Tourism Topic 2: Tourism Development and Trends - PDF

Okay, I will convert the attached document or image into a structured markdown format. ### Tourism Cluster #### Topic 2 | Tourism Development #### 2.1 Trends in tourism ##### Learning Overview In this sub-topic you will learn: * The trends in tourism. ##### Key Points These tourism trends hav...

Okay, I will convert the attached document or image into a structured markdown format. ### Tourism Cluster #### Topic 2 | Tourism Development #### 2.1 Trends in tourism ##### Learning Overview In this sub-topic you will learn: * The trends in tourism. ##### Key Points These tourism trends have been observed: * Due to globalisation: * International tourism has been growing. * Tourist generating and destination regions have become more diverse. * Demand for tourism is changing: * Growing popularity of lesser known destinations that were not previously popular or easily accessible. * Emergence of new experiences including adventure, heritage, sports and health tourism. * Supply of tourism is changing: * Small specialist operators are adding onto the services of mass market tour operators. * Tourism marketing is changing from traditional print and broadcast media to new online media. ##### Content Concepts * **Globalisation:** The increasing connections between places and people across the globe, established through trade, politics and cultural exchanges, and helped by technology and transport. * **Second cities:** Lesser-known destinations in a country that offer tourism experiences. * **Mass market tour operators:** People or companies that create package tours to cater to large groups of people. * **Specialist tour operators:** People or companies who supply tours for niche travel. * **Niche travel:** Specialised tourism experiences that cater to specific needs or interests of a group of tourists. These can involve distinct experiences such as whale-watching or scuba diving. ##### How is globalisation influencing trends in international tourism? * Due to globalisation: 1. International tourism has been growing. 2. Tourist generating and destination regions have become more diverse. 1. Globalisation is causing the continued growth of international tourism. * In recent decades, the increasing pace of globalisation has boosted the growth in international tourism by: * Increasing the ability to travel. * People now have the ability to search for and buy tourism-related services from anywhere. * This results in greater competition among businesses, which creates a greater incentive to offer value-for-money travel experiences to attract more people. * As a result, tourists enjoy more affordable tours, increasing tourists' ability to travel. * Increasing the motivation to travel. * People have greater access to new ideas on tourism destinations and experiences from all over the world, especially through new online media (e.g. social media and the internet). This increases tourists' motivation to travel. * **Example:** * London's Kings Cross Station has become popular with tourists due to the international airing of the Harry Potter film series. * Increasing mobility in travel. * As places become more connected via different transport modes, travelling has become more convenient, increasing tourists' mobility in travel. * Tourists can find more direct flights between cities. 2. Tourist generating and destination regions have become more diverse. * European countries are still the most popular tourist destination * However, developing countries, especially in the Asia Pacific region have become increasingly popular among tourists. * **Example:** * China, Thailand and Malaysia are among the world's most popular tourist destinations today. * Most tourists come from the world's most developed countries in Europe and North America. * However, increasingly, more international tourists are coming from the rapidly developing countries in the Asia Pacific and South America, such as China, India and Brazil. ##### How is the demand for tourism changing? * The following trends in the demand for tourism have been observed: 1. Increasing popularity of lesser known destinations that were not previously popular or easily accessible. 2. Emergence of new experiences including adventure, heritage, sports and health tourism. 3. Increasing popularity of lesser known destinations that were not previously popular or easily accessible. * Increasingly, tourists seek new destinations to fulfil their need to discover unique travel experiences. * Often, these destinations were not previously popular or easily accessible. * Globalisation has facilitated a greater flow of information about these destinations. Tourists can easily share their experiences online, enticing more people with novel travel experiences in remote destinations or 'second cities'. * These experiences can also be more easily planned and booked online. * Advancements in transportation, such as new modes of travel and the expansion of transportation infrastructure, have also resulted in these destinations becoming more accessible. * **Example:** * Remote destinations, such as Antarctica, have become increasingly popular as people seek to explore one of the world's last untouched regions. The increased availability of cruise services to Antarctica has also made it more convenient to travel there. * Tourists are also increasingly visiting 'second cities' in order to: * Fulfil their need for unique travel experiences in less crowded environments. * Avoid exceeding the carrying capacity in traditional tourist hotspots and enable these environments to recover. * Enjoy lower travelling costs as compared to those at tourist hotspots. * Visiting 'second cities' are becoming popular, especially among younger travellers, as new online media increases tourists' awareness of these places. * **Example:** * Instead of London, tourists are increasingly visiting the city of Manchester, UK, to experience its arts and unique architecture. * Many fans of the world-famous football clubs, Manchester City and Manchester United, also visit the city to view the home stadiums and watch their favourite teams play. 4. Emergence of new experiences including adventure, heritage, sports and health tourism. * Tourists are increasingly looking for new experiences to satisfy their curiosity and interests. * Hence, new forms of tourism based on a specific area, interest or activity have emerged. * This is fuelled by globalisation as people share and get more information about these new forms of tourism through online media. | Type of tourism | Features| | ----------- | ----------- | | Adventure tourism | * Motivation for travelling and type of activities: * Tourists travel to natural environments and participate in challenging physical activities such as mountain climbing. * Adventure tourists seek to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment by taking part in these challenging tourist activities. * Location: * Mainly places of natural beauty where tourists can enjoy scenic views and carry out physically challenging activities. * Example: * Trekking on Mount Everest has become increasingly popular among adventure tourists who seek to challenge themselves and achieve their full potential.| | Heritage tourism | * Motivation for travelling and type of activities: * Tourists participate in activities to experience its culture and learn about its history. * By experiencing the culture and learning about the history of the place, heritage tourists are able to fulfil their need for unique travel experiences and understand the rich and diverse global cultures outside of their home country. * Location: * Places with rich history and cultures, especially those which have been awarded the UNESCO World Heritage Site status. * Example: * The ancient city of Machu Picchu in Peru attracts more than a million tourists every year. Many are attracted to it to learn more about the unique history and culture of the ancient city and its inhabitants.| | Sports tourism | * Motivation for travelling and type of activities: * Tourists either observe or participate in sporting events. * Sports tourists who participate in the events seek to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment, while those who observe the events may seek enjoyment and escape the stress of work. * Location: * Places where sporting events are held. These places are often equipped with sporting facilities to host the events (e.g. stadiums, courts and race tracks). * Example: * During the English Premier League, thousands of overseas football fans visit the city of Manchester to watch their favourite football teams play.| | Health tourism | * Motivation for travelling and type of activities: * Tourists travel to seek medical care or activities to enhance their physical, mental or spiritual wellness. * Many health tourists seek medical procedures in these destinations to improve their health as they: * Are relatively cheaper than those in their home countries. * Have a shorter waiting time. * May not be available in their home country. * These medical procedures may contribute to a greater sense of self-fulfilment as they may improve tourists' well-being and self-esteem. * Aside from medical procedures, health tourists may participate in activities to relax and enhance their overall health such as yoga retreats and hot-spring tours. * Location: * Often, health tourism occurs in places with renowned medical services or wellness facilities. * Example: * Bali, Indonesia is famous for its numerous yoga and wellness resorts that are surrounded by scenic views. * South Korea received more than two million health tourists in 2018 for cosmetic and non-cosmetic procedures. This is due to South Korea's renowned and advanced medical technologies and services.| Figure 1: Table showing new forms of tourism. ##### How is the supply of tourism changing? * The following trends in the supply of tourism have been observed: 1. Small specialist operators are adding onto the services of mass market tour operators. 2. Tourism marketing is changing from traditional print and broadcast media to new online media. 1. Small specialist operators are adding onto the services of mass market tour operators. The image is a diagram that shows the supply of tourism experiences and services. The diagram has two columns, the left is titled "Small specialist tour operators" and niche travel, and the right is "Mass market tour operators" and mass market tour packages. Both types of tour operators are contributing to tourism experiences and services according to the diagram. *Most tourism experiences and services today are supplied by mass market tour operators in the form of tour packages.* *However, increasingly, small specialist operators are adding onto the services of mass market operators. Often, they supply tours for niche travel.* | | | | :------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1. Mass market tour operators | 2. Specialist tour operators | | | * People or companies that supply tours for niche travel. * They specialise in specific destinations or tourism experiences that many mass-market tour operators do not usually offer. * Hence, tours for niche travel are not widely purchased as compared to package holidays. * These tour operators are experts in these experiences at specific destinations, enabling them to give advice and recommendations to tourists. * However, niche travel is becoming popular due to increasing use of online media which are creating greater interest in it. * These tours are often customisable as they cater to small groups of tourists, unlike package tours. * **Example:** * Quark Expeditions specialises in tours to the Arctic and Antarctica, offering experiences ranging from sea kayaking to iceberg cruising. | | * People or companies that supply tour packages to cater to large groups of people. | | * These tour packages often include other tourism services (e.g. transport and accommodation). | | * Tours are attractive to tourists as: * They are relatively cheaper as tour operators buy these services in large quantities at low costs. * It reduces the hassle of booking the different tourism services individually. * Many trust tour operators' knowledge of the destinations and their ability to provide help when needed. * **Example:** * Klook is one of Singapore's largest mass-market tour operators. They offer a large variety of tours to many destinations around the world at relatively affordable prices. | Figure 3: Table showing the characteristics of different tour operators. 2. Tourism marketing is changing from traditional print and broadcast media to new online media. * The advances in information and technology have transformed the way tourism is being marketed. * Traditionally, tourism is marketed through traditional print (e.g. newspapers) and broadcast media (e.g. television). * However, increasingly, these traditional media platforms are being replaced by new online media as more tourists begin researching for their trips online. * **Example:** * It has been found that up to 70% of tourists use the internet to research and plan their trips. * Many tourism-related businesses are turning to online media to market their tourism services. * **Example:** * Klook has promoted its tour packages on multiple social media platforms, including Facebook and Instagram. A QR code is visible, to access the learning materials on trends in tourism on the Singapore Student Learning Space (SLS), scan the QR code or type the following URL: https://go.gov.sg/usgka017 #### Topic 2 | Tourism Development #### 2.2 Economic impacts of tourism ##### Learning Overview In this sub-topic you will learn: * The economic impacts of tourism. ##### Key Points * Tourism creates positive and negative economic impacts for both generating and destination regions. * Economic impacts of tourism are more significantly experienced in the destination regions. * Positive economic impacts include: 1. Employment opportunities in formal and informal tourism sectors. 2. Income generation from tourists' spending on consumer goods and services. * Negative economic impacts include: 1. Economic leakages resulting in less tourism revenue. 2. Overdependence on tourism, which increases vulnerability to a sudden fall in tourist numbers. ##### Content Concepts * **Economic leakage:** Income generated in the tourist destination region that is lost to the economies of other countries. * **Labour intensive:** An industry that relies on a huge workforce to produce goods or services. * **Natural disasters:** Natural phenomena that cause loss of lives and damages to properties. * **Unfavourable political situations:** State of disagreement between different groups of people that can cause political instability. * **Economic downturn:** General slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time. * **Outbreak of diseases:** A sudden rise and spread of a particular illness. * **Pandemic:** A disease that is prevalent over a whole country or the world. ##### How does tourism impact the economy? * Tourism positively affects the economies of tourist generating and destination regions as both regions are interdependent in the tourism system. * The positive and negative economic impacts of tourism include: | Positive economic impacts (or benefits) of tourism | Negative economic impacts (or costs) of tourism | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | * Employment opportunities in formal and informal tourism sectors. | * Economic leakages resulting in less tourism revenue. | | * Income generation from tourists' spending on consumer goods and services. | * Overdependence on tourism, which increases vulnerability to a sudden fall in tourist numbers. | Figure 1: Table showing the positive and negative economic impacts of tourism. * Economic benefits and costs of tourism are uneven across the world, affecting both the generating and destination regions differently. * Generally, economic benefits and costs are more significantly felt in the destination regions. ##### What are the positive economic impacts brought about by tourism? 1. Employment opportunities in formal and informal tourism sectors. * Tourism industry is labour intensive. * It creates a large number and wide range of employment opportunities for people of varying skills in both tourist generating and destination regions: * Transport (e.g. transport operators and service staff onboard the vehicles). * Accommodation (e.g. hotel service staff). * Leisure activities (e.g. tour guides, staff in amusement parks, museums, and campgrounds). * Jobs created can be categorised into: | Formal employment | Informal employment | | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | * Employees: * Work fixed hours. * Have a stable monthly wage. * Sign a written contract stating the terms and conditions of their work (e.g. medical benefits). * Contribute income tax. * For instance: * Hotel receptionist. | * Employees: * Work irregular hours. * Have fluctuating wages. * Do not sign a written contract. * Do not contribute income tax. * For instance: * Street-side performer. | Figure 2: Table showing the differences between formal and informal employment. * Therefore, the tourism industry could reduce national unemployment rates. * **Example:** In 2019, tourism accounted for 330 million formal jobs worldwide representing about 10% of the global workforce. Between 2015 and 2019, about 25% of all new jobs were created by the tourism industry. 2. Income generation from tourists' spending on consumer goods and services. * Tourism generates income for locals and governments in tourist destination regions. * When tourists spend money on consumer goods and services offered by locals such as accommodation and food, they can increase the incomes for these locals. * Taxes on tourism spending can provide governments with considerable revenues. * These can be used to invest in improving infrastructure and pay for education and health services, hence increasing the country's standard of living. * Through the generation of income, tourism can alleviate poverty as it can transfer wealth from wealthier to poorer regions. * **Example:** * In the 1980s, Maldives was one of the world's poorest countries. Today, its economy has grown due to the tourism opportunities offered by its natural landscape, resulting in low poverty rates. ##### What are the negative economic impacts brought about by tourism? 1. Economic leakages resulting in less tourism revenue. * An economic leakage happens when revenue generated by tourism in the destination region is lost to the economies of other countries. * This may occur when tourist businesses in the destination region pay for the imports of goods and services to support the tourism industry (e.g. money spent on importing food from overseas). * This reduces the revenue from tourism, minimising the income earned by locals from tourism. * Governments will have lesser revenue to improve the country's standard of living. * In some developing countries, economic leakages may be so significant that it can wipe out the economic benefits of tourism. * **Example:** * According to the United Nations Environment Programme, for every US\$100 spent by a tourist on a holiday to a developing country, only US\$5 remains in the local host community. 2. Overdependence on tourism, which increases vulnerability to a sudden fall in tourist numbers. * A country which is overdependent on tourism for its income and employment are vulnerable to a sudden fall in tourist numbers. * This may occur due to unexpected events, causing the economic benefits from tourism to fluctuate and affecting the livelihoods of people. * These events include: | Unexpected events | Description | | :--------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Natural Disasters | * Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, can cause significant damage to tourism infrastructure in destination and generating countries. | | | * People fearing for their safety may postpone or cancel their travel plans. * **Example:** * In 2017, parts of the Caribbean Islands were struck by a succession of powerful hurricanes. * About 95% of the buildings there were destroyed resulting in one million fewer tourist arrivals and an estimated loss of revenue of over US\$700 million. | | Unfavourable political situations | * Unfavourable political situations can lead to riots and protests in a country, leading to closure of hotels and tourist attractions. | | | * People fearing for their safety may postpone or cancel their travel plans. * Governments may choose to close off the affected area or issue a travel advisory to discourage travelling to the affected areas to ensure safety, reducing the number of tourist arrivals. * **Example:** * In 2020, there were protests in Thailand against military rule. Several countries issued travel advisories to its citizens to dissuade them from visiting Thailand during that period of time, which reduced tourist arrivals. | | Economic Downturn | * During an economic downturn, the economies of countries are negatively affected. | | | * Companies would attempt to cut costs. * People may lose their jobs or experience pay cuts, leading to a reduction of disposable incomes. * This results in people choosing not to travel to reduce spending. * **Example:** * The Maldives, which is highly dependent on tourism, suffered a drop of 4% in tourism arrivals in 2009 due to the global economic crisis then. | Outbreak of diseases | * With disease outbreaks, people may postpone or cancel travel plans out of fear for their safety. * Governments may choose to close off the affected area or issue travel advisory to discourage travelling to the affected areas to ensure safety, reducing the number of tourist arrivals. * **Example:** * The COVID-19 pandemic which started in 2019 infected over 205 million people and caused over 4 million deaths. * Many countries responded by going into 'lockdown', causing international travel to shut down. * In the first half of 2020 alone, tourist arrivals globally fell by more than 65%. * In the Maldives, tourism arrivals in 2020 was only about a third of arrivals in 2019.| Figure 3: Table showing unexpected events that can cause the economic benefits from tourism to fluctuate. A QR code is visible, to access the learning materials on economic impacts of tourism on the Singapore Student Learning Space (SLS), scan the QR code or type the following URL: https://go.gov.sg/usgka018. #### Topic 2 | Tourism Development #### 2.3 Social impacts of tourism ##### Learning Overview In this sub-topic you will learn: * The social impacts of tourism. ##### Key Points * Positive social impacts of tourism include: 1. Cultural preservation. 2. Enhancing cultural ecosystem services. * Negative social impacts of tourism include: 1. Commodification of cultural practices and art forms. 2. Cultural clashes. 3. Rise in crimes. * Tourists and local communities at tourist destination regions mutually affect each other. The more unequal the interaction between them, the more likely it is that negative social impacts will occur. ##### Content Concepts * **Commodification:** Turning something into a commodity that can be bought and sold. * **Community-based tourism:** Small-scale local tourism developed by local communities. * **Authenticity:** Where a custom or tradition remains genuinely original or unchanged. * **Cultural clash:** Dislike, hostility, or struggle between communities who have different values, beliefs and ways of living. ##### How does tourism impact society and culture? * Tourism affects society both positively and negatively. These are known as the social impacts of tourism. Some examples of positive and negative social impacts are: | Positive social impacts (or benefits) of tourism | Negative social impacts (or costs) of tourism | | :------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------ | | \* Enhancing cultural ecosystem services. | \* Commodification of cultural practices and art forms. | | \* Cultural preservation. | \* Cultural clashes. | | | \* Rise in crimes. | Figure 1: Table showing the positive and negative impacts of tourism. ##### What are the positive social impacts of tourism? * Tourism can bring the following positive social impacts to tourists and local communities: 1. Cultural preservation. 2. Enhancing cultural ecosystem services. ##### 1. Cultural preservation. A Culture attracts tourists, which generates revenue, creating incentives to preserve monuments, languages, festivals and traditiions. * Many tourists are interested to visit places with rich cultural heritage and are keen to learn more or participate in activities and festivals. * Tourism can lead to cultural preservation because: * Tourism revenues boost the local economy which provides an incentive to protect traditional cultural practices and art forms. * Planning authorities may also invest money to encourage such traditional practices, e.g. by building museums or giving grants for art forms to increase their appeal to tourists. * This enhances preservation efforts, which also builds locals' sense of belonging to their community. * By preserving culture, it ensures the passing down of knowledge and cultural practices from generation to generation. * **Example:** * Shadow puppetry in China is an ancient art form which is culturally important to local communities as it passes on history and traditions. * With tourists showing greater interest, innovations were made to attract viewers. (>2000 years) i.e. people can watch a shadow puppetry show using Virtual Reality (VR). * This helps to preserve and revitalise the art form as seen in Buscalan, Phillipines where Tontooed wing traditional pomelo stick methods revived cultural identity and pride in Filipino people. ##### Protecting the environment for tourist activities and experiences can enhance cultural ecosystem services offered by nature * These provides tourists and locals with aesthetic & educational benefits which include viewing the scenery, learn about sustainable development, recreational activities to improve wellbeing and spiritual understanding. * **Example:** * In Sanjiangyuan National Park in China, sightings of rare snow leopards have drawn tourists. * The villagers in Angsei village run a community-based tourists program which allows tourists to stay with local families and have a chance to view these snow leopards in the wild. * Sanjiangyuan National Park provides cultural ecosystem services such as; * Local and tourists appreciate the beauty and scenery of the protected National Park, and tourists get to learn about the conservation of snow leopards and experience the traditional culture of the villagers such as tigernest. * Recreational benefits where local and tourists engage in recreational activities that may offer relaxation such as snow leopard viewing, as well as other activities such as hiking or camping. * Buddhist locals get to connect spiritually as tourism provides an incentive to continue protecting the mountains and snow leopards which are sacred to them. ##### What are the negative social impacts of tourism? * Tourism can bring the following negative social impacts to tourists and local communities: 1. Commodification of cultural practices and art forms. 2. Cultural clashes. 3. Rise in crimes. ##### 1. Commodification of cultural rituals and art forms. * As the demand for heritage tourism increases, traditions may undergo commodification and lose their authenticity that can result in cultural distitution and be lucrative. * This weakens their cultural value for both community and tourists. * Cultural rituals may be exaggerated, staged, or condensed to suit the needs and requests of art forms. * conflict amoung rituals This could impact the economic value Tourism Cluster Topic 2 | Tourism Development 2.3 Social impacts of tourism ##### 2. Cultural clashes. * Tourists can be insensitive to local norms, including religious customs and traditions, resulting in negative sentiment against tourists, including cultural clashes. * Tourism may also result in negative impacts to local communities and their environments such as congestion and pollution, leading to negative attitudes towards tourists. * **Example:** * In Hawaii, USA, it was found that most locals did not wish for Hawaii to be opened up to the public after months of COVID-19 lockdown. * Many tourists did not follow public safety guidelines such as wearing masks properly. * In addition, many locals have also always felt that tourists do not respect the indigenous Hawaiian culture. * Some locals may perceive tourism to threaten their sense of identity, and increase their cost of living. #### 3. Rise in crimes. * Destination regions may experience a rise in crime rates, such as usually less guarded tourists. A Tourism Cluster Tourists are more likely to be relaxed and off guard making them easier targets, where the intentis is to try find the tenoto be croweo easier to be targeteo * Tourists may also find themselves being targeted, if negative sentiments from some locals towards them continue to build up. i.e the tourists may try scanning countries with lots of kidnappings and crimes happen in busy like the Grand Bazaar which often leads tourists to hate crimes. * Damage report * The increased crime rates may make locals feel less safe. * * **Example:** * In 2017, a tourist bus in Barcelona, Spain was attacked by anti tourist protestors who punctured with tyre damage and and tourism grafitti * Tourism Cluster Tourists might exploited the increase in crimes during their trip due to mass production if Culture I hope this version meets your requirements!