Transportation Midterms Reviewer PDF

TRANSPORTATION  Movement of people/goods from one place to another  Vehicles or system of vehicles are used for this movement (buses, trains, etc.) TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING  Branch of civil engineering that involved in planning, design, operation, maintenance, and efficient t...

TRANSPORTATION  Movement of people/goods from one place to another  Vehicles or system of vehicles are used for this movement (buses, trains, etc.) TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING  Branch of civil engineering that involved in planning, design, operation, maintenance, and efficient transportation system.  According to Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) the application of technology and scientific principles of planning and functional design for any mode of transportation is to provide safe, rapid, comfortable, and convenient transportation. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING DISCIPLINE 1. Highway Engineering – a branch of civil engineering that focuses on design, planning, and construction of roads, highways, and transportation systems. 2. Railway Engineering - a branch of civil engineering that focuses on design, planning, and construction of railway infrastructure such as bridges, tunnels, and many more. 3. Port and Harbor Engineering - a branch of civil engineering that focuses on design, planning, and construction of port facilities and harbour infrastructure. Includes docks, breakwaters, etc. Port is for people and harbor is for goods. 4. Airport Engineering - a branch of civil engineering that focuses on design, planning, and construction of airports and associated infrastructure FOUR MAJOR MODES OF TRANSPORTATION 1. Roadways/Highways – public roads designed for vehicles to travel efficiently between destinations, facilitating transportation, and connectivity. 2. Railways – transportation system consisting of tracks, trains, and associated infrastructure used for this movement. They provide a network for efficient and reliable land transportation, connecting various locations within end between regions. 3. Airways – refer to designated rooted and airspace used by aircraft for navigation and flight between airports. Facilitates movement by providing predefined paths, air traffic services, and navigation aid, allowing for organized and regulated flight operations. 4. Water Ways – are natural or artificial routes of travel on bodies of water. Serve as a vital transportation for corridors for moving goods, people, and vessels offering an efficient and cost-effective mode of transportation. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 5 GENERAL PHASES 1. Planning a. Goal Setting and Data Collection b. Analysis and Evaluation c. Alternative Development d. Plan Formulation 2. Design a. Route Selection b. Geometric Design c. Structural Design d. Traffic Control and Signage e. Drainage Design f. Environmental Considerations g. Utility Coordination h. Cost Estimation i. Design Documentation 3. Construction a. Site Preparation b. Structural Work c. Pavement Construction d. Utility Installation e. Traffic Control f. Quality Control g. Environmental Measures h. Project Management i. Finalization and Cleanup 4. Operation a. Traffic Management b. Public Transit Operations c. Transportation Network Management d. Maintenance and Repair e. Emergency Management f. Information Systems g. Regulatory Compliance h. Performance Monitoring 5. Maintenance a. Routine Maintenance b. Preventive Maintenance c. Corrective Maintenance d. Vegetation Management  e. Structural Maintenance f. Asset Management g. Environmental Maintenance NATIONAL HIGHWAYS Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a partnership between the private and public sector for the purpose of delivering a project 1. Primary Roads – contiguous length of significant road sections extending linearly without any breaks or forks that connect major cities (at least around 100,000 population) 2. Secondary Roads – directly connect cities to national primary roads. They directly connect major ports, major ferry terminals, major airports, tourist service, etc. 3. Tertiary Roads – other existing roads under DPWH or government. TRAFFIC INDEX Defined by the source as the composite index of time consumed in traffic and overall inefficiencies in the traffic system. In 2024, road accidents are as follows: 1. 52% involving vehicles 2. 23% for motorcycles 3. 8% for trucks FUNDS 1. Gas Tax – primarily dedicated for transportation funds. 2. Income Tax – source of revenue for governments TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES 1. DOTR – Department of Transportation a. 2. DPWH – Department of Public Works and Highways 3. LTO – Land Transportation Office a. Promotes safety and comfort of traveling public with respect to motor vehicles 4. LTFRB – Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board a. Goal of simplifying the land transportation industry franchising system 5. PCG – Philippine Coast Guard  a. Armed and uniformed service primarily tasked with enforcing all applicable laws within the Philippine waters 6. PRI – Philippine Railway Institute a. Research and training center for the railway sector under the DOTr’s supervision 7. PNR – Philippine National Railways a. To provide a nationwide railway transportation system 8. CAAP – Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines a. Responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation in order to ensure safe, economical, and efficient air travel 9. CAB – Civil Aeronautics Board a. Regulating, promoting, and developing the economic aspects of civil aviation. 10. LRTA – Light Rail Transit Authority a. Oversee the construction and operation of LRT 11. PPA – Philippine Ports Authority a. Concerned with the planning and development of seaports 12. MRT3 a. Also called EDSA MRT, or Metrostar Express 13. TRAIN – Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion 14. FHWA – Federal Highway Administration 2 KINDS OF TRAFFIC 1. Freight – goods or items being transported 2. Passenger – refers to people of services that provides. FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 1. Decision Based on Selecting Transportation – people often choose distance, speed, safety, comfortability, efficiency, etc. 2. Supply and Demand 3. Transportation Technology 4. Environmental Impacts 5. Transport Policy 6. Regulations and Safety TRANSIT MODES 1. Mass Transit – characterized by fixed routes like buses, light rail, jeepneys, etc. 2. Paratransit – characterized by flexible and personalized service intended to replace conventional fixed-route like taxi, car rental, etc.  3. Ridesharing (Pakyawan) – characterized by two or more persons traveling together by prearrangement like uber, grab, etc. URBAN TRANSPORTATION Urban Transportation is mostly referred to as mass transportation. The word “urban” refers to area with dense population. It is ideal for a town or city with highly dense population to have an optimal mass transport system in order to cater the demand. MODES OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION 1. Private Vehicles 2. Public Transport MRT (METRO RAIL TRANSIT) LONG TERM PROJECTS (OVER 20 YEAR PERIOD) SHORT TERM PROJECTS (1-3 YEAR PERIOD) HOW WAS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PLANNED BEFORE?  No government-led planning of the road transit networks  Mostly operator-initiated routes  Franchises issued based on Route Measured Capacity (RMC)  Route-based only, not network-based doesn’t consider road capacity constraint TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING 1. Travel Demand – expressed as the number of persons or vehicles per unit time that can be expected to travel on a given segment 2. Forecasts of travel demand – used as a reference for construction of new routes/highways and expansion. FACTORS AFFECTING TRAVEL DEMAND 1. Urban travel demand forecast – involves data concerning the travel maker such as age, sex, income, vehicle, ownership, etc. 2. Intercity travel demand forecast – involves city population, average city income, travel time or travel cost between city pairs. STEPS OF TRAVEL FORECASTING  1. Land use and travel characteristics 2. Trip Generation 3. Trip Distribution 4. Mode choice 5. Assign Trips and Network 6. Transit and Highway system 4 DECISIONS BASIS OF TRADITIONAL TRAVEL DEMAND MODEL 1. The choice and reason of travel 2. The destination to travel to 3. The mode by which to travel 4. The route on which to travel EFFECTS OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION 1. Traffic Congestion 2. Air Pollution 3. Noise Pollution 4. Excessive Energy Consumption FACTORS AFFECTING INFLUENCE OF THE DEMAND FOR URBAN TRAVEL 1. Land use characteristics – amount of traffic generated by a parcel of land depends on how the land is used. 2. Socioeconomic characteristics – demand transportation for lifestyles and values 3. Availability of transportation services – referred to as a supply, also affects demand for travel TRIP GENERATION 1. Trip – motorized means of transport in one direction 2. Journey – an out way movement from a point of origin to a point of destination 3. A generation – home end of any trip that has one end at the home. 4. Trip production – trips of home based or as the origin of the non-home based. From your house to school 5. Trip attraction – non-home end of a home-based trip. From home to SM 6. Non-home based trips – trips between work and shop and business trips between two places of employment. TECHNIQUES OF TRIP GENERATION  1. Aggregate Approach models – socioeconomic factors. Based on groupings of people use in predicting trip volumes 2. Disaggregate approach models – Used in predicting travel behaviour of individual commuters analysed using analytical techniques as category or cross- classification analysis and multiple linear regression FORECASTING STUDY AREA 1. Socioeconomic characteristics should be homogenous (dapat hindi lang middle, may low and high din) 2. Intrazonal trips should be minimized 3. Zones must have more than 3,000 people on it regardless of the size of the area 4. Zones should not be created within other zones 5. The zone system should be generate and attract approximately equal trips, households, population or area. For example, labor force and employment should be similar. 6. Zones with large area or low trips are discarded 7. TAZ boundaries must adjust according to political or statistical boundaries FACTOR AFFECTING TRIP GENERATION 1. Income 2. Vehicle ownership 3. Household size and structure 4. Type of dwelling unit 5. Land use 6. Distance of the zone from city center (CBD) 7. Accessibility to public transport system 8. Employment opportunities CROSS CLASSIFICATION 1. Cross Classification – determine the number of trips that begin or end at the home 2. Income sub-model – relates the households and their various income 3. Auto ownership sub-model – house hold income to auto ownership 4. Trip Production sub-model – relationship between the trips made by each household and independent variables 5. Trip Purpose sub-model – relates trip purposes to income STEPS TO COMPUTE THE TRIPS GENERATED 1. Determine the percentage of household in each economic category using the data gathered. 2. Determine the distribution of auto ownership per household for each income category 3. Determine the number of trips per household per day for each income-auto ownership category. 4. Use the formula and calculate PER INCOME and TABLES GENERATED: