • Quantitative Research: Explains the statistical methods (descriptive or inferential), the types of data expected (e.g. nominal or interval), and where to collect the data (e.g. sensory evaluations, tests). Includes the specific formulas used for analyses.

    Rigor in Research

    • Quantitative Research: Details validity (face, construct, criterion-related) and reliability (test-retest, parallel form, inter-rater).

    Sample

    • To ensure research credibility and trustworthiness, there will be analyses for consistency between research methods, accuracy, and results explanations. Review transcripts for similarities amongst study participants, emphasizing the importance of thoroughness, detailed explanations to make research easily followed, and to allow the transferability of methods.

    Research Ethics

    • Describes ethical researcher conduct regarding honest representation, proper scientific standards, and data gathering prior to research procedures. Explains how the process considers human subjects (informed consent, voluntary participation). Includes, confidentiality, anonymity and privacy policies and incentives or compensations are included as relevant.

    Types of Quantitative Research

    • Explains various quantitative research types and examples, including experimental and non-experimental designs.

    Qualitative vs. Quantitative

    • Provides a comparison table of Qualitative and Quantitative research methodologies

    Types of Non-Experimental Design

    • Outlines different types of non-experimental research (survey, retrospective, cross-sectional, longitudinal, descriptive, comparative, correlational, evaluative).

    Types of Experimental Design

    • Distinguishes different experimental designs: true experimental and quasi-experimental and details their specific characteristics.
    • True Experimental: Designs that utilize comparison or control groups, where participants are randomly allocated, and where the researcher manipulates independent variables.
    • Quasi-Experimental: Types of designs that may lack a control group or where randomization of participant allocation is not possible.

    Types of Experimental Variables

    • Explains the different types of variables in an experiment (independent, dependent, and control variables) with practical examples.

    Survey Studies

    • Highlights the self-reporting approach used to collect data from participants. Gives specific examples

    Retrospective

    • Explains that the method focuses on determining past independent variables based on present dependent variables.

    Cross-Sectional

    • Details how data is collected as a single point in time, focusing on various stages or phases of experience.

    Longitudinal

    • Explains research that collects data from the same participants at different points in time.

    Descriptive

    • Explains how the aim is to describe the current status of a discovered variable or phenomenon.

    Comparative

    • Details this method as comparing different groups in relation to specific variables.

    Correlational

    • Outlines the statistical relationship between two or more variables.

    Evaluative

    • Details the method that uses evaluation for worth, and value judgments to understand different outcomes whether through process or outcome.

    Ethical Considerations for Qualitative/Quantitative Survey Research.

    • Explains participant protections and data privacy. Outlines ethical guidelines that must be observed in the entirety of the research.

    Research Ethics

    • Explains ethical researcher conduct regarding honest representation, proper scientific standards, and data gathering prior to research procedures. Explains how the process considers human subjects (informed consent, voluntary participation). Includes, confidentiality, anonymity and privacy policies and incentives or compensations are included as relevant.

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