Transpo-Prelim-Exam.pdf

UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES PBSCE 0021 LEC - PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING MO...

UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES PBSCE 0021 LEC - PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING MODULE Philippine Transport System o Araneta Center-Cubao Station o Santolan-Annapolis Station Learning Objectives: o Ortigas Station  Identify the various modes of transportation o Shaw Boulevard Station in the Philippines. o Bonifacio Station  Understand the structure and functionality of o Guadalupe Station the Philippine transport system. o Buendia Station  Analyze the challenges faced by the o Ayala Station transport system in the Philippines. o Magallanes Station o Taft Avenue Station The transportation system in the Philippines is a diverse mix of traditional and modern modes, reflecting the country’s rich cultural heritage,  Light Rail Transit (LRT) economic landscape, and geographical challenges. Consists of two lines, LRT-1 and LRT-2, This module explores the various forms of serving different parts of Metro Manila. transportation, their development, challenges, and the future outlook LRT-1 runs in a north-south direction The Philippine transport system is a complex o Roosevelt network that includes various modes of o Balintawak transportation, ranging from traditional jeepneys o Monumento and tricycles to more modern options such as o 5th Avenue modernized buses, trains, and air travel. o R. Papa o Abad Santos The Philippine transport system plays a crucial role o Blumentritt in the country's economic and social development o Tayuman which includes various modes of transportation, o Bambang such as land, air, and water transport. o Doroteo Jose (Interchange with The system connects the archipelago's 7,641 LRT-2) islands, facilitating the movement of people, goods, o Carriedo and services across the nation and internationally o Central Terminal o United Nations (UN) Avenue o Pedro Gil Modes of Transportation in the Philippines o Quirino o Vito Cruz Road Transport o Gil Puyat  PUJ/PUV o Libertad  Buses o EDSA  Tricycles and Motorcycles o Baclaran  Private Vehicles Rail Transport LRT-2 runs in an east-west direction  Metro Rail Transit (MRT) o Recto (Interchange with LRT-1 at The Metro Rail Transit (MRT) in Manila, Doroteo Jose Station) specifically known as MRT Line 3 (MRT- o Legarda 3), runs along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue o Pureza (EDSA), one of the major thoroughfares in o V. Mapa Metro Manila o J. Ruiz o North Avenue Station o Gilmore o Quezon Avenue Station o Betty Go-Belmonte o GMA-Kamuning Station o Cubao (Interchange with MRT-3 at Araneta Center-Cubao Station)  UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES o Anonas o Angeles o Katipunan o Clark International Airport o Santolan o Marikina-Pasig Air Transport o Antipolo (Eastern terminus) Major International Airports These airports handle both international and  Philippine National Railways (PNR) domestic flights Provides commuter rail services from Metro Manila to nearby provinces.  Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA)  Mactan-Cebu International Airport PNR Metro South Commuter Line  Clark International Airport o Tutuban  Francisco Bangoy International Airport o Blumentritt (Davao International Airport) o España  Iloilo International Airport o Sta. Mesa  Kalibo International Airport o Pandacan  Laoag International Airport o Paco  Puerto Princesa International Airport o San Andres  Bohol-Panglao International Airport o Vito Cruz  Zamboanga International Airport o Buendia Key Domestic Airports o Pasay Road o EDSA These airports primarily handle domestic flights o Nichols o FTI (Food Terminal Inc.)  Bacolod-Silay Airport o Bicutan  Cagayan de Oro Airport (Laguindingan o Sucat Airport) o Alabang  General Santos International Airport o Muntinlupa  Tacloban Airport (Daniel Z. Romualdez o San Pedro Airport) o Pacita Main Gate  Butuan Airport (Bancasi Airport) o Biñan  Dumaguete Airport (Sibulan Airport) o Santa Rosa  Dipolog Airport o Golden City  Pagadian Airport o Cabuyao  Ozamis Airport (Labo Airport) o Mamatid  Roxas Airport o Banlic Smaller Domestic and Community Airports o Calamba (Southern terminus) These are smaller airports serving more remote or NR North-South Commuter Railway less populated areas (NSCR)  Basco Airport (Batanes) o Tutuban  Catarman National Airport (Northern o Solis Samar) o Caloocan  Masbate Airport (Masbate) o Valenzuela  Calbayog Airport (Samar) o Meycauayan  Virac Airport (Catanduanes) o Marilao  San Jose Airport (Occidental Mindoro) o Bocaue o Balagtas  Surigao Airport (Surigao del Norte) o Guiguinto  Camiguin Airport (Camiguin) o Malolos  Sanga-Sanga Airport (Tawi-Tawi) o Calumpit  Jolo Airport (Sulu) o Apalit o San Fernando  UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES Water Transport o Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA-NAIA)  Ferries and Ro-Ro (Roll-On/Roll-Off) Ships  Bangkas SEA/WATER o Cebu Port Authority (CPA) o Maritime Industry Authority Non-Motorized Transport (MARINA)  Bicycles and Pedicabs o Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) o Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA) Structure and Functionality of the Philippine o Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) Transport System MISCELLANEOUS o Office for Transportation Security Government Agencies Involved (OTS)  Department of Public Works & Highways o Office of Transportation Not only for highways, even vertical Cooperatives (OTC) structure and waterways Classification of Highways Agencies coordinated: o Metropolitan Waterworks &  National Roads Sewerage System (MWSS) o Also public roads, are classified as o Local Water Utilities Administration primary and secondary roads. (LWUA) o 20m minimum road right of way  Department of Transportation (DOTr) o 6.7m minimum width of travelled The primary government body responsible way 2 lane for transportation policy, planning, and  Provincial Roads regulation. o Connecting one municipality to another. LAND/ROAD o 15m. min. road right of way Land Transportation Franchising and o 6.1m min. width of travelled way Regulatory Board (LTFRB)  City Roads Land Transportation Office (LTO) o Within the urban area of the City not Toll Regulatory Board (TRB) – like SLEX classified as national/provincial road. o 15m min. road right of way. o 6.1m min. width of travelled way RAIL  Municipal Roads Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) o Within the poblacion area of a o Metro Rail Transit Corporation municipality not as (MRTC) – private but supervised by national/provincial road. DOTr o 15m min. road right of way. o Philippine National Railways (PNR) o 6.1m min. width of travelled way o Philippine Railway Institute (PRI) –  Barangay Roads for studies & researches o Located outside the poblacion/urban area of a municipality/city. Feeder AIR from farm to market road o Clark International Airport o 10m min. road right of way. Corporation (CIAC) o 4m min. width of travelled way o Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)  Tourism Roads o Civil Aviation Authority of the o Particularly suited for tourists. Philippines (CAAP) Formed when existing road are o Davao International Airport promoted with traffic sign and Authority (DIAA) advertising material. o Mactan-Cebu International Airport o 2.1m min. road right of way. Authority (MCIAA) o 6.1m min. width of travelled way  UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES  Farm to Market Roads  High Vehicle Volume o Linking the agriculture and fisheries An excess of vehicles on the road, production sites, coastal landing especially during peak hours, can points, and post-harvest facilities to overwhelm the infrastructure, the market and arterial roads and leading to traffic jams. highways. o 6m min. road right of way.  Limited Road Capacity o 4m min. width of travelled way Roads designed for lower traffic volumes can easily become Item 311: Portland Concrete Cement Pavement congested when vehicle numbers Material Requirements exceed capacity.  Portland Cement Type I  Poor Road Design  Use of Type 1P is permitted (AASHTO Inefficient road layouts, including M240) poorly designed intersections,  Fine Aggregates (crushed) bottlenecks, and lack of alternative  Max 40% Abrasion Loss Value routes, can contribute to congestion.  Coarse Aggregates (crushed)  Max 40% Abrasion Loss Value  Traffic Accidents and Incidents  Water Crashes, breakdowns, or road works  pH level (4.5 – 8.5) can temporarily reduce road  Total Solids (500ppm) capacity, causing delays and  Compressive strength at 7Days (90) congestion.  RSB  Dowel Bars (Plain round)  Inefficient Traffic Signals  36mmØ Poorly timed traffic lights or  Tie Bars (Deformed) malfunctioning signals can disrupt  16mmØ the flow of traffic, causing vehicles  Joint Fillers to stop and start unnecessarily.  Poured Joint Asphalt (120-150 pen)  Preformed (PEJF)  Urbanization and Population  Full depth/width Growth Flexural Strength at 14Days As more people move to urban areas, the demand for road space increases,  Third-Point Method leading to congestion. 3.8Mpa (550psi)  Mid-Point Method  Transportation Deficiencies 4.5Mpa (650psi) Inadequate public transportation Compressive Strength (Drilled cores) options force more people to rely on private vehicles, increasing traffic  24.1Mpa (3500psi) volumes. Road Surface friction value  Driver Behavior  0.25 Aggressive driving, frequent lane changes, and other poor driving habits can disrupt traffic flow and Challenges in The Philippine Transport System lead to bottlenecks.  Traffic Congestion  Special Events Particularly in Metro Manila, traffic Large events like concerts, sports congestion is a significant issue, exacerbated games, or parades can cause by high population density and rapid temporary surges in traffic, leading urbanization to congestion.  UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES Each lane should have a capacity of about 1,800  Economic Factors to 2,000 vehicles per hour under ideal Rising incomes and economic conditions growth often lead to higher car ownership, which can increase traffic congestion.  Infrastructure Development Philippines faces challenges in maintaining Recent Developments and upgrading its infrastructure, leading to issues such as road deterioration, inadequate  Build, Build, Build Program public transport facilities, and limited A Government initiative aimed at improving connectivity in rural area and modernizing infrastructures, which including transport facilities, roads, bridges,  Environmental Impact airports, seaports, railways, and urban The dominance of older, less development projects. environmentally friendly vehicles like jeepneys contributes to air pollution Major projects include the extension of the LRT lines, construction of new expressways,  Safety and Security and the development of regional airports Accidents, crime, and natural disasters pose risks to transport safety, particularly in o Key Infrastructure Projects maritime and rural areas  North-South Commuter Railway Peak Hour Factor (NSCR) The Peak Hour Factor (PHF) is a measure used in A railway project intended to traffic engineering to assess the distribution of connect Manila to surrounding traffic volume within the peak hour. provinces, easing traffic and reducing travel time It helps to identify how traffic is concentrated during the busiest times on a roadway. Specifically,  Clark International Airport the PHF compares the peak 15-minute traffic Expansion volume within the peak hour to the total volume Aimed at decongesting Ninoy during that hour Aquino International Airport (NAIA) Hourly Volume and promoting economic growth in PHF = Central Luzon 60 ( ) ∗ 15 min 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 15  New Clark City Wherein if: A planned community and economic PHF = 1 zone aimed to decongest Metro Indicates that traffic is evenly distributed Manila and designed to serve as an throughout the hour, with no significant peaks alternative government center and urban hub PHF < 1 Suggests that traffic is more concentrated during  Modernization of Public Transport a short time within the hour, indicating potential Efforts are underway to modernize jeepneys congestion or bottlenecks. and buses to meet environmental standards, such as using electric vehicles. Design Hourly Volume  Biking and Active Transport The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the development of bike lanes and pedestrian- Peak Hour Volume friendly areas, especially in Metro Manila DHW = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟