Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion - PDF

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL- Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Student’s Name: ___________________________Grade and Section: __________ Teacher: ________________________________Date Submitted:______________ I. LEARNING SKILLS A. Most Essential Learning Competency Prepare a plan and a f...

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL- Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Student’s Name: ___________________________Grade and Section: __________ Teacher: ________________________________Date Submitted:______________ I. LEARNING SKILLS A. Most Essential Learning Competency Prepare a plan and a focus on issues and ideas in their respective field B. Objective Prepare a plan for a class research agenda focusing on issues and ideas in their respective field. II. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT Vocabulary List 1. Qualitative Research- It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research. It is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc. 2. Quantitative Research- It is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider populations. It is widely used in the natural and social sciences: biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology, marketing, etc. 3. Research Design - It enables the researcher to organize the components of his or her research in an orderly and coherent manner. This will ensure that the research or study will effectively address the research topic or problem. It is also a template for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. Developing the research methods is an integral part of a research design. Methods for data collection may be observational, experimental and simulation. Some common methods for qualitative research include ethnographic, narrative, and phenomenological. 4. Research Agenda- It is best described as a format plan of action that summarizes specific issues and ideas in a subset of any field of study. It is RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 1  a guiding plan that helps to put together a system of study so that you can decide what should be tackled now and what should be deferred until another time. Research is a creative work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issues. A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. It is an investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new revised theories or laws. A research plan is the main part of a grant application and describes a principal investigator's proposed research. This page describes the essential elements of a research plan. The research plan gives a principal investigator the opportunity to discuss proposed research stating its importance and how it will be conducted. The research plan should be written to address the following questions: What do you intend to do? Why is work important? What has already been done? How are you going to do the work? A research plan should begin after you can clearly identify the focus of your argument. Narrow the scope of your argument by identifying the specific subtopic you will research. A broad search will yield thousands of sources which makes it very difficult to form a focused, coherent argument. It is simply not possible to include every topic in your research. If you narrow your focus, however, you can find targeted resources that can be synthesized into a new argument. After narrowing your focus, think about key search terms that will apply only to your subtopic. Develop specific questions that can be answered through your research process, but be careful not to choose a focus that is overly narrow. You should aim for a question that will limit search results to sources that relate to your topic, but will still result in a varied pool of sources to explore. This table shows the importance of knowing the difference between qualitative and quantitative research in preparing for the research agenda on various issues or topics relevant to different tracks and strands. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 2  Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Involve processes, feelings, and motives Aims to characterize trends and patterns (the why’s and the how’s) and produce in-depth and holistic data Usually concerned with generating Usually starts with neither a theory nor hypothesis from data rather than testing hypothesis about the relationship a hypothesis between two or more variables Uses either unstructured or semi- Use structured research instruments like structured instruments questionnaires or schedules Use small sample sizes chosen Use large sample sizes that are purposely representatives of the population Has high validity Has high output replicability Used to gain greater understanding of Used to gain greater understanding of individual differences in terms of group similarities feelings, motives and experiences Use more flexible processes Use structured processes Methods include field research, case Methods include census, survey, study and secondary analysis experiments and secondary analysis The following are the things that may be considered before starting the research activity: 1. A problem that is most interesting to you. 2. Existing problems in the classroom/school/campus/university which one may want to solve. 3. Existing needs of the community or society 4. Area of interest, specialization or event from related fields 5. Offshoots of friendly conversations 6. Observations, intuitions or a combination of both 7. The type of data you need 8. The participants and sources 9. The location and timescale of the research 10. Prevailing theories and philosophy Some considerations in crafting a research design 1. A good research design provides a plan of study that permits accurate assessment of cause and effect relationships between independent and dependent variables. 2. It must be flexible, appropriate, efficient, and economical. 3. A design which minimizes bias and maximizes the reliability of the data RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 3  collected and analyzed is considered a good design. 4. Direct observation and creative- centric group discussion are best employed deciding on a final concept. Criteria in Choosing a Research Topic 1. It should be something new or different from what has already been written about. 2. It must be original. 3. It should be significant to the field of study or discipline. 4. It must necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity. 5. It should be of researcher’s interest. 6. It should be a modest one for a beginner to be carried out within a limited period of time. 7. It should be clear, not ambiguous. 8. It should be specific, not general. 9. It should consider the training and personal qualifications of the researcher. 10. It should consider the availability of data involved in the study and the methods and techniques to be employed in gathering them. 11. It should consider the availability of effective instruments for gathering the data and their treatment. 12. It should consider the financial capacity of the researcher to support the project. 13. It should consider the time factor involved in the undertaking. Research It is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and creates new knowledge that is generally acceptable (Grinnell 1993) Importance of Research 1. Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or discipline. 2. Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further productivity in any field. 3. Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation. 4. Research provides solutions to problems concerning almost all issues encountered in the different areas of work. Here are some examples of possible bases of issues applicable for Academic and TVL Tracks. These are useful in crafting a research agenda that will lead in the writing of the title and research problem. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 4  Issues: Academic Track Students Teachers Schools Community Government Technical Vocational/ Livelihood Track ❖ Automotive Servicing ❖ Computer Servicing System ❖ Home Economics ❖ Horticulture ❖ Knowledge on Tools ❖ Exploration on Fertilizers ❖ Bread & Pastry-Discoveries ❖ Habit/Vice/Addiction Read the given issues of concern for possible goal that will guide a research study: Example: Students 1. Behavior of Grade 7 students in class 2. Effects of student’s class performances 3. Reasons of failures in the subject Community a. Covid 19 Pandemic implications in the community b. Attitudes of the Youth in the Community c. Poverty in this time of Pandemic. , Example Table for Academic Track Class Topic/Issue Sub-topics Effects Solutions Students ▪ Cutting class ▪ Failed grades ▪ WATCH monitoring ▪ Academic Track ▪ Misbehavior ▪ Subject performance inside/outside the teacher/class school premises adviser checking of attendance ▪ Guidance program Topic/issue Causes Effects Interventions/Projects/ Programs Community 1. Improper waste 1. Health problem 1. Clean & Green Project Waste disposal 2. Widespread 2. Health & Sanitation Problem 2. Lack waste disposal programs segregation 3. Dengue 3. Dengue Awareness practices Situation Campaign 3. Inconsistent implementation RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 5  of community waste program/ project Example Table for Technical Vocational Livelihood Track-Home Economics Strand Topic/Issue Sub-topics Perceptions Descriptions ▪ Acceptable taste ▪ Appearance Bitter gourd ▪ Various taste ▪ Not acceptable ▪ Presentation Cupcake ▪ Bitter taste taste ▪ Color Example Table for Technical Vocational Livelihood Track- Computer System Servicing Strand Topic/Issue Sub-topics Compositions Methods/Ways ▪ Competencies ▪ Classroom to be ▪ Theories in CSS Difficulties in instruction developed ▪ Practical Skills TVL-CSS ▪ Enhancement ▪ NC II Assessment Training competencies Example Table for Technical Vocational Livelihood Track- Automotive Servicing Strand Topic/Issue Sub-topics Causes Effects Availability of ▪ List of Tools in ▪ 50%-75% Passing ▪ Large Number of Tools & the Laboratory Rate Enrollees Equipment ▪ List of ▪ Cutting Classes, ▪ Area for TVL- Equipment in Absenteeism, Laboratory Work Automotive the laboratory Dropout, Repeater Example Table for Technical Vocational Livelihood Track- Horticulture Strand Topic/Issue Sub-topics Compositions Methods/Ways Minimal ▪ Level of Female ▪ Skills in Taking ▪ Classroom Understanding of Enrollees in Horticulture instruction the Content Horticulture ▪ Specific Work ▪ Enhancement ▪ Practical Skills TVL- Demands Training Assessment Horticulture RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 6  If you already identified the possible topic in the agenda of your research study, you may think of the identity of your research as either qualitative or quantitative research. Then decide on the methodology by not disregarding the importance of your research to others, to the community, to the society or to the nation as well. Observe the given example as a guide about the mentioned concerns in your research agenda. RESEARCH AGENDA- Academic Track TOPIC Attitudes of the Youth in the Community TYPES OF RESEARCH Qualitative Research METHODOLOGY Use Phenomenological Approach; Interview and Survey Questionnaire IMPORTANCE Provide awareness among the youth about the existing attitudes of the youth in their respective community RESEARCH AGENDA- TVL Track TOPIC Level of Effectivity of TVL Offerings TYPES OF RESEARCH Quantitative Research METHODOLOGY Use Correlation and Evaluative; Interview and Survey Questionnaire IMPORTANCE Provide data as basis for the improvement and enhancement of the TVL Offerings III. ACTIVITIES A. Practice Tasks Task 1: Below is a table of possible topics for qualitative or quantitative research. Pick one topic and provide the details on the given table to prepare a plan for a research agenda. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Effects on Academic Performance of Digital and Print Modules 2. Effectiveness of Teachers using LDM Digital and LDM Print Modules 3. Level of Performance in Core Subjects of Learners hooked in ML Games RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 7  4. Forms of Support of Parents in Distance Learning 5. Disaster Reduction Preparedness of Farmers in Typhoon-Ridden Communities 6. Implications of COVID19 to the Mental and Emotional Health of the Learners TOPIC TYPE OF RESEARCH POSSIBLE NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS Task 2: Below is an example of an issue or topic possible for a research agenda for academic track. Write your own issue or topic relevant to your Track and Strand on a separate sheet of paper. TOPIC OF ISSUE Community Waste Disposal Problem POSSIBLE PROBLEMS 1. What are the causes of the existing community waste disposal problem? 2. What are the effects to the residents of the existing community waste disposal problem? 3. What are the evident interventions in the community regarding waste disposal problems? TYPE OF RESEARCH Qualitative Research Task 3: Below is an example of a research agenda on a particular topic/issue applying the appropriate methodology as learned in qualitative and quantitative research. Prepare your own Research Agenda following the details in the table considering your Track. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. RESEARCH AGENDA- Academic Track TOPIC Common Course Preferences of SHS Completers in a Rural Community TYPES OF RESEARCH Qualitative Research METHODOLOGY Use Phenomenological Approach, Interview and Survey Questionnaire IMPORTANCE Provide awareness among the senior high school graduates of the value of their respective course not only for their future but also for their community RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 8  RESEARCH AGENDA- TVL Track TOPIC Level of Effectivity of TVL Offerings TYPES OF RESEARCH Quantitative Research METHODOLOGY Use Correlation and Evaluative, Interview and Survey Questionnaire IMPORTANCE Provide data as basis for the improvement and enhancement of the TVL Offerings B. Assessment Below is an example of a research agenda of a research study. Construct your own Research Agenda following the details in the table by choosing either qualitative or quantitative research. Write on a separate sheet of paper. Areas of Interest Research Agenda Topic/Issue COVID 19 Possible Title of the Study Implications of COVID19 in the Philippines Problem to be studied or discussed 1. What are the causes of COVID 19? 2. What are the effects of COVID 19 to people, community and nation? 3. What are the possible interventions of the government to serve the people, community and nation? Possible respondents At least 25 adults in the community aged 18 and above Type of Research Qualitative Research Research Method/Design Phenomenological Approach Interview Survey Areas of Interest Research Agenda Topic/Issue Effectivity of Social Media and Networking Sites as Instruments for Business Promotion Possible Title of the Study Level of Effectivity of Social Media and Networking Sites for Business Promotion RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 9  Problem to be studied or discussed 1. What are the effects of Social Media to promote business? 2. What are possible businesses using Social Media as an instrument for business promotion? 3. What are the difficulties in using Social Media as an instrument for business promotion? Possible respondents 200 adults with Online Business aged 20 above Type of Research Quantitative Research Research Method/Design Descriptive-Evaluative Questionnaire and interview IV. RUBRICS FOR SCORING CRITERIA FOR RATING Content of Details---------------------------------------------- 30 Completeness of Details------------------------------------- 30 Organization of Ideas----------------------------------------- 20 Data Presentation---------------------------------------------- 20 Total---------------------------------------------------------------100 points V. REFLECTION/COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS _______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ VI. REFERENCES Wikipedia Contributors. (2021, February 27). Research. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research Essentials of the Research Plan. (2017). Ahrq.gov. https://www.ahrq.gov/funding/process/grant-app-basics/esstplan.html Organizing Your Research Plan | Boundless Writing. (2013). Lumenlearning.com. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-writing/chapter/organizing-your- research-plan/ Practical Research 1 for Senior High School, Amadeo Pangilinan Cristobal, Jr., Ed. D.,Maura Consolacion de la Cruz-Cristobal, Ed.D.p.19 https://ori.hhs.gov/basic-research-concepts-brc-introduction www.scribbr.com RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 10  https://www.wordtemplatesonline.net How to Format an Academic Research Agenda (With 7 Free Templates) www.emgo.nl>qual_data_collection https://www.wssu.edu https://modules.arvibabol.com https://www.quora.com https://www.enotes.com https://www.pat.nhs.uk https://brainly.ph https://content.wisestep.com https://www.edb.gov.hk https://www.teachervision.com https://www.ldatschool.ca https://www.scribd.com https://www.researchgate.net Chapter 3.1 Designing a Research Project related to Daily Life https://m.youtube.com Design a research useful in daily life Lesson1 https://www.scribd.com https://www.wisdomjobs.com https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov https://www.proof-reading-service.com 72 Examples of Research Paper Topics in 18 Different Study Areas March 2, 2019 Faltado III, Ruben E., Bombita, Medardo B., Boholano, Helen B., Pogoy, Angeline M. (2016). Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research For Senior High School (Applied Subject). Metro Manila: LORIMAR PUBLISHING, INC.p. 3-4; 13-15; 16- 18 Cristobal, Jr. Amadeo P., Cristobal, Maura Consolacion D. (2017). Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. Quezon City: C Prepared by: DEVIE A. BATANGOSO, Master Teacher I Pamplona NHS, SDO Cam. Sur Quality Assured by: GILDA A. CASTAÑEDA, Principal I, Homobono H. Gonzalez NHS, SDO Cam. Sur ANGUSTIA P. ORAA, Principal I Visita de Salog HS, SDO Cam. Sur GEMMA A. REALO, Principal II Don Mariano C. Veneracion NHS, SDO Cam. Sur PRECIOSA R. DELA VEGA, EPS-I SDO Cam. Sur JEANETTE M. ROMBLON EPS-English SDO Masbate City Illustrator/Layout Artist: MARY JANE S. SAN AGUSTIN, T-III Fundado ES, SDO Cam. Sur RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 11 V. ANSWER KEY Task 1 TOPIC Effects on Academic Performance of Digital and Print Modules TYPE OF RESEARCH Quantitative Research POSSIBLE NUMBER OF 254 Grade 12 Academic and TVL Track students RESPONDENTS Task2 TOPIC OF ISSUE Students’ Difficulty in Modular Learning Delivery Modality POSSIBLE PROBLEMS 1. What are the common difficulties of the Grade 12 students in Modular learning delivery Modality? 2. What are the effects of the difficulties encountered of the Grade 12 students in their academic performances? 3. What are the evident interventions of the institution on the difficulties encountered by the Grade 12 students in Modular Learning Delivery Modality? TYPE OF RESEARCH Qualitative Research Task 3 RESEARCH AGENDA- Academic Track TOPIC Implications of COVID19 to the Mental and Emotional Health of the Learners TYPES OF RESEARCH Qualitative Research METHODOLOGY Use Phenomenological Approach; Interview and Survey Questionnaire IMPORTANCE Provide awareness among the senior high school graduates of the value of mental and emotional health amidst the pandemic situation B. Assessment Areas of Interest Research Agenda- TVL Track Topic/Issue Digital and Print Modules Possible Title of the Study Effectiveness of Teachers using LDM digital and LDM print Modules Problem to be studied or 1. What are LDM digital practices observed by the discussed institution? 2. What are the LDM print practices utilized by the institution? RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 12  3. What is the level of effectiveness of LDM digital and LDM print modules? Possible respondents 554 Grade11 & 12 students Type of Research Quantitative Research Research Method/Design Likert Scale Questionnaire Survey Descriptive-Evaluative RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 1 13 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL- Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Student’s Name: _________________________Grade and Section: __________ Teacher: ________________________________Date Submitted:_____________ I. LEARNING SKILLS A. Most Essential Learning Competency Formulate clearly the statement of the problem. B. Objectives 1. Identify possible issues/topics for the formulation of the statement of the problem of a research study; 2. Create a statement of the problem on the possible issues/topics of a research study. II. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT The following terms will be encountered in the lesson: Causal Question is when a study is designed to determine whether one or more variables cause or affect one or more outcome variables. Conceptual Definition is one that is found in the dictionaries. This is also called constitutive definition. Conceptual Framework refers to the research paradigm that sets out the constructs important in the research area and the relationships between these constructs. Definition of Terms is an alphabetical list of the important word acronyms that researchers define, particularly those used in a special way in the study so as to avoid ambiguity. Delimitation is the part that establishes the boundaries of the study. Descriptive Question is when a study is designed primarily to describe a particular phenomenon. Framework is a set of concepts that serves as scaffolding to something. In research, it serves as the building foundation. Limitation is a statement that lays the weakness of the study. An honest acceptance of the limitation brings more credence to the study. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 1  Operational Definition is also known as functional definition. This refers to the definition of a term as used in the study. Paradigm of the Study refers to the presentation of a study in a form of diagram to summarize it. Problem Statement is the main organizing principle guiding the analysis of the paper. The problem under investigation offers occasion for writing and a focus of what the researcher wants to know and impart. It represents the core subject matter of scholarly communication, the means by which we arrive at other topics of conversations and the discovery of new knowledge and understanding (Alvesson, 2013). Research is an investigation following ordered steps leading to the discovery of new information or concept (Sanchez, 1999). Relational Question is when a study is designed to look at the relationships between two or more variables. Scope refers to the part of the research that defines where and when the study was conducted and who the subjects were. Significance of the Study is written as part of the introduction section of a thesis. It provides details to the reader on how the study will contribute such as what the study will contribute and who will benefit from it. It also includes an explanation of the work's importance as well as its potential benefits. Theory is an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events. It is an idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true but that is not known or proven. Topic refers to the guiding principle for the analysis of a research paper. It provides avenue for writing and a focus to what one intends to communicate. It is the center of scholarly communication. Research Problem A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. It is typically posed in the form of a question. What are possible sources of research topics? Here are some questions that may serve as your guide to generate ideas that may lead to your possible research topics: a. Do you have a strong opinion about a current issue? b. Do you have an interest that you would like to know more about? c. Are there aspects or concerns surrounding you that you are interested in learning more about? d. What are the current concerns or stories you want to learn more about? RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 2 To make research more manageable, the following shall be considered: Selection of research topics is one of the most challenging tasks in research and very important as well. This phase may be easy for some researchers by doing brainstorming. Research topic becomes the basis of the time, effort and resources that the researcher will invest through the journey. Careful attention in choosing the research topic will work to your benefit. Thus, the following must be considered in deciding a research topic. a) Aspect - Choose one aspect through which you look at the research problem. To put it more simply, look at just one facet of the issue or problem. E.g. A study about the effect of the Corona pandemic to the life of the people is just too broad and has multiple aspects which will be complicated for a student researcher. b) Components - determine if your initial variables or unit of analyses can be divided into more particular parameters which can then be analyzed more precisely. For example, a study about vaping will be too broad. Topic is too broad when there are so many different ideas about it. [e.g., a study of tobacco use among adolescents can focus only on vaping among male adolescents rather than adolescents in general or focus on female adolescents of a certain age. ) c) Curiosity - Choose a topic that you know a little about, however you have the desire to explore and learn more. There is no point in studying something you already knew as there will be no place for finding new knowledge. d) Interest - Choose a topic that seems interesting to you. If you do not have any interest in a topic , you will not be able to do the study with passion and probably you will not duly devote time to it. As a senior high school student, what are the most interesting topics in your field that you want to explore? But remember that apart from your interest, the topic you chose must be objective and researchable. Moreover, your interest must be about a novel topic. Avoid overly discussed or explored topics. e) Time and Place --Remember that the smaller the area of analysis, the narrower the focus. Moreover, the shorter the available time period, the narrower the focus should be. Narrow down your topic and review it several times. Get feedback from your teacher about your chosen topic. e) Type -- Focus your topic in terms of a specific type or class of people, places, or things. Otherwise, the conduct of the study will not be manageable. g) Availability of Resources - Check the availability of references by visiting online libraries, journals and research gates. Once you realize the non- availability of resources, change the subject. h) Significance of the Topic - The research topic chosen must be significant, and must address a particular problem that will impact the life of the people in general. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 3 Conceptual Framework Researchers create conceptual frameworks that include a philosophical and methodological model to help design their work. The data collection and analysis are also based on the theoretical and conceptual framework. Miles and Huberman (1994) defined a conceptual framework as a visual or written product, one that ‘explains, either graphically or in narrative form, the main things to be studied—the key factors, concepts, or variables—and the presumed relationships among them. One of the most important things about conceptual framework is that it primarily becomes the model of what is out there that you plan to study. Guide on How to Make the Conceptual Framework 1. Pick your research topic. Remember the considerations in choosing the research topic. You may refer to the previous discussion in this learner’s packet. 2. Do a literature review. Read relevant and updated research on the general topic that you decide to work on. 3. Identify the important variables. Find studies with the same variables and figure out how these are related to your study. You may go over the abstract of the published research. Some abstracts contain the variables. If variables are not apparent from the abstract, you may do a skimming of the discussion. 4. Then build your conceptual framework using the variables from the related studies you have read. IPO (Input-Process-Output) is one of the most used paradigms that seek to understand a factor or variable that causes a problem or change in the subject. I Process Output nput Example of a Conceptual Framework (Process) (Output) (Input) Effect on: Manifestation of Perceived a. Appearance Narcissism Concern Questionna a. Selfie ire b. Academic b. Photo Interview Performance Manipu lation Focused c. group Interpersonal Posting discussi Relation on RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 4 Writing a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more things, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection. Hypothesis states a prediction about what the study will find. It is a tentative answer to a problem that has not yet been tested. Variables in hypotheses In experimental and correlational research, hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables. An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures. Developing a Hypothesis 1. Ask a question. Hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be specific and researchable. 2. Do some preliminary research of the previous studies. Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated predictions. 3. Formulate your hypothesis. Foresee the idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a concise sentence. Writing a Statement of the Problem After identifying a research problem, the next step is to write a problem statement. It has to be concise and concrete. Writing a problem statement can help the researcher put the topic in context and have a deeper understanding of its significance. A problem statement may be written in several paragraphs or in several sentences incorporated in the introduction. For practical research, look at the concrete details of the situation and ask yourself these questions: a) Where and when does the problem arise? b) Who are affected by the problem? c) What attempts have been made to solve the problem? Problem statement should also address the relevance of the research: why is it important to resolve the problem. The problem statement need not lay world- changing impact. What is important is that the problem statement should lay how you intend to address the problem. Your goal should not be to find a conclusive solution, but to seek out the reasons behind the problem and propose more effective approaches to understanding it. So, a researcher must set the objectives of the study. You may start with the following phrases: a) The aim of this study is to determine… b) This project aims to explore… c) I aim to investigate… RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 5  The following are tasks that may help a researcher enhance skill in discovering and identifying a research problem a. Refer to related literature. b. Attend webinars. c. Be observant of the situations around you. d. Visit libraries and online research gates. e. Subscribe to research journals. f. Conduct mini researches and note the gaps in the findings. General problem statement is usually followed by specific problems which are in a form of a question. There are two types of questions: Researchable questions and non-re searchable questions. Non-researchable questions are those answerable by yes or no. Researchable questions are questions of value or opinion. Researchable question: a. What are the effects of internet accessibility in the campus to the academic performance of the students? b. What learning enhancement project may be implemented to improve students’ academic performance? Definition of Terms Definition of terms is an alphabetical list of the important word acronyms that researchers define, particularly those used in a special way in the study so as to avoid ambiguity. Your proposed study will likely include words that are not widely known outside your discipline. It may include constructs, formulas and operational definitions that differ from colloquial definitions or other schools of thought. This part of your study provides the reader a list of definitions of these terms. Your definition can considerably affect how the reader understands your thesis. Be sure you use these terms in a consistent manner from the start to finish of your study. In writing your definition of terms, make an introductory sentence or paragraph. It must also be noted that a word may be defined conceptually and operationally in the study. Example: The following words defined are used in this study: Photo Manipulation. This refers to editing of the pictures using the different features available in the mobile phone or computer. Its purpose is for the person to look better and beautiful and handsome before they post it on social media platforms. Self-esteem. This is operationally defined as the manner the students value themselves through the affirmation and motivation they get through the posting they make in the social media platform. Selfie. This refers to self-portrait photographs typically taken using RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 6  mobile phones and shared on social media such as Facebook and Instagram. To some people they consider it as vanity and to some it is the best way to share the both important and unimportant things about themselves. Significance of Study Significance of the study answers the fifth W of an academic quest. That is the WHY. Why do you think your study is significant? When discussing this, you deal with the general contribution that your study makes. According to Unite for Sight, the goal of research is to inform action. Your study must contextualize its findings within the larger body of research. It must have a high quality that is applicable outside of the research setting. Dissemination of the research outcomes is the expressed contribution of the researcher. Leann Zarah in her article offered 7 reasons why research is important. They are as follows: 1. Research is a tool for facilitating learning. 2. It is a way to understand various issues and it increases public awareness. 3. Research leads to business success. 4. It is a way to negate fallacious claims. 5. It finds and seizes opportunities. 6. Research is a key to love reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable Information 7. Research nourishes and exercises the brain. To be guided in drafting your Significance of the study, ask yourself these questions: Q1: What is the specific significance of your research to yourself or other individuals? Q2: Why is it important to communicate the value of your research? A study without sharing its findings is a mere brain exercise and will never give an opportunity for more learning discoveries. If that is the case, it may not be considered significant. Sample A Significance of the Study The study is beneficial to the following people: The Students. This study will give awareness to students on the effects of social media addiction on their behavior. Moreover, they can be enlightened and may practice using social media in an appropriate way. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 7  The Parents. This study will help the parents to understand why their children are being addicted to social media. Through this study, they can think of some preventive measures to help their children control the use of social media. Future Researchers. This study may benefit future researchers since this will serve as a blueprint of the findings and conclusions which may lead to further studies. Example B Significance of the Study This study is considered beneficial to the following: Community. This study will benefit the community in general as the findings will give the people better understanding of the millennial and their manner of boosting self-esteem through the use of social media platforms. Teachers. This will help them understand the developmental, social and behavioral effects of using social media to their students. The results of this study will be their basis in incorporating intervention and strategies on how to enhance the teaching and learning process and promote and develop students’ interpersonal skills. Students. This will help them realize the positive and the negative effects of selfie, photo manipulation and posting in the social media with their self-esteem with relation to their physical appearance and academic performance and interpersonal relationship skills which make them more responsible, sociable and content with their self-worth. Parents. This will make them aware of the positive and negative effect of selfie, photo manipulation and posting to the self-esteem, academic and interpersonal skills of their children in order to guide their social networking behavior and help them become better and responsible individuals who know how to prioritize their time in studying and household duties. Researchers. The knowledge derived from the study will lead them to have a better understanding of the personality and social network behavior of the millennial students on how they will promote and present themselves in social media to become likeable. Further, this study will help them recommend some possible solutions to mitigate the negative effects of selfie, photo manipulation and posting on their self-esteem, academic performance and interpersonal skills. Future Researchers. This will serve as their guide in making further studies and provide related reading materials and additional information for their own investigation. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 8  Scope and Delimitation Everything must have limits. Government, politics, power, rights and sports have its own bounds. Conduct of a study must have bounds as well. It is necessary to narrow down research topics and limit its bounds. Otherwise, it will not be manageable and your study will go nowhere. Readers of your research must know these limits. The scope identifies the boundaries of the study in terms of subjects, objectives, facilities, area, time frame, and the issues to which the research is focused. Given here are examples of opening phrases to express the scope of the study: The coverage of this study _. The study consists of ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________. The study covers _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________. The study focuses on _ ____________________________________________________________. The purpose of the delimitation of the study is to delimit by geographic location, age, sex, population traits, population size, or other similar aspects. Delimitation makes study more manageable and feasible. Part of it sets the constraints or weaknesses of a study which are beyond the control of the researcher. An example of limitation is accessibility of data. The quality of the research findings will depend upon the ability of the researcher to access information from people or organizations. Another example of limitation is the time that a researcher has to devote in the conduct of the study. So, the researcher must be careful in deciding on a research problem. Interest over the topic will not suffice. It must be practicable within a manageable period of time. Given here are examples of opening phrases to express the scope of the study: The study does not cover the ______________________________. The researcher limited this research to _____________________________. III. ACTIVITIES A. Practice Tasks Task 1: List possible concerns, problems or issues you can think of or have encountered relative to the topics given below. The first one is done for you. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 9  Topic Issues a. Effect of social media to the interpersonal skills of the students Social Media b. Impact of social media to the academic performance c. Over reliance of teens in social media Gender Discrimination Bullying Disaster response management Task 2: Given the box of words, create a statement of a problem. Use a notebook or a separate sheet of paper in answering the activity. Example is provided below. pandemic online learning shortened school year travel restraint gender discrimination job loss Example: Topic Problem Statement online learning Managing learning difficulties in online learning encountered by the senior high school students. Task 3: Write a topic and a problem statement. Use the example as your model. Example: Topic Problem Statement Topic of the Study Online Gaming Problem Statement Many students skip school attendance because of online games. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 10  Do the same in this table. The following topics are merely suggestions. You may use your preferred topics. Topic/Issue Problem Statement online learning gender discrimination bullying B. Assessment Formulate a problem statement on the following topics: Pandemic Job loss Shortened school year IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING Criteria/Proficiencies Limited 1 Adequate 2 Proficient 3 Excellent 4 Structure Bad Acceptable Satisfactory Excellent organization organization organization organization of topic/sub of topic/sub of topic/sub of topic/sub topic topic topic topic Grammar Never using Sometimes Often using Always correct using correct correct using grammar in grammar in grammar in correct statements statements statements grammar in statements Terminology Never using Sometimes Often using Always precise using precise using technical precise technical precise term technical term technical term term Content Never Sometimes Often Always present present present present concrete concrete concrete concrete facts with facts with facts with facts with evidence evidence evidence evidence (Adapted from Andrade, 1997) RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 11 V. REFLECTION/COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ VI. REFERENCES Burkhardt, MacDonald & Rathemacher’s. October 2012. Teaching Information Literacy: 50 Standards-Based Exercises for College Student. File Retrieved from https://library.wlu.ca/sites/default/files/pdfs/tutorials/researchquestionw orksheet Camp. 2001. Definition of Conceptual Framework. Retrieved from https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/Refere ncesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=799522 Cristobal Jr, Cruz-Cristobal MC. 2017. Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. 1st Edition. Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc. 2017 Cristobal Jr, Cruz-Cristobal MC. 2017. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. 1st Edition. Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc. 2017 Choosing Topic for Research (July, 2016). File Retrieved from https://cdn.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/library/CoreSkills/Choosin g_Topic.pd Definition of Research. Retrieved from https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchproblem Regoniel, P. 2015. Conceptual Framework: A Step by Step Guide on How to Make One. File Retrieved From https://simplyeducate.me/2015/01/05/conceptual-framework-guide/ Robbins, S. 2000. Organizational Behavior. 9th Edition. New Jersey. Prentice Hall Sevilla C., Ochave J., Punsalan T., Regala B., Uriarte G. 2000. Research Methods. Manila, Philippines. Rex Book Store Sources of Research Topics. April, 2017. File Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-sources-of-research-topics- problems-collecting-the-research-topic RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 12  Strategies to Help Focus on Your Topic. File Retrieved from https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185906 https://www.google.com/search?q=analytical+rubrics+for+statement+of+the+p roblem+in+a+research&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwio7Za23c_yAhUOe5 QKHaWhBzsQ2-cCe Prepared by: DEVIE A. BATANGOSO, Master Teacher I Pamplona National High School, SDO Cam. Sur Quality Assured by: GEMMA A. REALO, Principal II Don Mariano C. Veneracion NHS, SDO Cam. Sur GILDA A. CASTAŇEDA, Principal I Homobono H. Gonzalez NHS, SDO Cam. Sur ANGUSTIA P. ORAA, Principal I Visita de Salog NHS, SDO Cam. Sur PRECIOSA R. DELA VEGA, EPS I SDO Camarines Sur JEANETTE M. ROMBLON EPS- English SDO Masbate City Layout Artist: MARY JANE S. SAN AGUSTIN, Teacher III Fundado ES, SDO Camarines Sur RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 13 VII. ANSWER KEY A. Practice Tasks Task 1 Topic Issues a. Effect of social media to the interpersonal skills of the students Social Media b. Impact of social media to the academic performance c. Over reliance of teens in social media a. Gender Discrimination in the society Gender b. Effects of Gender Discrimination to concern Discrimination individuals c. Advocacies on Gender Discrimination a. Psychological Effects of Bullying Bullying b. Various incidents of Bullying Disaster a. Best practices on Disaster response management response b. Programs on Disaster response management management Task 2 Topic Problem Statement Travel Restraint Managing various travel restraint amidst the pandemic situation in every municipality’s border area Task 3 Topic Problem Statement Topic of the Study Modular Learning Delivery Problem Statement Many students encountered various difficulties in the modular learning delivery modality. B. Assessment Pandemic - Learners in the learning process adopt to the modular learning delivery modality amidst the pandemic situation. - Learners encountered difficulties in their academic performance brought by the pandemic restrictions. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 2 14 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL- Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Student’s Name: _________________________Grade and Section: __________ Teacher: ________________________________Date Submitted:_____________ I. LEARNING SKILLS A. Most Essential Learning Competency Select, cite, and synthesize related literature B. Objective Select relevant literature II. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT Vocabulary List Related Studies are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity. Related Literature is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related. Selecting the relevant literature helps a researcher like you to separate the known from the unknown information about your topic of study. Writing this review clarifies your research focus in the context of your field. Related literature is the sail that would give direction to whatever research you’re engaged in. Reading on related literature will help you decide what specific topic from the broad subjects is making your research daunting. Moreover, going through varied primary, secondary, or even tertiary sources gives you pointers on formulating your research objectives and questions. Reading a substantial body of literature provides more background to your investigation, allowing more understanding of the chosen research topic. Furthermore, the literature review gives you a warning against copying existing research but could duplicate to identify and fill the gaps in other studies. Overall, you have to look into the most valuable and pertinent information in your study. Do not list down everything you find, especially when resources are not gathered from the academic library. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 3 1  Goals for Writing Literature Review We write a Literature review because of the following goals: 1. Demonstrate familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. 2. Show prior research and how your current research is linked to it. 3. Integrate and summarize the information in the specific area. 4. Learn from others and stimulate new ideas. Steps in Writing Review of Related Literature Step 1: Search for relevant literature. Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic. Example: Impact of social media among Generation Z. Make a list of keywords. Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list if you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search. Keywords example Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth Search for relevant sources. Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include: Your university’s library catalog Google Scholar JSTOR EBSCO Project Muse (humanities and social sciences) Medline (life sciences and biomedicine) EconLit (economics) Inspect (physics, engineering, and computer science) You can use boolean operators to help narrow down your search: AND to find sources that contain more than one keyword (e.g. social media AND body image AND generation Z) OR to find sources that contain one of a range of synonyms (e.g. generation Z OR teenagers OR adolescents) NOT to exclude results containing certain terms (e.g. apple NOT fruit) RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 3 2 Step 2: Evaluate and select sources. You probably won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on the topic – you’ll have to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your questions. For each publication, ask yourself: What question or problem is the author addressing? What are the key concepts and how are they defined? What are the key theories, models and methods? Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach? What are the results and conclusions of the study? How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge? How does the publication contribute to your understanding of the topic? What are its key insights and arguments? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research? Make sure the sources you use are credible, and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research. Step 3: Identify themes, debates, and gaps. To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, you need to understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for: Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time? Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature? Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree? Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field? Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed? Example of trends and gaps in reviewing the literature on social media and body image, you note that: Most research has focused on young women. There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media. But there is still a lack of robust research on highly-visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat – this is a gap that you could address in your own research. Overall, you have to look into the most valuable and pertinent information in your study. Do not list down everything you find, especially when resources are not RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 3 3 gathered from the academic library. Consider the following criteria when selecting your literature: Accuracy Is the information reliable? Is it error-free? Is the information based on proven facts? Can the information be verified against other reliable sources? Authority Who is the author? Do they have the qualifications to speak or write on that topic? Is the author affiliated with a reputable university or organization in this subject field? Objectivity What is the purpose of the information? Is the information facts or opinions? Is the information biased? Currency When was the information published? Is the information current or outdated? Does currency matter on this topic? Coverage Does the information covered meet your information needs? Does it provide basic or in-depth coverage? III. ACTIVITIES A. Practice Tasks Task 1. Identify the information source, author's name, publication date, topic, or focus of the research or literature you have recently searched. 1 point each. RE (Resource Evaluation) Form Type of Source (Study or Literature) Title Author/s Date published URL Date data retrieved RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 3 4  Task 2. Choose two (2) local studies/literature and two (2) foreign studies/literature, then summarize each by filling in the rows with the required information. 1 point each. Title of Study Objective Research Design Respondents Instrument Significant Findings Task 3. Following the two research problems, find two relevant studies or literature for each. 1. The Learning Styles of Grade 11 GAS Students: Its Effects to Academic Performance Related Literature: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Related Literature: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. The Behavior of Grade 12 TVL Students in the Work Immersion Field Related Literature: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Related Literature: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ B. Assessment Search and identify two (2) related studies or write-up to a topic you are interested in studying. Apply the criteria in selecting your source. Research Problem/Topic: Related Literature 1 Related Literature 2 RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 3 5 IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING Assessment Rubric for every Literature Criteria Description Accuracy (1 point) The information is reliable and error-free. It is also based on proven facts and verifiable. Authority (1 point) Authors have the qualification to write or speak on the topic/Author is affiliated with a reputable university or organization in the field. Objectivity ((1 point) The information is relevant and shows facts. It is unbiased. Currency (1 point) The publication is up to date. Coverage (1 point) The information is within the scope of your study. It provides in-depth coverage. Total Points 5 V. ANSWER KEY A. Practice Tasks Task 1: Answers may vary Task 2: Answers may vary Task 3: Answers may vary B. Assessment Answers may vary VI. REFLECTION/COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 3 6 VII. REFERENCES Cam Sur Senior High School English Teachers (2017). Contextualized Module on Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion. Camarines Sur Division. Kim, YS. (2018). The importance of literature review in research writing Retrieved from https://owlcation.com/humanities/literature_review Retrieved July 21,2020. Lyons, K. (2020). How to write a literature review. Retrieved from https://library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php.Retrieved July 10, 2020. Concordia University Library. McCombes, S. (2020). How to write a literature review. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/. Retrieved July 25, 2020. Scribbr. Department of Education. Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion. Selecting Relevant Literature. Quarter 3. Module 3. Retrieved from: https://www.scribd.com/document/495277058/Q3-M3-3Is-Selecting-Relevant- LiteratureV4-1 Prepared by: MARJORIE S. GABATIN, Master Teacher II Sagurong High School, SDO Camarines Sur Quality Assured by: FE F. PERALTA, Principal II San Vicente NHS, SDO Cam. Sur EDNA F. ALADANO, Principal II Gov. Mariano E. Villafuerte HS, SDO Cam. Sur PRECIOSA R. DELA VEGA, EPS I SDO Camarines Sur JEANETTE M. ROMBLON EPS-English SDO Masbate City Layout Artist: MARY JANE S. SAN AGUSTIN, Teacher III Fundado ES, SDO Camarines Sur RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 3 7 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL- Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Student’s Name: __________________________Grade and Section: __________ Teacher: _________________________________Date Submitted:_____________ I. LEARNING SKILLS A. Most Essential Learning Competency Select, cite and synthesize related literature B. Objective Cite related literature using standard style (APA, MLA or Chicago Manual of Style) CS_RS11-lllf-j-2 II. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT Related Literature is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related Citation is a reference to a source used in your research. It is how you give credit to the author for their creative and intellectual works that you referenced as support for your research. Plagiarism is using someone else’s words or ideas as your own without giving credit to that person or without citation. Citing related literature using a standard style is a vital part of doing research. It allows a researcher to gather additional facts and information which will make a study more robust and reliable. Further, using standard styles of citation allows one to give credit by acknowledging the published and unpublished works and studies of various authors utilized in a study. The Need for Citing Sources When writing a research paper, literature citation is important for the following reasons: 1. To avoid plagiarism which is against the student code of conduct or ethical standards. 2. To assign proper authority to a statement (this adds weight to your paper) 3. Citation gives details of a scholarly publication’s location, helping people find it quickly. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 4 1 How Do I Choose A Citation Style? There are many different ways of citing resources from your research. The citation style sometimes depends on the academic discipline involved. For example: 1. APA (American Psychological Association) used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences is an author/date-based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it. APA 7th Edition Material Type In-text Citation Bibliography A book (Sapolsky, Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of 2017) humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books. An article in a (Weinstein, Weinstein, J. (2009). “The market in Plato’s print journal 2009) Republic.” Classical Philology, 104(4), 439-458. An article in an (Grady et al., Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & electronic journal 2019) Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207– 217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185 A website (Bologna, 2019) Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with anxiety love watching horror movies. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety- love-watching-horror- movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e 1. MLA (Modern Language Association) is most often applied in the arts and humanities, particularly in the USA. In-text Citation Material Type In-text Citation Author's name in text Magny develops this argument (67-69). Author's name in This argument has been developed elsewhere (Magny 67-69). reference Two authors' names The most notorious foreign lobby in Washington is the "Sugar in reference Mafia" (Howe and Trott 134). Quotation found in The philosopher Alain states that "admiration is not pleasure but indirect or a kind of attention..." (qtd. in Magny 66). "secondhand" source Works cited Material Type Works Cited Book in print Card, Claudia. The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil. Oxford UP, 2005. RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 4 2  An article in a Doggart, Julia. "Minding the Gap: Realizing Our Ideal Community print journal Writing Assistance Program." The Community Literacy Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, 2007, pp. 71-80. An article in an Sherrard-Johnson, Cherene. "'A Plea for Color': Nella Larsen's electronic Iconography of the Mulatta." American Literature, vol. 76, no. 4, journal 2004, pp. 833-869, doi: 10.1215/00029831-76-4-833. A Page on "Stunning Lakeside View on Lake Erie." VisitPA, Commonwealth of a Website with Pennsylvania, 7 June 2018, www.visitpa.com/article/stunning- no author lakeside-views-lake-erie. A Page on Del Castillo, Inigo. "How Not to Kill Your Houseplants, According to a Website with Botanists." Apartment Therapy, 29 Jan. 2020, an author www.apartmenttherapy.com/houseplant-tips-botanists-36710191. 2. Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts Material Type Notes/Bibliography Style A book in print Note Style: 1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100. Duplicate Note: 2. Pollan, Omnivore's Dilemma, 3. Bibliography: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006. A website Note Style: 1.“Google Privacy Policy,” last modified March 11, 2009, http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html. Duplicate Note: “Google Privacy Policy.” Bibliography: Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 11, 2009. http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html. In-text citations in APA and MLA An APA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and the publication year. If you’re quoting or paraphrasing a specific passage, you also add a page number. An MLA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and a page number. The two styles also have different rules about when to shorten citations with “et al.” Check the table to compare in-text citations for APA and MLA. APA MLA 1 author (Taylor, 2018, p. 23) (Taylor 23) 2 authors (Taylor & Kotler, 2018, p. 23) (Taylor and Kotler 23) RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 4 3  3–5 authors First citation: (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, (Taylor et al. 23) 2018, p. 23) Subsequent citations: (Taylor et al., 2018, p. 23) 6+ authors (Taylor et al., 2018, p. 23) (Taylor et al. 23) Other key difference between APA and MLA Aspect APA System MLA System Writing the Author’s Full surname first, then Full surname first, followed name followed by initials of first by full first name, and optional and middle name initial of the middle name Writing the title of the Italicized title with only the Underlined or italicized title reading material beginning word capitalized with all content words (exception: capital for every capitalized proper noun) Writing the copyright Written after the author’s name Written after the publisher’s date name Citation is necessary to avoid being accused of copying someone’s original work or plagiarism. According to Nellesca (2020), plagiarism can be considered if someone turned one’s work as his own, failed to put quotation in quotation marks, copied ideas from someone without giving credit, changed words but copied the sentence structure of a source without giving credit and used previous assignment or essay as a new assignment. III. ACTIVITIES A. Practice Tasks Task 1 Instructions: Identify the words/phrases in the box that are found in APA, MLA and Chicago Manual of Style. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. author and page number psychology literature education author and date of publication footnote humanities social sciences arts APA MLA Chicago Manual of Style RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 4 4  Task 2 Instructions: Write a citation using the given example of related literature following the APA, MLA and Chicago Manual of Style. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Title: Effectiveness of Blended E-Learning Approach in a Flipped Classroom Environment Author: Jose Mari M. Calamlam Place of Publication: De La Salle Santiago Zobel School, Philippines Date of Publication: 2016 Page Number: 12 The result for flipped classroom being differently effective to different types of students could be explained by this possible scenario. A flipped classroom environment requires complete compliance to the given Chicago Manual of out-of-class activities thus, self-study. APA MLAThe ability to self-study is a trait Style of a high performing student therefore making flipped classroom effective to this type of students compared to moderate to low performing students. Task 3 Instructions: Study the research title given below. Then, using Google Scholar, search for literature related to the said research title which utilized APA, MLA and Chicago Manual of Style. Identify at least two (2) literatures for each style of citation. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer. Research Title: The Effects of the New Normal System of Education in Time of Pandemic on the Academic Performance of ACHS Students in Oral Communication. Title of Article/Study, Chicago Manual APA Style MLA Style etc. of Style RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 4 5  B. Assessment Instructions: Look for three (3) literatures related to your chosen research problem from the previous activities. Then, give your source using the APA style. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING DEFICIENT AVERAGE EXEMPLARY CRITERION SCORE 1 3 5 Relevance of Literature are not Adequate literature All literatures are the related significantly is presented which significantly related literatures on relevant on the are significant on the on the research topic the research research topic. research topic. and provide enough topic support to make the research valid and reliable. Presentation of Concepts are not Concepts are Concepts are idea presented in a thoroughly presented clearly logical manner. discussed but have and logically. some errors in Authors are properly acknowledging the cited and sources. acknowledged. Recency of Related literature Related literature Related literature related was published 11- was published 6-10 was published 1-5 literatures 15 years ago. years ago. years ago. Proper use of The use of APA The use of APA style APA style was APA style style in citing was observed but observed and related literature few citations did not followed in citing was not observed follow the proper related literature. and followed. format. TOTAL V. REFLECTION/COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 4 6 ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ VII. REFERENCES Avila, R. (2016). Practical Research 1. Diwa Learning Systems Inc. Makati City, Philippines Calamlam, JM (2016). Effectiveness of Blended E-Learning Approach in a Flipped Classroom Environment. De La Salle Santiago Zobel School, Philippines Espinosa, A. (2016). Practical Research 1. Diwa Learning Systems Inc. Makati City, Philippines Lobetos, M. (2018). Lesson 12 citing related literature using standard styles. Oct. 08, 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/mjlobetos/lesson-12-citing- related-literature-using-standard-styles. Retrieved August 1, 2021 McCombes, S. (February 19, 2020). APA vs MLA: The key differences. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/apa-vs-mla/. Retrieved July 25, 2020. Scribbr. Nellasca,B. (2020). Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion-Reading on Related Studies, Quarter 1-Module 3. Legazpi City, Philippines Rubi, J. (2021). Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion-Reading on Citing Related Literature Using Standard Style. Quarter 1-LAS 4. Camarines Sur University of Pittsburgh Library System (July 21, 2020). Citation Style. Retrieved from https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp. Retrieved July 25, 2020. Woodley, M. (2020) Three Types of Resources, Retrieved from https://libguides.merrimack.edu/research_help/Sources. Retrieved July 25, 2020. MsQuad. Prepared by: REU AMOR AMORGANDA-DIGA, Teacher III Gov. Mariano E. Villafuerte HS, SDO Cam. Sur Quality Assured by: GEMMA A. REALO, Principal II PRECIOSA R. DELA VEGA, EPS I Don Mariano C. Veneracion NHS, SDO SDO Camarines Sur Cam. Sur JEANETTE M. ROMBLON GILDA A. CASTAŇEDA, Principal I EPS English SDO Masbate City Homobono H. Gonzalez NHS, SDO Cam. Sur Layout Artist: MARY JANE S. SAN AGUSTIN, ANGUSTIA P. ORAA, Principal I Teacher III Visita de Salog NHS, SDO Cam. Sur Fundado ES, SDO Cam. Sur RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 4 7 V. ANSWER KEY A. Practice Tasks Task 1 APA MLA Chicago Manual of Style education author and page number Footnote author and date of humanities humanities publication arts arts psychology literature social sciences Task 2 Answers may vary Task 3 Answers may vary B. Assessment A and B Answers may vary RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 4 2 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL- Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Student’s Name: ___________________________Grade and Section: __________ Teacher: __________________________________Date Submitted:_____________ I. LEARNING SKILLS A. Most Essential Learning Competency Select, cite and synthesize related literature B. Objective Synthesize information from relevant literature. (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-3) II. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT Synthesizing means integrating facts and information from various sources to determine and show how the research works together. Review usually means an overview summarizing major parts and bringing them together to build a picture of what's out there. Literature means the major writings especially scholarly writings – on the topic. Depending on your field, "the literature" can include all sorts of things: journal articles, books, published essays, government reports, historical records, and statistical handbooks. Synthesis means to combine a number of different pieces into a whole. It is about concisely summarizing and linking different sources in order to review the literature on a topic, make recommendations, and connect your practice to the research. Synthesis usually goes together with analysis because you break down a concept/idea into its important parts/points (analysis), so you can draw useful conclusions or make decisions about the topic or problem (synthesis). Synthesis helps to determine the following: ✔ Which sources overlap or share the same opinion/findings? ✔ Have you found any common traits or themes in the research literature? ✔ What choice have you made about this dilemma? Why did you make that choice and not another? RO_Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion _Q1_LP 5 1  ✔ What meaning or conclusions do you draw from the data on this topic? ✔ How might that new meaning change or reinforce your practice? ✔ Why is the piece of research evidence weak or strong? ✔ Using the statistics, facts, or knowledge in the research, what kind of story have you crafted for the reader? What is your angle or your personal interpretation of the evidence? ✔ How have you shown the reader which parts of the argument (or which pieces of research) are most useful or most important? Created by Cosette Taylor, Communications Instructor