Intro to Aviation Science PDF

# Intro to Aviation Science ## Tourism - The movement of people from an origin to a destination. - Two types: Domestic and International. - Domestic Tourism: Travel within the same country. - International Tourism: Travel from one country to another. - Two types of International Tourism:...

# Intro to Aviation Science ## Tourism - The movement of people from an origin to a destination. - Two types: Domestic and International. - Domestic Tourism: Travel within the same country. - International Tourism: Travel from one country to another. - Two types of International Tourism: - Inbound Tourism: When tourists visit your country from other countries. - Outbound Tourism: When people from your country travel to other countries. ## Aviation is an industry because - It offers jobs directly or indirectly from airline jobs and pilot careers. - It offers many jobs in public, governmental or office settings. ## Capital - Investments - Investments in building airports, creating airlines, and investing in air fleet manufacturing. ## Product = Service: - The industry offers a product, which is a ticket, that provides a service for the tourist. - Services on a flight include: Catering, entertainment, and services offered by crew members. ## Features of the product - **Tangible:** Aircraft, component parts, ground equipment, terminals, infrastructure, tickets. - **Intangible:** Brand reputation, customer service, safety, and security. - **Separable:** Shops and restaurants, lounges. - **Inseparable:** Air traffic control, ground handling, security screening. - **Heterogeneous:** Airport services, passenger profiles, and safety and security protocols. - **Homogeneous:** Ground handling procedures. ## Features of Airline Infra-structure - **Transport Networks:** Represented by roads and airways. - **The Terminals:** Represented by airports. - **The Vehicles:** Represented by different types of airplanes and air traffic control. ## Terminals: - The building where travelers change their mode of transport from ground to air. - Plays a role in: purchasing tickets, handling luggage, boarding, and disembarking, and security checks. ## How Does a Tourist Choose His Transportation? - Depends on: price, destination, time, reason, departure points, and convenience which includes comfort and safety. ## Reasons for the Development of the Aviation Industry - Experienced pilots - Public interest - Better maps and knowledge - Better planes and equipment - Cheap planes - Increased knowledge ## Measuring the Effect of Transportation Technology on Tourism - **More travelers:** How can we measure the effect of technology on tourism? - **Comfortable travel:** Comfortable travel can lead to more tourists. - **Faster travel:** Fast travel times encourage more tourists. - **Larger planes:** Larger planes mean more tourists. - **Safe travel:** Safe travel appeals to more people. - **Affordable prices:** Affordable prices encourage more people to travel. ## The Relation Between Tourism and Transportation - The relation between tourism and transportation is directly proportional. - These technologies have enabled travelers to move _faster_, _safer_, and _at a lower cost_. ## Starting the Modern Era - Railways presented the first transport revolution and is the reason for the development of the modern aviation industry. ## Navigation and Aviation after 1948 - After WWI, aircraft design seemed to make very little progress. - After WWII, civil air transport has developed rapidly. ## The Introduction of Jet Airlines - The greatest change in civil aviation came with the introduction of jet airlines, specifically in the UK. ## The Boeing 747 SP (Special Performance) - In 1976, the Boeing 747 SP was introduced between New York and Tokyo. ## The Development of the Boeing 757 - The 757 appeared in 1982, a developed version of the 727. - Used for smaller capacity. ## Air Crafts - Vary greatly in terms of: length, wingspan, engines, velocity, and range. ## Types of Air Crafts - **Narrow-body:** Have one walking aisle with two or three seats on each side. Typically hold 280 passengers. - **Wide-body:** Have two walking aisles and a middle section of seats. ## Aviation System - A vast system that consists of: - **Airports:** Assets - **Aviation Command**: Control and Communications ## Facts About Aviation: - More than 19,800 general aviation and commercial aviation airports. - 211,000 active aircrafts. - 1,550,000 active pilots. ## Parts of an Airport - **Land Side:** - **Air Side:** ## What is an Airport? - A big area where airplanes can take off and land. ## Main Parts of an Airport - **The Airfield:** The open space with the runway where planes actually fly. - **The Terminal:** The building where passengers go. ## Runways - A flat, long surface made of concrete or asphalt where airplanes take off and land. - Have special markings and lights to help pilots see at night. - Designed to ensure a smooth and safe landing and takeoff. ## Factors Considered When Designing a Runway - Number of runways - The number of runways depends on how busy the airport is. - Width of runway - The width is determined by the size of the biggest planes that will use the runway. - Length of runway - The length depends on various factors such as the type of planes using it and the weather. ## Taxi-way - It's like a highway within the airport. - Used by airplanes to travel from their gate at the terminal to the runway. - Connects different parts of the airport, including hangers and aprons. ## Aprons - A paved area where planes are parked, loaded, and unloaded. - Usually located in front of the terminal building. ## Control Tower - The place where air traffic controllers work. - Use radar and other tools to watch all the planes in the sky and on the ground. - Give instructions to pilots on where to go, when to take off and land, and how to stay safe. ## Hanger - A building for storage or maintenance of the plane. - Allows planes to easily move between the hanger and the runway. - Often built like large barns. ## Land Side - **The Terminal Building:** The main building at an airport where everything happens. It includes check-in, security, and the place where you get on or off the plane. - **The Parking Area:** A designated area for the parking of airport personnel or passenger vehicles. ## Ramp Handling - Helps people in the airport. - Cabin cleaning services clean the aircraft and restock goods and materials. ## Passenger Services - Ticketing, passenger check-in, baggage checking, etc. ## Cargo Handling - Load/unload cargo in the plane. ## Aircraft Fueling - Supplying fuel while on the ground. ## GSE Maintenance Services - Maintenance of ground support equipment. ## Lounge Services ## Airline Structure - The certificate from the government allows airlines to operate and carry passengers and cargo. ## Jobs: - **Flight Operations Personnel:** - Flight Crew: Responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft and passengers. Includes the pilot in command or first officer (co-pilot) and cabin crew. - Cabin Crew. Responsible for passengers, cabin safety, and financial matters on board. Includes the director, the purser (in charge of financial matters), and the flight attendants. - Operations Control Center: Responsible for flight planning, load planning, ground management, flight control, and air crew training. - Other personnel in operations control include crew schedulers, air craft schedulers, etc. - **Ground Operations Personnel:** - Reservation Agents: Assist passengers with booking flights, managing changes, helping, and answering inquiries. - Airport Check-in Staff: Responsible for handling passenger check-in, issuing boarding passes and tickets, and verifying travel documents. - Gate Personnel: Help passengers with boarding, checking seats, making announcements, and providing assistance to those with disabilities. - Aircraft Maintenance: Technicians prepare aircraft or fly. - Ramp Personnel: Guide planes on the ground, load and unload baggage, clean the aircraft, and handle fueling and catering. - **Sales and Marketing:** Tasked with advertising, sales, promotion, reservations, customer services, and cargo sales. - **Specialists:** Include lawyers, accountants, public relations, and human resources. Airlines also have regional and national offices. ## Regulation and Deregulation in the Aviation Industry - Initially, the industry was lightly controlled by the government with regulations governing routes, rates, and other aspects of industry operation. - This led to a shift toward self-regulating systems, where airlines have a greater freedom in decision-making. ## Effects of Deregulation: - **Expansion of Hub-and-Spoke Networks:** Airlines created centralized hubs with numerous connecting flights to smaller destinations. - **New Markets:** Airlines entered new markets, increasing air travel competition. - **Discounted Fares:** Introduction of lower fares made air travel more accessible. - **Marketing Innovation:** Frequent flier programs and other marketing strategies were introduced. - **Increased Air Travel:** Overall, air travel became more widespread. ## Benefits of Deregulation - **Lower Fares:** Deregulation contributed to lower airfares for passengers. - **Increased Competition:** Competition among airlines led to better service and lower costs. - **Market-Driven Decisions:** Airlines became more responsive to market demand. ## Limitations of Deregulation - **Bilateral Agreements:** International agreements still restrict some aspects of airline operations. - **High Regulation:** The airline industry remains one of the most highly regulated sectors. ## Role of the Government in Aviation - **Setting Aviation Legislation.** - **Forming the Head That Regulates Air Transport Industries:** Planning and setting the infrastructure needed for airports. - **Setting Taxation on Aviation Business Enterprises and Personnel.** - **Promotion of Businesses:** Includes air transport suppliers, ground-handling companies, aircraft manufacturers, air craft caterers, air craft maintenance, banks, IT companies, oil companies, and travel agents. ## Airports - Represent the interface between ground and air transport. - Both airlines and passengers are considered customers. - Considered capital intensive, as they are long-term investments. - Have both positive and negative impacts on local and regional communities. - Depend on and need a complete base of infrastructure. - Considered a part of the national governing planning systems. ## Airlines - A company that offers and provides air transport, including passengers and freight. - Use plenty of aircraft to provide these services. - Aircrafts are owned or leased to provide service. - Transport passengers and goods from an origin to a destination. ## Economic Characteristics of Airports - High infrastructure costs. - Economies of scale. - Economies of scope. ## Airport Infrastructure - Airports need a range of facilities and services to serve both airlines and passengers, including runways, taxiways, terminals, and ground transport. - They also offer a variety of commercial facilities, such as shops, restaurants, and hotels to generate revenue and stimulate economic development. ## Impact of Growth - Increased demand for air travel has led to the need for larger and more efficient airports. - To adapt to this growth, many airports have adopted a more commercial approach, seeking to generate revenue from non-aeronautical sources. ## Hub-and-Spoke System - **Concept:** Airlines use a central airport (hub) to transfer passengers between destinations (spokes) that are not served by direct flights. - **Origins:** The model was first developed by FedEx in the 1970s for overnight express shipments across the USA. - **Mechanism:** Flights arrive at the hub, enabling a quick exchange of passengers and baggage. This process involves waves of arrivals followed shortly by departures. ## Advantages of Hubs - **Efficient Use of Resources and Reduced Operational Costs:** - **Increased Connectivity Through Indirect Routes:** - **Marketing Economy of Scale:** - **Operating Fewer Flights With Less Takeoff and Landing:** - **Larger Aircraft:** - **Increased Frequency of Connecting Departures:** Reduces the total trip time, as waiting time will decline. - **Individual Airlines Can Be Self-Sufficient:** - **Large Volume of Operations Reduces Costs:** - **Cost Reduction:** - **Increased Revenue:** - **Improved Connectivity:** Saves money. - **Bigger Planes, Fewer Landings:** - **One-Stop Shop:** - **Brand Recognition:** ## Why Cairo Airport is Considered a Hub Airport - Second busiest airport in Africa after OR Tambo International Airport (located in South Africa). - Serves over 65 airlines (including charter airlines) and nine cargo airlines. - Operates as Egypt Air's primary hub. - It holds 61% of departure slots (as of 2009). - Strategic location: Situated in the middle of Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, making it ideal for a hub-and-spoke model. - Passenger and traffic data: In 2009, it served 14.38 million passengers, and handled nearly 143,000 aircraft movements. Passenger numbers steadily increased until COVID-19. ## Development of Cairo Airport - Continuous modernization to align with the hub-and-spoke model. - **Terminal 1:** Handles 6.5 million passengers annually. Continuously expanded since 1963. - **Terminal 2:** Accommodates 3.5 million passengers annually. Continues to modernize to match Terminal 3’s service levels. - **Terminal 3:** Opened in 2009 with an 11 million-passenger capacity. Includes international/domestic facilities, a five-level main building, and concourses, with a gross floor area of 165,000 Sq.m. Connected to Terminal 2 by a bridge for easier transfers. - **Development of Road Systems, Parking, and Other Landside Facilities** are in place to improve accessibility and efficiency. ## Egypt Air’s Network - Serves 38 destinations: - 13 in Egypt. - 18 in Africa. - 17 in the Middle East. - 8 in Asia. - 23 in Europe. ­- 10 in the Americas. - Aims to expand its operations as part of the Star Alliance network. ## To Change the Airport into a Major Hub - **Infrastructure:** - **Services:** Both aeronautical and commercial. - **Facilities:** Both aeronautical and commercial. ## Aeronautical Facilities and Services - **Runway:** - **Taxiway:** - **Apron:** - **Ground Handling:** - **Navigational Aids:** Aircraft guiding - **Departure Lounge:** - **Security/Immigration:** - **Check-in/Baggage System:** - **Aircraft Fuel:** ## Commercial Facilities and Services - **Car Park:** - **Duty-free:** - **Retail:** - **Food and beverages:** - **Bureau de Change:** - **Advertising:** - **Car Hire:** - **Hotels:** - **Property (offices):** ## Airport Privatization - **To Increase Capital:** - **Privatization:** The transfer of the management of an airport, and in many cases, the ownership as well, to the private sector by different methods. - **Five types:** - **Share Flotation:** The government sells partial or full ownership of airports by offering shares to the public. This reduces state involvement and allows funds from privatization to support further airport development, with the government retaining significant control through a “golden share.” - **Trade Sale:** Sale of the business, or part of the business to another business. - **Concession:** An airport management company or consortium leases the airport for a set period (usually 20 to 30 years). During this time, they handle all commercial activities and take full responsibility for financial risks and management. - **Project Finance Privatization:** A private company builds or redevelops airport facilities and operates them for a set period before ownership reverts to the government. The model involves the company bearing all costs. - **Management Contract:** The government retains ownership, but contractors manage the airport's daily operations in exchange for an annual fee based on performance. The government remains responsible for investment and economic risks. ## Air Traffic - **Domestic Services:** People who rather to travel within the same country. - **Scheduled Services (FSC):** Full-service airlines. Operate on large international carriers. Operate to a published and fixed timetable according to defined routes. - They operate from national or international airports. - Operate under a government license. - Services must run even if there are no passengers. - Tended to be used by business travelers. - They distribute their tickets through the internet, phone, a website, travel agencies, and call centers. - **Benefits: ** - More flexibile in number of flights. - Travel to various destinations. - Some flexibility in ticketing. - There is service availability - **Charter Services (Non-Scheduled Flights):** Primarily used by the packaged holiday industry. Customers hire a plane to go to a specific place at a particular time. - **Pricing:** Generally cheaper than scheduled flights. Operators aim to fill a high percentage of seats (85% to 90%) to break even. - **Flexibility:** Charter flights are not flexible. - There is limited facilities for passengers. - No allowance and restrictions on baggage and seating. - No fixed schedule, which means passengers might have to pay for restricted operations. - Often operate on smaller airports and avoid selling through global distribution systems. - Charter operator provides the aircraft, crew, fuel, and other services. - **Relation Between Tour Operator and Charter Operator:** - Tour operator: Responsible for marketing and selling the seats on the flight. - **Low Cost Service (LCC):** - They take tickets only. - Operate scheduled flights but from airports where landing slots are cheaper, such as Ryanair and EasyJet. - **They are cheaper because:** - They sell fewer meals on board. - Hire crew with lower salaries. - Charge for baggage and optional insurance. - Simple fare construction. - Usually fly on Boeing 737. ## Classes of Services - **First Class:** Seats are the widest and the most comfortable. Seats compared to the other compartments have more legroom, as there are fewer seats and more space between seats. It is the widest on long trips. The seats turn into sleeper seats. - **Bussiness or Executive Class:** Introduced in the 1970s. Offers more service than economy class, but cannot be compared to first class. It was originally called business class, and refers to frequent or business travelers. Available on most long-distance domestic and international flights. It is behind first class, with wider seats than economy class. - **Advantages Over Economy:** - Separate check-in. - First call for boarding. - Lounge access. - Upgraded seat. - Premium food and beverage service. - Higher staff ratio. - **Coach or Economy Class:** The greatest number of seats on an aircraft. - **Services Offered in Y-Class:** Appropriate meals, entertainment, pillows and blankets, child service, and special needs service. ## Special Services - Special meals on flights (offered for scheduled flights). - Assistance for disabled people. - Unaccompanied children. ## Types of Trips - **One Way:** Origin to destination. - **Round Trip (RT):** Origin to destination, then return to the origin following the same route. - **Open Jaw:** Origin to destination, and return from a different airport. ## Examples of Trip Types - **Cairo to London** - **Round Trip:** - Went Economy. - Came back Economy. - Went first class. - Came back Economy. - **Open Jaw:** - Went Economy. - Came back by train (or any other transportation but not air). - **Circle Trip:** Cairo to London to Paris to London back to Cairo. - **New York to London to Los Angeles:** - **Double Open Jaw:** Return back to the same country but to a different airport and State. ## Freedoms of the Air - **First Freedom:** The right of an airline to fly the territory of another country without landing. - **Second Freedom:** The right to land in a foreign country for technical reasons, such as refueling or repairs, without picking up or dropping off passengers or cargo. - **Third Freedom:** The right of an airline to transport passengers, freight, and mail from its home country to another country. - **Fourth Freedom:** The right to return passengers or freight from the other country to the home country. - **Fifth Freedom:** The right of an airline registered in country _X_ to collect traffic in country _Y_ and fly on to country _Z_ as long as the flight originates from country _X_. - Beyond rights - Transit rights. - Example: From _London_ to _Cairo_ to _Amman_. - **Sixth Freedom:** The right to carry passengers between two countries, without connecting in the home country. - Example: _London to Bangkok to Hanila_. - **Seventh Freedom:** The right to land in the country and serve domestic routes. - **Eighth Freedom:** The right of an airline belonging to another country to work domestic routes and serve the market. ## Fifth and Ninth Freedoms are not applicable in Egypt. ## Open Skies - More airlines flying between countries. - Cheaper tickets. - More flight options, which gives travelers more flexibility in choosing their travel times. ## Alliances - **Star Alliance:** Formed in 1997 with 27 members. Serves more than 1,100 destinations: - EgyptAir - Air Canada - Air China - Austrian Airlines - Lufthansa - South African Airways - Singapore Airlines - **Oneworld:** Formed in 1999 with 19 members. Covers more than 900 destinations: - British Airways - American Airlines - Cathay Pacific - Iberia - Qantas - Japan Airlines - **SkyTeam:** 13 members. Serves nearly 1,000 destinations. - Air Europa - Air France - Alitalia - Korean Air ## A+ Inshallah - **Cairo to New York** - Thursday, September 29, 2011. - **Departure:** 9:20 Cairo, Egypt - Cairo International, Terminal 1. - **Arrival:** 15:15 New York, USA - John F. Kennedy, Terminal 1. - **Airline:** EgyptAir MS 5985 - **Duration:** 11:55 - **Aircraft:** Boeing 777-300 - **Fare Type:** Business ## Tips - It is not efficient to sit women and children next to the exit rows. - Youth should sit next to the exits, while children should sit with someone next to the bulk head rows. - Crew members are not allowed to walk outside the plane until everyone has disembarked. ## History of Aviation - The earliest fixed-wing airplane in Europe was the Aircraft Transport and Travel, formed by George Hole and Thomas in 1916. - On August 25, 1919, the company used another type of aircraft (DH.165) to offer the first regular international service in the world. - The first French airline was established in late 1918 and flew scheduled services from France to Spain. The Société Générale des Transports Aériens was created in late 1919 by the Ferman brothers. - In 1926, a light route was successfully accomplished from the UK to Cape Town, South Africa, following this up with another flight to Melbourne, Australia. Other routes to British India and the Far East were also chartered, demonstrating the English influence at this time in the colonies. ## The Importance of: - **Aircraft Manufacturers:** They design, develop, and produce the aircraft. - **Flight Catering:** They provide meals, beverages, and meet all safety regulations. - **Aircraft Maintenance:** They ensure that aircraft are in working condition and meet all safety regulations. - **Banks:** They provide financial support for aircraft purchases, airline operations, and handle financial transactions needed for tickets. - **IT Companies:** They provide software and technology for flight management, reservation, data and improve customer service. ## Labor and Fuel - Labor is considered the second priority and load of expenses. - The cost of fuel is considered the first largest expense.