Environmental Science - Introduction to Environmental Science PDF

Module Learning Outcomes (MLO) TLO1. Define environmental Topic Learning Outcomes (TLO) science and the basic terms...

Module Learning Outcomes (MLO) TLO1. Define environmental Topic Learning Outcomes (TLO) science and the basic terms connected with it. PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS INSTITUTE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES TLO 2. Discuss the different BS AVIATION TOURISM environmental principles that Learning Module 01: INTRODUCTION will help in preserving the environment. LEARNING MODULE 01: Introduction to Environmental Science GEC 4212 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Prepared by: RICHELLE ANN M. EDISAN Subject Instructor TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Time Allotment (minutes) Learning Outcomes 3 10 https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 1 of 23  Environmental Science Basic Terminologies 4 30 A-Z Glossary of Environmental Terms 4 136 What is Environmental Science? 20 10 Environmental Principles 20 120 Summary 22 10 Table of References 22 5 Rubric 23 5 Quiz 25 60 Sample Problem 28 5 Assignment 28 60 Appendix A The Seven Environmental Principles 29 20 https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 2 of 23  Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) CLO 1. Discuss what is environmental science and the different environmental principles. MLO 1. Define terminologies connected with the course. CLO 6. Apply the good habits that human must practice to MLO 2. Enumerate the 8 address the different problems environmental principles. present in the society. CLO 8. Protect, preserve and conserve the environment as tourism management students. CLO 9. Display professionalism and excellence and being equipped with the necessary attributes in the preparation for their future work expertise. CLO 10. Display a professional commitment to ethical practice on a daily basis by being responsible students attending their classes and submitting reports on time. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 3 of 23  DISCUSSION Let’s unlock first the different terminologies interconnected with the discipline Environmental Science. 1. Ecology It is derived from the Greek word oikos, meaning “house or place to live in”. It is the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their physical and biological environment. It includes the study of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. 2. Environment It refers to the sum of all external forces acting on an organism or community of organisms which includes the living (biotic) organisms like plants and animals, and the nonliving (abiotic) elements such as air, water, and soil. 3. Ecosystem It is the basic functional unit in ecology which refers to the living component, the environment and the interaction between and among them. It includes the organisms, populations and communities, habitats and the environment. From Air Quality to Zero Emissions( A-Z Glossary of Environmental Terms) The National Adult Literacy Agency (NALA) has developed an A – Z guide containing over 100 explanations of common environmental terms. It is titled 'From Air Quality to Zero Emissions' and the EPA has obtained permission from NALA to publish this information which is outlined below. A Abatement Reducing the degree of intensity of, or eliminating, pollution. (Source: US EPA) Acid A corrosive solution with a PH of less than 7 (Source: US EPA) Air pollution Air is made up of a number of gases, mostly nitrogen and oxygen and, in smaller amounts, water vapor, carbon dioxide and argon and other trace gases. Air pollution occurs when harmful chemicals and particles are emitted to the air – due to human activity or natural forces – at a concentration that interferes with human health or welfare or that harms the environment in other ways. Air quality A measure of the level of pollution in the air. Algae Simple rootless plants that grow in sunlit waters in proportion to the amount of available nutrients. They can affect water quality adversely by lowering the dissolved oxygen in the water. They are food for fish and small aquatic animals. (Source: US EPA) Algal Blooms https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 4 of 23  Sudden spurts of algal growth, which can affect water quality adversely and indicate potentially hazardous changes in local water chemistry. (Source: US EPA) Alternative energy sources Energy that does not come from fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, gas), for example wind, flowing water, solar energy and biomass. Amenities Benefits of a property, such as nearby playgrounds, swimming pools, community centres or parks. Atmosphere The mass of air surrounding the Earth. B Backyard burning An illegal method of getting rid of household waste, possibly in an attempt to save on bin charges, that releases levels of pollutants into the air, so harming air quality and risking the health of those burning the waste and of their neighbors. BER Short for Building Energy Rating, which says how much energy a home needs for heating, lighting and hot water. Homes are placed on a scale from A to G. A-rated homes need the least amount of energy while G-rated need the most. Since 1 January 2009, all homes being sold or rented must have a BER certificate. BER ratings are carried out by BER Assessors registered with the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland. Biodegradable waste Organic waste, typically coming from plant or animal sources (for example food scraps and paper), which other living organisms can break down. Biodiversity A short form of the phrase ‘biological diversity’, which means the variety of life on this planet and how it interacts within habitats and ecosystems. Biodiversity covers all plants, animals and micro-organisms on land and in water. See also ecosystem, habitat and organism. Bioenergy All types of energy derived from biomass, including biofuels. Biofuels Liquid transport fuels made from biomass. Biomass A source of fuel made from living and recently-dead plant materials such as wood, leaves and the biodegradable part of industrial and municipal waste. Biosphere The portion of Earth and its atmosphere that can support life (Source: US EPA) Black bin (grey bin) A wheelie bin used in certain local authorities to collect waste that cannot be recycled or composted. Bring bank A place where you can bring materials for recycling, for example glass, newspapers, https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 5 of 23  heavy cardboard and textiles. See also recycling centre and civic amenity site. Brown bin A wheelie bin used in some local authorities to collect organic waste such as food and light garden waste (for example grass cuttings). Bye-law A rule made by a local authority to govern activities within the area it controls. Examples include bye-laws covering waste disposal, traffic or public events or signs. C Carbon count A measure of the amount of carbon dioxide you produce through your lifestyle every day, for example through driving or using electrical appliances and lighting. Carbon credit A unit of carbon dioxide bought to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. See carbon offset. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colourless gas that is naturally produced from animals and people in exhaled air and the decay of plants. It is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis in plants and by dissolving in water, especially on the surface of oceans. The use of fossil fuels for energy is increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is believed to contribute to global warming. See also greenhouse gases and photosynthesis. Carbon emissions In the context of climate change, carbon dioxide released when substances, especially oil, gas, and coal, are burned by vehicles and planes, by factories and by homes. Carbon footprint A measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, especially climate change, often reported as the units of tons (or kg) of carbon dioxide each of us produces over a given period of time. Carbon monoxide A highly poisonous, odorless, tasteless and colorless gas that is formed when carbon material burns without enough oxygen. Carbon monoxide is toxic when inhaled because it combines with your blood and prevents oxygen from getting to your organs. If a person is exposed to carbon monoxide over a period, it can cause illness and even death. Carbon Monoxide has no smell, taste or color. This is why it is sometimes called the “Silent Killer”. The most common causes of carbon monoxide poisoning in the home are house fires, faulty heating appliances such as boilers, blocked chimney or flues, and rooms not properly ventilated. Carbon Monoxide alarms can be used as a backup to provide a warning to householders in the event of a dangerous buildup of carbon monoxide. Carbon neutral A situation that arises when the amount of carbon dioxide released into the air equals the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the air, for example by planting trees, or the amount saved by using renewable energy sources to produce the same amount of energy. See also renewable energy. Carbon offset https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 6 of 23  A unit, equal to one ton of carbon dioxide, that individuals, companies or governments buy to reduce short-term and long-term emissions of greenhouse gases. The payment usually funds projects that generate energy from renewable sources such as wind or flowing water. Individuals can choose whether to buy an offset (for example to compensate for air travel), but governments and large industries are sometimes required to buy them to meet international targets aimed at reducing greenhouse gases. Carbon tax A tax on fuels according to their carbon content, which aims to encourage people and businesses to use fuels with less carbon and reduce the amount of energy they use. Carpooling Sharing a car to a destination to reduce fuel use, pollution and travel costs. CFCs Short for ‘chloroflurocarbons’, which are chemicals used in manufacturing and, in the past, in aerosol cans and refrigerators, which can damage the ozone layer. CFL bulbs Short for ‘compact fluorescent lamp’ bulbs, which are light bulbs that use a fraction of the energy of traditional filament bulbs and last up to five times longer. CFL bulbs will completely replace filament bulbs in Ireland by 1 September 2012. ‘Change’ campaign The Government’s campaign to change how people in Ireland think about climate change and encourage us to change how we behave. It includes a website, www.change.ie, which has carbon calculators that can calculate the carbon footprint of individuals, businesses and local authorities. Civic amenity site A public or private facility that accepts recyclable and non-recyclable materials such as garden and household waste and certain hazardous wastes such as paints, batteries and electrical and electronic devices. See also bring bank, recycling center and WEEE. Climate The pattern of weather in a particular region over a set period of time, usually 30 years. The pattern is affected by the amount of rain or snowfall, average temperatures throughout the year, humidity, wind speeds and so on. Ireland has a temperate climate, in which it doesn’t get too hot or too cold. Climate change A change in the climate of a region over time due to natural forces or human activity. In the context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, it is the change in climate caused by higher levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities as well as natural climate changes. See also global warming, and UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Compost A rich soil-like material produced from decayed plants and other organic matter, such as food and animal waste, that decomposes (breaks down) naturally. Most food waste can be put into compost, but you should not include meat, bones, cheese, cooking oils and fish. These may take a long time to break down and attract unwanted pests. Compostable https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 7 of 23  Material from plants or animals that can be used to create compost because it will decompose naturally over time. Composting The process of deliberately allowing food, garden and other suitable organic wastes to break down naturally over time to produce compost. Conservation Preserving or protecting animals and resources such as minerals, water and plants through planned action (such as breeding endangered species) or non-action (such as not letting taps run unnecessarily). Cryptosporidium A tiny parasite that can infect people if it is present in drinking water. D Deforestation The reduction of trees in a wood or forest due to natural forces or human activity such as burning or logging. Development plan A public plan that sets out the development objectives and policies of a local authority for its area. It covers a six-year period and states the local authority’s goals for a range of areas such as maintaining and improving roads and parks, preserving and enhancing amenities (such as playgrounds or swimming pools), zoning land for homes, businesses, factories and farming and providing services and facilities such as waste disposal and sewerage. Members of the public have opportunities to make submissions on the plan before it is agreed. Dioxins Highly toxic chemicals that can be formed in small amounts from forest fires or volcanoes but more often are produced unintentionally from industrial activities and from incinerating waste and burning fossil fuels. Disposal, dispose of In this guide, getting rid of waste by discarding it into a bin and, when it is collected, by incinerating it or sending it to landfill. Domestic charges Fees paid to local authorities for providing services such as collecting domestic waste. Domestic waste Waste produced within the home, including garden waste. See also household waste. Draught proofing A way to stop heat from escaping a home, for example by sealing window frames and using draught excluders under doors. Dumping Disposing of waste illegally by not using bins or official recycling centers, civic amenity sites or landfills. E https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 8 of 23  Ecosystem A community of organisms that depend on each other and the environment they inhabit. Ecotourism Small-scale tourism in fragile and protected areas that aims to have a low impact on the environment, benefit local communities and enable tourists to learn more about the natural and cultural history of the place. See also sustainable tourism. Effluent Liquid wastes such as sewage and liquid waste from industries. Electric vehicle A vehicle that is driven by an electric motor or battery and is generally less noisy and less polluting than common combustion engine vehicles. Emissions In the context of the atmosphere, gases or particles released into the air that can contribute to global warming or poor air quality. Emissions projections Forecast of emissions into the future taking into account current and future economic and policy developments Emissions Trading Allowance Permission to emit to the atmosphere, one ton of carbon dioxide equivalent, during a specific trading period. The allowance is only valid for the purpose of the Directive and can only be transferred in accordance with the Directive. End-of-life vehicle A vehicle such as a car or small van that is scrapped and sent for recycling. Energy efficiency Actions to save fuels, for example better building design, changing production processes, developing better transport policies, using better road vehicles and using insulation and double glazing in homes. Energy rating A rating given to electrical appliances such as ovens, washing machines, dishwashers and refrigerators according to how much energy they use. Ratings are on a scale from A to G, with A-rated appliances using the least energy and G-rated needing the most. The less energy an appliance uses, the better it is for the environment and the more you will save on your bill. Energy Star® A voluntary international label that identifies appliances that meet certain standards of energy efficiency. Within the European Union, the label relates to office equipment such as computers and photocopiers. Environmental impact statement A statement about the expected effects on the environment of a proposed project or development such as a new road or waste water treatment plant, including how any severe effects on the environment will be addressed. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 9 of 23  F Flora and fauna The plants and animals that are native to a particular area or period of time. Fossil fuels Fuels – such as coal, gas, peat and oil – that are formed in the ground over a long time from dead plants and animals and are used up once they are burned for energy. Fuel poverty Being unable to heat a home to a safe and comfortable level because of low household income or having to spend more than 10% of household income to heat a home to a comfortable level because the home is not energy efficient. G Global warming The gradual increase in temperature of the Earth’s surface caused by human activities that cause high levels of carbon dioxide and other gases to be released into the air. Green bin A wheelie bin used in certain local authorities to collect dry cardboard, paper, tins and other recyclable waste, including certain plastics. Green design A design, usually of a building, that includes environmentally-friendly features such as solar panels, skylights or recycled building materials. Greener Homes Scheme A system run by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEI) to provide grants to homeowners who intend to install in their existing homes a new renewable energy heating system, for example heat pumps, solar panels or wood chip or pellet boilers. For more information, visit the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland or lo-call 1850 734 734. Greenhouse effect The warming of the Earth’s atmosphere caused by increasing levels of gases, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. These gases absorb radiation emitted naturally from the ground, so slowing down the loss of energy from Earth. The greenhouse effect has always existed; without it, Earth would be too cold for plants, animals and people to survive. But because of the increase in greenhouse gas emissions in recent years, the greenhouse effect is a lot stronger, so leading to global warming. See also global warming, greenhouse gases and radiation. Greenhouse gases Gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, which tend to trap heat radiating from the Earth’s surface, so causing warming in the lower atmosphere. The major greenhouse gases that cause climate change are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NO2). See also greenhouse effect and global warming. Ground water Water that collects or flows underground in the small spaces in soil and rock. It might be a source of water for springs and wells and then used for drinking water. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 10 of 23  H Habitat The area occupied by a community or species (group of animals or plants), such as a forest floor, desert or sea shore. Hazardous waste Waste that poses a risk to human health or the environment and needs to be handled and disposed of carefully. Examples include oil-based paints, car batteries, weed killers, bleach and waste electrical and electronic devices. Home Energy Saving Scheme A scheme operated by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland to provide grants to certain homeowners to improve the energy efficiency of their home. For more information, see the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland or lo-call 1850 927 000. Household waste Waste that contains paper, cardboard, textiles (for example fabric or carpet), timber, food, garden clippings, glass, plastic and other manufactured materials. I Incinerator A furnace that is designed to burn waste at very high temperatures under controlled conditions and is licensed by national regulatory authorities. Most modern and efficient incinerator generate heat and energy from burning waste. Insulation In this guide, material such as foam or glass wool that is used in homes and other buildings to prevent heat loss, reduce noise and improve comfort. K Kyoto Protocol, Kyoto agreement An international agreement signed in Japan in 1997, attached to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Under the agreement, which has been in force in Ireland since 2005, industrialized countries promised to reduce their combined greenhouse gas emissions to at least 5 percent below 1990 levels over the period 2008-2012. See also UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. L Landfill A site that is specially designed to dispose of waste and operates with a license granted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA reviews licenses and, with local authorities, monitors landfills around the country for emissions. Litter Waste that is thrown away carelessly, mainly made up of plastic, metal, glass, paper or food. Common examples are chewing gum and cigarette butts. M MBT Short for ‘mechanical biological treatment’, which is a way of sorting and treating waste. The waste is first sorted mechanically into materials that can and cannot be recycled. Any waste that can be recycled is then broken down biologically, often through composting, while the rest is usually sent to landfill. See also composting. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 11 of 23  Mulch Leaves, straw or compost used to cover growing plants to protect them from the wind or cold. Municipal waste Waste produced in urban areas, mainly made up of household waste but also some small commercial waste that is similar to household waste. N Noise pollution Noises that disturb the environment and people’s ability to enjoy it, for example continually sounding house alarms, loud music, air conditioning or other electrical units and aircraft or motor engines. NPWS Short for National Parks and Wildlife Service, which works under the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government to manage and maintain State- owned national parks and nature reserves and protect and preserve Ireland’s native animals and plants. NSS Short for National Spatial Strategy, which is the Government’s 20-year plan to balance population growth and social and economic development between different regions in Ireland. By matching where people work more closely to where they live, the strategy aims to improve people’s quality of life and sense of community, enhance local investment and create a better environment. Noxious gases Poisonous gases that can harm people and the environment. Some gases have a strong smell, for example sulphur dioxide and methane, while others, such as carbon monoxide, do not have any smell at all. O Oil spill The harmful release of oil into the environment, usually through water, which is very difficult to clean up and often kills birds, fish and other wildlife. Organic food Plants and animals that are grown or reared without the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides or hormones. Organic In this guide, matter from living, or once-living, things. Organism Any living thing, from bacteria and fungi through to insects, plants, animals and humans. Ozone layer The thin protective layer of gas 10 to 50km above the Earth that acts as a filter for https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 12 of 23  ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. High UV levels can lead to skin cancer and cataracts and affect the growth of plants. P Particulate matter Fine solid or liquid particles that pollute the air and are added to the atmosphere by natural and man-made processes at the Earth’s surface. Examples of particulate matter include dust, smoke, soot, pollen and soil particles. Pay by weight A system in which the amount you pay for bin collections depends on the amount of waste you throw away. The more waste you reduce, reuse, recycle or compost, the less you pay for waste disposal. Pesticides A general term for any chemicals that are used to kill weeds, fungi, insects or other pests. Permits In the context of waste, certificates or other documents granted by local authorities to private companies to collect and manage waste or to operate waste management facilities such as recycling centres. Planning permission Permission granted by a local authority for new buildings or for extensions, once nobody objects to the plans. Plastic bag levy An environmental tax that customers must pay when they accept a plastic or laminated bag from a retailer. There is no tax on small bags, such as those for fresh meat or loose fruit and vegetables. Money raised from the tax is put into a special fund that is used to protect the environment. Post-consumer waste Waste collected after a consumer has disposed of it, for example sweet wrappers or packaging from small electronic goods such as mobile phones or MP3 players. R Radiation A form of energy that is transmitted in waves, rays or particles from a natural source, such as the sun and the ground, or an artificial source, such as an x-ray machine. Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation includes ultraviolet rays, radon gas and X-rays. Too much exposure to ionizing radiation can be harmful, leading to increased risk of cancer. Non-ionizing radiation includes visible light, radio waves and microwaves. This type of radiation is less risky to health because it contains less energy, but it can still be harmful at high levels for a long time. Radioactive A material is said to be radioactive if it emits radiation. Radon A common radioactive gas emitted from ordinary soils and rock. Radon has no smell, taste or color and can seep into homes, building up to dangerous levels if there is not https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 13 of 23  enough ventilation. Being exposed to high levels of radon gas over a long period of time increases the risk of developing lung cancer. For more information on how to check radon levels see our radiation section. Recycle To break waste items down into their raw materials, which are then used to re-make the original item or make new items. Reforestation The process of planting trees in forest lands to replace those that have been cut down. Refuse Another name for waste. Renewable energy Energy from renewable resources such as wind power, solar energy or biomass. Renewable resource A resource that can be used again and again without reducing its supply because it is constantly topped up, for example wind or sun rays. Reuse To use an item more than once for the same purpose, which helps save money, time, energy and resources. River basin The portion of land drained by a river and the streams that flow into it. The quality of a river basin affects the quality of water, so efforts to protect and improve water quality must often include plans for managing river basins. S Sewage Liquid wastes from communities, which may be a mixture of domestic effluent from homes and liquid waste from industry. Smog Air pollution consisting of smoke and fog, which occurs in large urban and industrial areas and is mainly caused by the action of sunlight on burned fuels, mostly from car exhausts. Smog can cause eye irritations and breathing problems and damage plant life. Smokeless fuel Solid fuel, such as charcoal, that does not release smoke when it is burned. Solar panel A panel fixed to the roof of a building that uses special cells to collect energy from the sun and convert it to electricity to heat the building and/or power the lights, appliances or equipment. Standing charges Fixed fees that must be paid for a certain period, often a year, to continue receiving a service. Examples include standing charges for bin collections or gas supply. Other charges may apply depending on the use of the service over a given period of time. Surface water Water that is collected on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland or ocean. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 14 of 23  Sustainable development Development using land or energy sources in a way that meets the needs of people today without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable tourism A form of tourism that meets the needs of current tourists and host communities while protecting and enhancing tourism for the future by balancing economic and social needs with a respect for different cultures and the environment. See also ecotourism. T Toxic Poisonous or harmful to the body (ecotoxic relates to damage to the environment). Toxin A poisonous substance that can either be natural (produced by plants, animals or bacteria) or manufactured. Traffic calming, traffic management Policies, rules or actions by a local authority designed to reduce traffic speed or limit the amount of traffic in an area at certain times of day. Tidy towns An annual competition run by the Department for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government to reward large and small towns around the country for their efforts to maintain and improve their area. Towns can choose whether to take part and are given marks under a number of headings, such as landscaping, litter control, roads and footpaths, wildlife and natural amenities and residential areas. U Utility (public) A company that provides the public with essentials such as electricity or water. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change An international treaty joined by 192 countries that has the goal of preventing ‘dangerous’ human interference with the climate system and sets general rules for tackling climate change. UNESCO World Heritage Site A natural or man-made site that has outstanding universal value and meets at least one of 10 conditions decided by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Ireland has two World Heritage Sites: the pre-historic sites of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth in Co. Meath and Skellig Michael, a religious th settlement from the 7 century off the coast of Co. Cork. V Ventilation In this guide, the movement of air between the inside and outside of a building usually through windows, doors and air vents built into the building’s walls or ceilings. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 15 of 23  W Warmer Homes Scheme A scheme, run by Sustainable Energy Ireland, that aims to improve the energy efficiency of private owned or rented homes occupied by low income households. The scheme trains and offers grants to community organizations to carry out work such as attic insulation, draught proofing, installing lagging jackets and so on. For more information, see the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland or freephone 1800 250 204. Waste management The management of waste collection, handling, processing, storage and transport from where it is produced to where it is finally disposed. See waste prevention. Waste prevention An aspect of waste management that involves reducing the amount of waste we produce and minimizing the potential harm to human health or the environment from packaging or ingredients in products. Water vapor Water in its gas form – instead of liquid or solid (ice). WEEE Short for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), which are any unwanted devices with a plug or battery – from a remote control or digital camera to a vacuum cleaner or fridge freezer. These devices must be disposed of carefully to avoid damage to the environment. To get rid of an unwanted device, you can bring it to a civic amenity site or leave it with a retailer when you are buying a new device. All WEEE left in retail outlets and civic amenity sites are collected for recycling. Wind energy Energy harnessed from the wind at wind farms and converted to power. See also wind turbine. Wind turbine An engine or machine, usually mounted on a towel, that captures the force of the wind and converts it to electricity. Z Zero emissions An engine, motor or other energy source that does not produce any gas or release any harmful gases directly into the environment. Kindly click the link to read the full article: https://www.epa.ie/footer/a-zglossaryofenvironmentalterms/ WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE? Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary field that covers both the physical sciences- physics, chemistry, biology, geology, geography, resource technology, and engineering, -and social sciences- resource conservation and https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 16 of 23  management, demography, economics, politics, and ethics (Miller,1994). It encompasses the surrounding conditions that affect man and other organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES Hey! I am very concerned with theWhy don’t we make an Environmental environment. What can we do to helpeducation to help the people become educate the people? aware and gain concern of the environment. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 17 of 23  Environmental education is the process by which people develop awareness, concern, and knowledge of the environment and its diverse values and processes and learn to use this understanding to preserve, conserve and utilize the environment in a sustainable manner for the benefit of the present and future generations. MAIN GOAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION The main goal of environmental education is to develop an environmetally literate and responsible citizenry who shall ensure the protection of the Philippine environment in order to promote and implement sustainability, social equity and economic efficiency in the use of the country’s natural resources. Environmental education centers on principles that can be grouped under themes covering the natural resources- air, land, water, and energy and life forms. These principles include: 1. Interdependence/interrelatedness Living things are interdependent with one another and with their environment. Living and nonliving things are equally important in the ecosystem because the absence of one affects the function and existence of the others and of the whole ecosystem. 2. Diversity and stability The more diverse the community is, the more stable it is. This means that the more species present, the more stable the community is. 3. Change It has been said that the only constant thing on this Earth is change. Change is basic to nature. Ecosystems change over time and space. Any change in the community affects the different organisms within it. Natural change like this is healthy but man-made changes to the environment wreak havoc in natural systems which result to the environmental crises that the world is facing today. 4. Balance of nature Ecosystems are capable of self-maintenance and self-regulation. 5. Finiteness of Resources Even the most abundant natural resources are in danger of being depleted in the light of human overpopulation and overexploitation. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 18 of 23  6. Pollution Pollution is the undesirable accumulation of substances resulting in diminished quality and utility of a resource. 7. Stewardship Christian doctrine posits that nature and its resources are God’s gifts to all and that, when God created the Earth, He commanded man to be His steward. 8. Sustainability By balancing economic requirements with ecological concerns, the needs of the people are satisfied without compromising the needs of future generations. Some books or references state only seven environmental principles. Kindly click the link and read the article. https://caubalejopaul.wordpress.com/2016/12/03/environmental-principles/ SUMMARY The Earth is the only place where we are living in. It is therefore our sole responsibility to take good care of it. This is the main purpose of having this environmental education- to make the people gain awareness and concern for the environment. Table of References References No. Kumar P.,Mina U., (June 2018) Fundamentals of Ecology and 1 Environment. pathfinderpublication.In Caubalejopaul,( December ,2016) 2 Citation:7 Environmental Principles from https://caubalejopaul.wordpress.com/2016/12/03/environmental- principles/ Here are rubrics for you to be guided in making or answering the activities. RUBRIC FOR ARTWORK Criteria 1 2 3 Score Craftsmanship No evidence of skill Demonstrates Demonstrates development in the some skills with strong skills with media; little technical the media; the media, competency technically technically https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 19 of 23  proficient accomplished Formal qualities Composition lacking a Composition Composition is cohesive appearance lacking a cohesively cohesive unified! appearance! Strong Some integration integration of of elements and elements and principles of principles of design design Creativity Does not exhibit Exhibits Exhibits distinct innovative thinking - innovative experimentation very little thinking sufficient and innovation to experimentation to experimentation enhance enhance concepts. to enhance creative Does not exhibit concepts. concepts. creative thinking skills -uses unoriginal or Some visible Strong apparent over-used images connection to connection to the and/or approach the theme theme Interpretation of Poor interpretation and Adequate Excellent Topic communication of interpretation interpretation thematic concepts due and and to inappropriate communication communication or inadequate images of thematic of thematic or thoughts concepts concepts RUBRICS FOR ESSAY WRITING Criteria 1 2 3 4 Score Focus/ Main The essay The essay is The essay is The essay is Point poorly focused on focused on the focused, addresses topic topic and topic and purposeful, and and includes includes few includes reflects clear irrelevant ideas loosely related relevant ideas insight and ideas ideas Support Provides little or Supports main Supports main Persuasively no support for point with some point with supports main https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 20 of 23  the main point underdeveloped developed point with well- reasons and/or reasons developed examples and/or reasons and/or examples examples Organization Little or no Some Organizes Effectively and Format organization of organization of ideas to build organize ideas ideas to build an ideas to build an argument to build a argument an argument logical, coherent argument Language Little or no use of Some use of Appropriate use Effective and Use, Style elements of style. elements of of elements of creative use of and Many errors in style! Contains style! elements of Conventions grammar, frequent errors Uses correct style to spelling, and in grammar, grammar, enhance punctuation, spelling, and spelling, and Meaning. makes punctuation punctuation reader’s Very little with few errors Uses correct comprehension experimentation Sufficient grammar, difficult to enhance experimentatio spelling, No concepts n with language punctuation experimentation and usage to throughout with nor enhance very few errors. enhancement concepts of concepts. Distinctive experimentation with language and usage to enhance concepts Originality No adherence to Does not exhibit Applies basic Applies higher the theme creativity creative skills to order thinking relay ideas and creative skills to relay complex ideas Name: Date: Course, Year and Section: “As members of Academic Community, students are expected to recognize and uphold standards of intellectual and academic integrity. Philippine State College of Aeronautics assumes, as a basic and minimum standard of conduct in academic matters, that students should be honest and that they submit for credit only the products of their own efforts. ______________________________ SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 21 of 23  Sample Problem Some other references stated only seven environmental principles. Enumerate them. Assignment Choose one of the environmental principles then make a poster depicting it. Explain your work. Appendix A Seven environmental principles https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 22 of 23  1. Everything is connected to everyone else. Ang lahat ng bagay ay magkakaugnay. (Interdependence/Interrelatedness) 2. All forms of life are important. Ang lahat na may buhay ay mahalaga. (Interdependence/interrelatedness) 3. Everything must go somewhere. Ang lahat ng bagay ay may patutunguhan. (Pollution) 4. Ours is finite Earth. Ang kalikasan ay may hangganan. (Finiteness of Resources) 5. Nature knows best. Ang kalikasan ang mas nakakaalam. (Balance of Nature) 6. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God’s creation. Ang kalikasan ay maganda at tayo ang tagapangasiwa ng lahat na nilikha ng Diyos. (Stewardship, Sustainability and Pollution) 7. Everything changes. Ang lahat ay nagbabago. (Change) https://caubalejopaul.wordpress.com/2016/12/03/ environmental-principles/ 2 | Page https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/378518309_6958201325…dHZYSOgcx_wrlxgfzmCM5qE7QpEXRGdsw&oe=66EDB080&dl=1 9/19/24, 3:21 PM Page 23 of 23  Module 2 BASIC ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 1 of 96  Levels of Organization of Organisms https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 2 of 96  Ecology is the study of the interactions of organisms with one another with their physical and biological environment. Biosphere - is all life on Earth https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 3 of 96  Organization of a Biosphere 1. Individual - organisms 2. Population 3. Community 4. Biome 5. Ecosystem 6. Biosphere https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 4 of 96  1. Individual - Organisms An Organism is defined as any living thing. Therefore, we human beings, since we are living are organisms. A group of the same organisms will then be called as species. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 5 of 96  2. Population The group of individuals belonging to one specie and is found together in a defined area at a certain time. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 6 of 96  EXAMPLES: All dogs in a house All maya birds in a campus All Mahogany trees in a province All the whale sharks in the Philippines https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 7 of 96  A POPULATION POSSESSES CHARACTERISTICS MORE EMPIRICALLY DESCRIBE SUCH AS: POPULATION DENSITY DISPERSION NATALITY MORTALITY GROWTH AGE DISTRIBUTION REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 8 of 96  a) Population Density Describes the degree of crowdedness of a population in a given area which can be of two types: https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 9 of 96  i. Crude Density May be computed from the number of individuals of the total population biomass per unit space. Ex. 7 dogs in a 1000m2 compound 9 tons of rice per hectare https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 10 of 96  ii. Ecological or Specific Density Describes the number of biomass per unit of space that is actually available to the population. Ex. all estuarine crocodile in the total area of the locality https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 11 of 96  B. Dispersion Is the distribution of organisms over the space where they are found and can be of the following patterns: Clumped Random Uniform. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 12 of 96  i. Clumped - is the most common type of pattern since the soil or medium on which the organisms are found in nature are not uniform. caused by microhabitat preference (example: shaded or moist places) https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 13 of 96  ii. Random Distribution is rare in nature, occuring only where the soil is generally rich so that the plants can grow and thrive anywhere. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 14 of 96  iii. Uniform Distribution Is found in artificial cultivated areas such as orchards. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 15 of 96  Fig. A shows a clumped distribution. This is the most common type of pattern since the soil or medium on which the organisms are found in nature are not uniform. Fig. B shows a random distribution which is rare in nature and is occurring only where the soil is generally rich so that plants that can thrive anywhere. Fig. C shows a uniform pattern which is only found in an artificially cultivated areas such as orchard. Of the three dispersion pattern Fig. A, clumped distribution is the most commonly found because nutrients are not uniformly distributed in nature. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 16 of 96  C. Natality and Mortality Natality corresponds to what is termed in humans as birth rate. the number of new individuals added to the population by birth. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 17 of 96  Mortality is known as death rate the number of organism that die in a certain time period divided by the number of organisms that were alive at the beginning of the period of time. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 18 of 96  D. Growth Is an important features of a population since the increase or decrease of population size determines its interaction with other population in the community and its impact on the environment. A population that finds a favorable environment with abundant resources would increase in exponential fashion as described by a growth curve that shoots up almost in a straight line only to be stopped at a point where the maximum capacity of the enviroment to support the population has been reached. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 19 of 96  In the figure above, (a) shows an exponential growth describing the letter “J”. (b) shows a variation that is dropping when reaching the capacity level “r”, then the population comes crashing. (c) shows a sigmoid curve that represents a population curve that keeps within the carrying capacity level. (d) shows a variation where the population fluctuates in the “r”. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 20 of 96  E.Age Distribution Age distribution classifies the population according to age brackets or to general age groups, also called Age Composition. Age distributions differ among countries mainly because of differences in the levels and trends of fertility. A population with persistently high fertility, for instance, has a large proportion of children and a small proportion of aged persons. A population, such as that of France, in which fertility has been low for a long time, has a smaller proportion of children and a larger proportion of aged persons. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 21 of 96  Changes in fertility have an immediate effect on numbers of children, but many years must pass before the change affects the numbers above childhood. Thus, a population that has experienced a recent decline in fertility tends to have relatively small numbers both of children and of aged persons and a large proportion of adults in the middle ages. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 22 of 96  Age distributions have also been influenced in varying ways by migrations, war losses, and differences in mortality—though these effects are generally less important than the influence of variations in fertility. Yet the migration of young adults, who bring children with them or soon have children in the area to which they move, is likely to swell the number both of adults in the middle ages and of children in the receiving country, while the proportion of aged persons remains low—with reverse effects on the population of an area from which there is a large net out movement. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 23 of 96  Figure E(a) Shows a triangle, where there are more young members, than very old members. (b) It is shaped like an urn that represents that there are more of the middle aged members and less of the young and very old members. This is what is happening now in some asian countries like China and Japan. (c) Shows a broad based pyramid where there are more young people than old and very old members, similar to (a). https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 24 of 96  F. Reproductive Potential The relative or theoretical capacity of a specie to reproduce itself under optimum or ideal conditions. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 25 of 96  3. COMMUNITY Is a small or large social unit that has something in common, such as norms, religions, values, or identity. Is made up of all the populations of various species that live in an area. In an grassland, one would find populations of grasshoppers, maya birds, frogs, snakes, grasses, herbs, and shrubs,and many others. Together, all these populations form the ecological or biotic community. Also called biological community, an interacting group of various species in a common location. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 26 of 96  Together all these populations would form the ecological or biotic community, which may be named after its dominant species or life form. Grassland community Pasture Land community Mangrove community Thalassic community https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 27 of 96  Properties of Community Dominance Diversity, which also includes richness and evenness(relative abundance) Communities consist of interacting species, but these species do not interact in a vacuum.They must interact with the physical world around them. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 28 of 96  A. DOMINANCE Dominance is attained by species in a community by virtue of a greater number of individuals, or by size, or any other attribute that enables the species to control the community. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 29 of 96  B. DIVERSITY Diversity is the opposite of dominance, a case where no specie has greater number or biomass or other relative importance than other species in the community. There are two opposing theories about diversity- one says that a diverse community is more stable; the other states that stability is found in more homogenous communities. The first claims that a greater number of species, or species richness is good for the community. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 30 of 96  In addition, the more evenly distributed the number of individuals are to each species, the more diverse, hence, the more stable the community is. Diversity, which includes species richness and evenness, may be measured using indices(Odum,1971) https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 31 of 96  4. Biome is a community that covers a large geographic area. It is distinguished by its dominant vegetation and climate. Ex. tundra, rainforest, shrubland, grassland, etc. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 32 of 96  5. Ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. is the basic unit of ecology because it includes the living and nonliving components https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 33 of 96  6. Biosphere Biosphere is all life on Earth. It is present underground, in soil, scattered through all parts of the hydrosphere, and floats or flies around in the atmosphere. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 34 of 96  SECTION 2. BIOENERGETICS https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 35 of 96  BIOENERGETICS https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 36 of 96 https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 37 of 96  WHAT IS BIOENRGETICS? https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 38 of 96  BIOENERGETICS is a broad discipline of biochemistry that focuses on energy transformations within living organisms and the efficiency of energy transfers between different organisms. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 39 of 96. Life is dependent on energy transformations; living organisms survive because of exchange of energy between living tissues/cells and the outside environment. Some organisms, such as autotrophs, can acquire energy from sunlight without needing to consume nutrients and break them down in the process called photosynthesis. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 40 of 96  Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 Energy is necessary for maintaining the life processess of organisms. The sun is the source of all the energy that goes into the ecosystem. Solar energy is radiated on to the earth where a tiny fraction of it is trapped by plants and is used in photosynthesis. In this process, solar energy is released in the form of light waves called photons which cause the molecules in the plant’s green pigment, the chlorophyll, to undergo changes that eventually produce sugars from carbon and water. The sugars, mainly glucose, contain what is called photochemical energy that can be used by the plant for its own food, growth and maintenance. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 41 of 96  Because plants produce its own food without direct assistance from other organisms, they are called autotrophs. They are recognized as the producers of the ecosystem because they tap solar energy which otherwise would be unavailable for the rest of the organisms, and because they feed the other organisms. Herbivores - organisms that feed on plants , while organisms that feed on other organisms are called carnivores. The herbivores and carnivores depend on plants and other organisms for their food,and therefore called heterotrophs (other-feeders) and are considered as the consumers of the ecosystem. Organisms that consume both plants and animals are called omnivores. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 42 of 96  The goal of bioenergetics is to describe how living organisms acquire and transform energy in order to perform biological work. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 43 of 96  FOOD WEB AND FOOD CHAIN https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 44 of 96 https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 45 of 96  The consumers are ranked according to the order of feeding in the chain. Each level or link in the chain is called a trophic level. All plants and photosynthetic organisms are called producers and occupy the first level. All the plant feeders are herbivores and occupy the second level. All those that feed on herbivores and other consumers are called carnivores, and occupy different levels according to what they feed on. The passage of energy from one trophic level to the next as a result of one organism consuming another is known as a food chain. In ecosystem, the sequence of eating and being eaten may be described by a food chain. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 46 of 96  Food chain, in ecology, the sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism. In a predator chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a flesh-eating animal. In a parasite chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by even smaller organisms. In a saprophytic chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 47 of 96 https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 48 of 96  TYPES OF FOOD CHAIN Grazing food chain - In a grazing food chain, energy and nutrients move from plants to the herbivores consuming them, and to the carnivores or omnivores preying upon the herbivores. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 49 of 96 https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 50 of 96  Detrital food chain - dead organic matter of plants and animals is broken down by decomposers, e.g., bacteria and fungi, and moves to detritivores and then carnivores. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 51 of 96 https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 52 of 96  Food chains intertwine locally into a food web because most organisms consume more than one type of animal or plant. Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the primary food source. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 53 of 96 https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 54 of 96  WHAT IS A FOOD WEB? When several food chains overlap and intersect, they make up a food web. The food web are pathways of energy flow in the ecosystems, which start from the sun, is tapped by plants through photosynthesis, transferred to herbivores, through grazing, then to carnivores through predation and then to detritivores through the detritus food web. In each of these levels, energy is expended in respiration and goes out as heat or waste energy. The energy produced in the photosynthesis is called primary production because it is the first production of energy in the ecosystem. The energy acquired by heterotrophs from feeding on other organisms is called secondary production. https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 55 of 96  Basically, food web represents feeding relationships within a community (Smith and Smith 2009). It also implies the transfer of food energy from its source in plants through herbivores to carnivores (Krebs 2009). https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 56 of 96 https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 57 of 96  Laws of energy : The flow of energy in the ecosystem is governed by two laws https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-21/458761867_1787558485114471_7974345041616519…oh=03_Q7cD1QHlF22vF9lxdwpcS1j6L9tcEL2JyLch3kye2-sw69ZPpA&oe=66E0D98C&dl=1 9/9/24, 8:10 PM Page 58 of 96  First Law of Thermodynamic Energy is never created nor destroyed but is transformed from one to another. Second Law of Thermodynamics Energy is transform