Volcanoes and the Earth's Interior PDF

and the of the identify the different types of volcanoes discuss the characteristics and parts of a volcano describe the different types of volcanic eruption list the advantages and disadvantages of volcanic eruptions to society and the environment.  VOLCANO comes from Vent, hill or mou...

and the of the identify the different types of volcanoes discuss the characteristics and parts of a volcano describe the different types of volcanic eruption list the advantages and disadvantages of volcanic eruptions to society and the environment.  VOLCANO comes from Vent, hill or mountain that the italian word "Vulcano" erupts, releasing molten which means "Burning rocks, rock fragments, and mountain" also from the gaseous materials onto latin word "Vulcan", the earth's surface. Roman God of Fire. it is where magma passes through from the magma chamber to reach earth's surface. this is a large reservoir that stores molten rock (magma) prior to eruption it is a bowl- shaped depression produced by volcanic activity and explosion. narrow crakcs in the crust are large depressions caused by the collapse of the summit of a volcano this is the stream of molten rock flowing out of the crater.  this is an alternative smaller outlet where magma escapes to reach earth's surface. some of the secondary vents called fumaroles emit gases only. this is formed when lava and ashes escape from smaller vents; it is also known as a parasitic cones. it is formed when thick volcanic ashes are discharged into the atmosphere caused by eruption it is a mixture of rocks, minerals, and glass particles expelled during a volcanic eruption. Convergent Plate Boundaries Divergent Plate Boundaries Hot spots This occurs when plates move towards each other and collide. When a continental plate meets an oceanic plate, the thinner, denser, and more flexible oceanic plate sinks beneath the thicker, more rigid continental plate. This is called subduction.  Subduction causes deep ocean trenches to form. Along the trench, a series of magmatic eruptions may form a chain of volcanoes.  This is where two plates move away from each other Molten rock from the mantle erupts along the opening, forming new crust.  Long, narrow chain of folds in the oceanic crust produced by diverging forces of convection currents in the asthenosphere. Separated by a valley (rift)  A hot spot is an area on Earth over a mantle plume or an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. The magma plume causes melting and thinning of the rocky crust and widespread volcanic activity. Cinder Cone Composite Shield Formed from pyroclastic fragments and volcanic ashes that form and solidify around the main vent to form a cone which can be either circular or oval.  Typically symmetrical cones that are steep and may rise as high as 2 400 meters ( about 8 000 feet) from the ground. Have acidic and sticky lava, which allows the lava to solidify without traveling very far. Usually dormant for many years that they can be considered extinct.  Formed from non-acidic basaltic lava flows of high viscosity producing broad sloping sides and shield like structures. Not very explosive and are among the largest volcanoes in the world. Most well- known volcanoes in Hawaii are shield volcanoes  These volcanoes have erupted during historical times within the last 600 years. They have erupted at least once in the past 10 000 years. Examples: Mount Mayon, Mt. Biliran (Anas), Mt. Hibok hibok  Have not had any eruption in the past 10 000 years. They are expected not to erupt anymore. intensively weathered and eroded Example: Mount Guinsiliban, Camiguin Island  These volcanoes are active but not erupting They are expected to erupt anytime soon. Example: Mahagnao Volcano, Burauen Leyte  An explosion driven by steam produced when groundwater is heated due to underlying heat source. Involves only water, steam and ash with other rock fragments derived from preexisting rocks, without ejection of fresh magmatic materials  This happens when the pressure is enough to blow off the overlying layer of solidified lava over the entrapped gases in magma. The eruption is short, explosive and violent.  There is a burst of glowing lava due to the bursting of gas bubbles at the vents of the volcano. Creates eruptive products such as scoria (hardened chunks of bubbly lava) and lava bombs  Most violent among all types. It releases huge amounts of gases and ashes at great speeds. Usually destructive to land and property.  Involves the eruption of magma that reacts to external water. The interaction result in an explosion that releases steam and pyroclastic fragments  Fast movement of a turbulent mass of fragmental volcanic materials (ash and rocks) mixed with hot gases down the slope  Stream like flow of incandescent, molten rock materials erupted from a volcano.  Shower of fine-to-coarse- grained volcanic materials and other airborne products of volcanic eruption.  Rapid- flowing thick mixture of volcanic material and water. Can bury areas with volcanic debris several meters thick.  High-temperature mixture of water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride  Massive collapse of a huge portion of a volcano, usually triggered by an earthquake or a volcanic eruption.  Waves brought about by a sudden displacement of water during volcanic eruptions.  Non-eruptive event generated when ground water comes in contact with still hot pyroclastic flow deposits at the slope of a volcano and converts it into steam.  During the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, many parts of the country experienced ashfall. The surroundings become dark even at daytime. The ashfall even reached nearby countries