TPJ2O Exam Review 2022 PDF

TPJ2O Exam Review - The semester reviewed in under 40 questions! - Aleena- Yellow Aly- Pink Luxshika- Blue Isla- Red 1.​ Who was Hippocrates and what impact did he have on medicine? Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician, who was known as “The...

TPJ2O Exam Review - The semester reviewed in under 40 questions! - Aleena- Yellow Aly- Pink Luxshika- Blue Isla- Red 1.​ Who was Hippocrates and what impact did he have on medicine? Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician, who was known as “The Father of Medicine”. His impact on medicine was the “Hippocratic Oath” which was a set of ethical guidelines that promoted patient care and professional conduct. His approach to medicine laid the foundation for modern medical practices and is still influential today. Guys which slide is this on guys​ ​ 2. List the 4 types of communication styles. Which is most effective?​ ​ Nonverbal communication, verbal communication, visual communication and written communication. Verbal communication is the most effective communication style.​ ​ 3. Explain the different types of communication listed below, including the subcategories for each type of communication, then provide an example of each type of communication. ​ Formal: We use this type of communication in offices and social gatherings. Two types of formal communication are downward & upward. Hi guys!!! >_< no just dont, ;( Awh. :c​ ​ Downward: Higher designation to lower designation Ex. Boss to his Employee​ Upward: Lower designation to higher designation Ex. Worker request to his Boss​ ​ Informal: We use this type of communication with our family and friends. Three types of informal communication are: lateral, diagonal and grapevine.​ ​ Lateral: Communication between individuals at the same level. This is the most effective method of communication because no barriers are present. Ex. People in the same friend group ​ Diagonal: The path is a mixture Hi of vertical and horizontal movement. Ex. In large communications various departments need communication support from each other. ​ ​ 1 Grapevine Communication: Also called “backbiting” or “backstabbing”. A backstabber is a colleague or an employee who acts like a friend in public, but badmouth you in private. What can negatively impact communication? Explain all barriers that may prevent effective communication. ​ ​ 1. The use of jargon - using over-complicated, unfamiliar, and/or technical terms​ ​ 2. Emotional barriers - some people may find it difficult to express their emotions and some topics may be completely ‘off-limits’ or ‘taboo’. (e.g politics, religion, sexuality, etc)​ ​ 3. Lack of attention - due to lack of interest, distractions, or irrelevance of information​ ​ 4. Differences in perception and viewpoint - we often listen more to those who we agree with than those we don’t. 5. Physical disabilities - (ex. Hearing or speech problems) 6. Physical barriers - not being able to see the non-verbal cues, gestures, posture and general body language can make communication less effective. Phone calls, text messages, and other communication methods that rely on technology are often less effective than face-to-face communication. 7. Language differences - different languages spoken or accents may create a barrier 8. Assumptions & stereotypes - Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions. 9. Cultural differences - the norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed. (e.g the concept of personal space varies between cultures and between different social settings) ​ ​ 2 What is the difference between an open-ended question and a closed-ended question? ​ Provide an example for each type of question. ​ ​ Open ended questions allow participants to give a free form text answer. Closed questions restrict participants to one of a limited set of possible answers.​ ​ ​ ​ 3. Briefly explain the 5 principles of the Canadian Health Act? When was this act developed? This act was developed in 1984.​ ​ Public administration - all administration of provincial health insurance must be carried out by a public authority on a non-profit basis.​ ​ Comprehensiveness - all necessary health services including hospitals, physicians, and surgical dentists, must be insured.​ ​ Universality - all insured residents are entitled to the same level of healthcare​ ​ Portability - a resident that moves to a different province or territory is still entitled to coverage from their home province​ ​ Accessibility - all insured persons have reasonable access to health care facilities. ​ ​ ​ What is meant by the term neuroplasticity? Why is this an important concept for students to understand? Explain the difference between fixed mindset and growth mindset. ​ ​ Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to change itself, including forming new neural connections, in response to conditions and experiences. The difference between a fixed and growth mindset is that a fixed mindset is a mindset that isn’t open to change or growth, and believe their abilities can’t be changed, whereas a growth mindset believes their abilities can be changed 3 with practice and are open to change and new beginnings.​ What are SMART goals? How can they be useful in our lives? ​ ​ SMART goals are goals for your daily life, or what you want to aim for. By setting SMART goal objectives, it keeps your project moving forward, helps with responsibility and timing, and lets you know that you are accomplishing what you set out to accomplish.​ 2.​ What is the goal of Canada’s Food Guide? ​ To make sure each individual intakes the correct portions of each food group and promote healthy eating and support improvements to the Canadian food environment.​ 3.​ State 5 facts about Canada’s Food Guide (CFG) 2019. -​ Focus on Whole Foods -​ Incorporation of Plant-Based Foods -​ No Specific Serving Sizes -​ Increased Focus on Healthy Eating Habits -​ Guidance for All Ages 4.​ What are the Blue Zones? Blue Zones are regions in the world where people live significantly longer, healthier lives compared to the global average. These areas have been identified for their high rates of centenarians (people who live to 100 years or more) and low incidences of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. 5.​ How do the foods eaten in the Blue Zones compare to those promoted by CFG 2019? Both the Blue Zones and Canada’s Food Guide emphasize plant-based foods, whole grains, and healthy fats, while limiting processed foods and red meat. The Blue Zones focus on sparingly consuming animal products and integrating social eating and physical activity into daily life. Canada’s Food Guide also encourages moderate animal product consumption but focuses more on individual healthy eating habits. Both promote similar principles for health and longevity, with the Blue Zones incorporating more cultural practices. 6.​ State the function and any major organs involved with each of these systems. 4 System Function Organs The Respiratory System Facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Lungs, trachea, bronchi, between the body and the diaphragm, nasal environment. passages. The Circulatory System Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste Heart (pumps blood), products, regulates body blood vessels (arteries, temperature, and supports veins, capillaries), and immune function. blood (plasma, red and white blood cells, platelets). The Digestive System Breaks down food into nutrients that can be ​ Mouth, esophagus, absorbed and used by the stomach, intestines body, and eliminates (small and large), waste. liver, pancreas. The Nervous System Coordinates body activities by transmitting electrical ​ Brain, spinal cord, signals between the brain, nerves, sensory spinal cord, and the rest of organs. the body. The Muscular System Enables movement of the body and internal organs, ​ Skeletal muscles, maintains posture, and smooth muscles, produces heat. cardiac muscles. The Skeletal System Provides structure, supports and protects ​ Bones, cartilage, 5  organs, enables ligaments, joints. movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells. 7.​ Explain the structure of medical terminology (prefix, root word, combining form, suffix). Give an example of each word part. Prefix: Definition: A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. It often indicates location, number, time, or status. Example: "Hyper-" (meaning excessive or above normal) Example Word: "Hypertension" (excessive blood pressure) Root Word: Definition: The root word is the core of the term and carries the basic meaning. It usually refers to a body part, function, or condition. Example: "Cardi-" (referring to the heart) Example Word: "Cardiology" (the study of the heart) Combining Form: Definition: A combining form is a root word combined with a vowel (often "o") to make it easier to attach other parts, like prefixes or suffixes. Example: "Gastro/o-" (combining form for the stomach) Example Word: "Gastroenterology" (the study of the stomach and intestines) Suffix: Definition: A suffix is added to the end of a word to modify its meaning, often indicating a condition, disease, procedure, or specialty. Example: "-itis" (meaning inflammation) Example Word: "Arthritis" (inflammation of the joints) 8.​ Label the diagram below. 1.​ Midline or Midsagittal 2.​ Frontal or Coronal 3.​ Horizontal or Transverse 9.​ What is abuse? Briefly explain the types of abuse someone might experience. 6 Abuse refers to the intentional mistreatment or harm of an individual, often causing physical, emotional, or psychological damage. It can happen in various forms and may occur in different settings like relationships, families, workplaces, or institutions. Types of Abuse: Physical Abuse: Involves the use of force that results in injury or harm to someone, such as hitting, slapping, kicking, or other forms of physical harm. Emotional/Psychological Abuse: Involves manipulation, threats, or behavior meant to control or belittle someone, leading to feelings of worthlessness, anxiety, or fear. Sexual Abuse: Involves any form of non-consensual sexual activity or behavior, including assault, harassment, or exploitation. Verbal Abuse: Involves the use of words to belittle, insult, or threaten someone, often causing emotional harm through humiliation or intimidation. Neglect: The failure to provide necessary care, support, or resources (like food, shelter, or medical care), leading to physical or emotional harm. Financial/Financial Exploitation: Manipulating or controlling someone’s finances, or stealing money or assets from them, often taking advantage of their vulnerability. 10.​Explain the 5 step cycle of abuse.. Tension Building: ​ Description: In this phase, stress and frustration begin to build. The abuser may become irritable, angry, or controlling. There is often increased criticism, blaming, and hostility. The victim may try to appease the abuser to avoid conflict. ​ Example: The abuser may start making hurtful comments or act distant, while the victim tries to keep the peace. 2. Incident of Abuse: ​ Description: This is the explosive phase where the tension results in an act of abuse. It can be physical, emotional, or sexual. The abuser takes out their anger or frustration on the victim, leading to significant harm or trauma. 7  ​ Example: The abuser physically strikes the victim, insults them, or engages in abusive behavior. 3. Reconciliation (Honeymoon Phase): ​ Description: After the abuse, the abuser may feel guilty or remorseful and try to make amends. They may apologize, express regret, and promise it will never happen again. The victim may feel hope that the relationship will improve. ​ Example: The abuser apologizes profusely, buys gifts, or makes promises to change, creating a temporary sense of peace. 4. Calm (False Peace): ​ Description: During this phase, everything seems calm and normal. The abuser may be on their best behavior, and the victim may feel like the problem has passed. This phase can give the illusion that the abuse is over. ​ Example: The relationship seems stable again, with no signs of tension, and the abuser appears loving and caring. 5. Tension Builds Again: Description: Over time, the tension starts to rise again, and the cycle repeats itself. The victim may feel trapped, as they know the abusive behavior will eventually return, but they hope the relationship will return to the calm phase. Example: The abuser begins to display signs of irritation again, and the victim may start walking on eggshells, trying to avoid conflict. 11.​ What advice would you give to someone who is the victim of abuse? If you’re a victim of abuse, the most important thing is to prioritize your safety and well-being. It’s crucial to reach out to someone you trust, whether it’s a friend, family member, or a professional, as talking about the situation can provide you with emotional support and guidance. You don’t have to go through this alone, and there are many resources available, like helplines or shelters, that can offer help. It’s important to remember that abuse is never your fault, and you deserve to be treated with respect and kindness. Taking steps to remove yourself from harmful situations, even if it feels difficult, can be empowering, and there is always hope for healing and a better future. 8 12.​What are STIs? What are the main categories of STIs? STIs are infections that are spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Some STIs can be asymptomatic, meaning there are no obvious symptoms, but they can still be transmitted, you can still get STI’s when you are not sexually active too. The main categories of STI’s, Bacterial: Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis Viral: Human Papillomavirus, (HPV),Herpes, HepatitisHIV / AIDS, Parasitic: Pubic lice, Scabies, Trichomoniasis 13.​What are the 4 types of physical activity? Briefly explain and provide an example of each type of activity. Endurance: Endurance, or aerobic, activities increase your breathing and heart rate. They keep your heart, lungs, and circulatory system healthy and improve your overall fitness. Building your endurance makes it easier to carry out many of your everyday activities. Endurance exercises include: Brisk walking or jogging Yard work (mowing, raking, digging) Dancing Strength: Strength exercises make your muscles stronger. They may help you stay independent and carry out everyday activities, such as climbing stairs and carrying groceries. These exercises also are called “strength training” or “resistance training.” Strength exercises include: Lifting weights Using a resistance band Using your own body weight Balance: Balance exercises help prevent falls, a common problem in older adults. Many lower-body strength exercises will also improve your balance. Balance exercises include: Standing on one foot Heel-to-toe walk Tai Chi Flexibility: 9  Flexibility exercises stretch your muscles and can help your body stay limber. Being flexible gives you more freedom of movement for other exercises as well as for your everyday activities, including driving and getting dressed. Flexibility exercises include: Shoulder and upper arm stretch Calf stretch Yoga 14.​How much sleep should a teenager get each night? List at least 5 healthy sleep habits that can improve sleep hygiene for teens. Aim for 9.5 hours. Research shows that most teens need more than 9 hours per night. -​ Stick to regular sleep and wake time -​ Ditch your devices. -​ Avoid caffeine, smoking, alcohol and drugs(especially late in the day). -​ No napping -​ Eat healthy and exercise 15.​What are vital signs? List each sign along with a brief explanation and how each can be measured. -​ Respiratory Rate: A person's respiratory rate is the number of breaths you take per minute. Measured by: A watch with a second hand/counter -​ Pulse: A rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them, typically as felt in the wrists or neck.Equipment Required: A watch with a second hand/counter -​ Blood Pressure: The pressure of the blood in the circulatory system, often measured for diagnosis since it is closely related to the force and rate of the heartbeat and the diameter and elasticity of the arterial walls. Equipment Required: A digital blood pressure machine OR A sphygmomanometer -​ Temperature: The degree of internal heat of a person's body.Equipment Required: A thermometer 16.​Explain the difference between systolic and diastolic numbers when reading blood pressure. Systolic= Higher Number Diastolic= Lower Number a.​ What equipment is required to measure blood pressure? Equipment Required: A digital blood pressure machine OR a sphygmomanometer 10 b.​ What numbers are considered healthy when measuring blood pressure for an adult? Less than 120 (systolic, higher number) and Less than 80 (diastolic, lower number) c.​ Circle any normal blood pressure values below 110/72​ 135/88​ 98/70​ ​ 115/80 d.​ What does CPR stand for? Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation e.​ What is the difference between traditional and compression only CPR? Traditional CPR: Steps: It involves chest compressions and rescue breaths (also called mouth-to-mouth).​ Purpose: The goal is to circulate blood and provide oxygen to the brain and vital organs. How it works: The rescuer performs chest compressions to keep blood circulating and gives rescue breaths to provide oxygen to the person’s lungs and blood.​ Compression-only CPR: Steps: It involves chest compressions only, with no rescue breaths. Purpose: It focuses on maintaining circulation through chest compressions alone. How it works: The rescuer gives continuous chest compressions at a rate of about 100-120 per minute to circulate the blood to vital organs until help arrives or the person begins to breathe again. f.​ Compare and contrast the similarities and differences with adult and infant CPR. SIMILARITIES: Both adult and infant CPR aim to maintain circulation and oxygenation to the brain and other vital organs until emergency help arrives. Steps involved: In both cases, CPR involves assessing the situation (checking for responsiveness and breathing), calling for help, and performing chest compressions and rescue breaths if necessary. 11  Compression Rate: For both adults and infants, chest compressions should be given at a rate of about 100-120 compressions per minute. Use of AED: If an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is available, it can be used for both adults and infants (with age-appropriate pads and settings). DIFFERENCES: Adult CPR: The person is placed on their back on a firm surface. You use two hands (interlaced) for chest compressions, focusing on the lower half of the breastbone. Infant CPR: The infant is placed on their back on a firm surface, with their head slightly tilted back to open the airway. Two fingers are used for chest compressions (in the center of the chest, just below the nipple line), using gentle pressure. Compression Depth: Adult CPR: Chest compressions should be at least 2 inches (5 cm) deep. Infant CPR: Chest compressions should be about 1.5 inches (4 cm) deep. Chest Compressions: Adult CPR: The rescuer uses two hands for compressions. Infant CPR: The rescuer uses two fingers for compressions, applying less force. Rescue Breaths: Adult CPR: The rescuer should give full breaths, sealing the adult’s mouth with their own to provide air. Infant CPR: The rescuer should provide gentle breaths, covering the infant’s mouth and nose with their own mouth to deliver air. The breaths should be gentle to avoid causing damage to the infant's lungs. 12 Ratio of Compressions to Breaths: Adult CPR: For adult:CPR, the typical ratio is 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths. Infant CPR: For infant CPR (when performed by a single rescuer), the ratio is also 30 compressions to 2 breaths. However, if there are two rescuers, the ratio changes to 15 compressions to 2 breaths. 17.​During primary response it’s important to always remember your “ABC’s”. Explain what this means. 1. A - Airway: Check if the airway is open. The first priority is ensuring that the person’s airway is clear of any blockages so they can breathe. Action: If necessary, tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway. If the person has something blocking the airway (like vomit or an object), it should be cleared carefully. 2. B - Breathing: Check for normal breathing. Once the airway is open, assess if the person is breathing effectively. Action: Look for chest movement, listen for breath sounds, and feel for air from the nose or mouth. If the person is not breathing or only gasping, you should begin CPR (starting with chest compressions if you're trained to do so). 3. C - Circulation: Check for a pulse. Ensure that the person has a heartbeat and that blood is circulating properly to the organs. 13  Action: If there is no pulse or the person is unresponsive, you should start chest compressions to help circulate blood until professional help arrives or the person starts breathing again. 18.​ What are EpiPens used for? List the steps to follow when injecting someone with an EpiPen. EpiPens are an epinephrine auto-injector device which is designed for self-administration of epinephrine. EpiPens are used for severe allergic reactions as the epinephrine administered is a hormone that helps to reverse the symptoms of anaphylaxis. When injecting someone with an EpiPen, it’s important to follow some certain steps. 1.​ Remove the blue safety cap and hold the device firmly in your fist, with your thumb at the bottom. 2.​ Hold the leg still and position the injector (orange end) against the outer mid-thigh. 3.​ Push down hard until a click is heard or felt and hold for three seconds, then remove the EpiPen. 4.​ Seek immediate medical help as additional treatment may be necessary. 19.​ What should you do if you are eating dinner with your friend and they begin choking? ➔​ Immediately begin care for choking by choosing to do either back blows or abdominal thrusts, or chest thrusts. ➔​ For back blows, place your arm across the person's chest and bend them forward to deliver 5 firm blows between shoulder blades. ➔​ Continue until the object comes out or the person begins to breathe or cough. If they become unresponsive, call 9-1-1 and begin CPR. SIGNS A PERSON IS CHOKING: ➔​ If the person cannot speak, cough, or breathe or is making high-pitched noises. 20.​What is PPE? List examples of PPE and then explain why it is important in the healthcare field. PPE stands for personal protective equipment. PPE is a type of aseptic practice, which is done to maintain a clean environment in order to reduce the number of microorganisms, which can cause 14 sickness. Some examples of PPE include masks, gloves, goggles, etc. It is used to protect people from hazardous stuff. 21.​ Define the terms laws, morals, and ethics. LAWS: The system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce through penalties. MORALS: An individual's code of behavior based on religious or philosophical principles. Morals define right and wrong in ways that may or may not be rational. ETHICS: A rational way of deciding what is good for individuals or society. A way to choose between competing moral principles or when there is not a clear right or wrong answer. Laws are enforced by the government to its people, and ethics are rules provided by an external source which comes from people’s awareness of what is right and wrong. For example: Your friend tells you about their great promposal idea. You decide you like it so much that you use it to prom-pose to your date before they do. This is ethically wrong, but not illegal. Morals are an individual's own principles regarding right and wrong, and ethics are rules provided by an external source, like principles in religions. For example: You might think it's morally wrong to make students write exams, but according to school rules, it is not ethically wrong. 22.​What is the difference between civil and criminal law? Civil Law involves conflicts between members of a community, and commonly results in compensation. It includes cases like negligence, slander, and breach of contract, and is initiated by a private entity. Criminal Law involves punishment and correction for criminal offenders, and may result in a fine, imprisonment, community service, or even death penalty. It includes cases like robbery, assault, and murder, and is initiated by the state or federal government. Civil law solves disputes between people or groups, while criminal law punishes those who break rules meant to protect society. 15  23.​ What are licensure, certification, and registration? Why are they important in the healthcare field? In order to work in the medical field, you’d first need.. REGISTRATION: You must register with a college to obtain a license to work. The college (a group not a school) will check the qualifications of each individual that applies to ensure they meet the standards required to work in their field. LICENSE: A permit allowing you to work in your field, in a specific area (e.g. Ontario). CERTIFICATION: A designation earned by a person to assure qualification to perform a job or task. May be obtained after proof of excellent work in their field. These are important as it assures that a person has the necessary skills and training to work in the healthcare field in order to perform high-quality care for patients. 24.​What do the terms scope of practice and standard of care refer to? How are they related to the terms from the question above? STANDARD OF CARE: The expected level of care a healthcare provider must give their patients. If a doctor fails to give a patient the standard level of care, that doctor can be charged and lose their license. SCOPE OF PRACTICE: What you are trained and licensed/certified to do. 25.​ What is medical malpractice? Provide examples to support your answer. Medical malpractice occurs when a doctor fails to act or take action, causing an injury or other harm to befall a patient. It involves failure to warn, diagnose, and monitor a patient's condition. Some examples include surgical errors, like objects being left inside a patient, medication errors, like giving a patient the wrong medication, treatment errors, like advising treatment options that do not meet the standard of care, and diagnosing errors, like failing to properly diagnose a medical issue. Use the nutrition label below to answer the remaining questions. 16  26.​How many calories would you consume if you had two servings? 100 calories are in one serving, so we can multiply 100 by 2 to calculate the calories for two servings. 100 (2) = 200 cal 27.​ If you ate three servings what percentage of your daily carbohydrates would you consume? One serving has about 9% of our daily carbohydrate value. To calculate the percentage for three servings, we can multiply 9 by 3. 9 (3) = 27% of our daily carbohydrate value 28.​If you consumed the whole container how many grams of fiber would you have had? One whole container has 4 servings, and there are 8 grams of fiber in 1 serving. 8 grams (4 servings) = 32 grams of fiber in the entire container 29.​How many muffins would you need to consume if you wanted to take in 30 grams of protein? 17 There are 5 grams in one serving. In order to calculate how many servings you’d need to consume to take in 30 grams of protein, you’d divide 30 grams by 5 grams. 30 grams / 5 grams = 6 servings Hey there Aleena!!! 18