Herbs - 2024-08-02 PDF

2024-08-02 1 Herbs Drug composed of the tender part of the plant axis enclosing the leaves, flowers, and fruits (aerial parts) Kinds of Herbs 2 1 ...

2024-08-02 1 Herbs Drug composed of the tender part of the plant axis enclosing the leaves, flowers, and fruits (aerial parts) Kinds of Herbs 2 1  2024-08-02 Kinds of Herbs 1- Annual (monocarpic): Plants that lives for one season or one year and dies after production of flowers, fruits and seeds. No reserve food materials are stored in the root e.g. Umbelliferae. 2- Biennial (Bicarpic): Plants that lives for two seasons but not for more than two years. Reserve food materials are stored in the root or the stem for renewing the plant in the next season. e.g. Digitalis and Sugar beet. 3 3- Perennial (polycarpic): Plants that lives for more than two years or indefinitely. They produces flowers, fruits, every year and survives from year to year, e.g. Citrus. The Stem The stem is a part of the plant axis, which bears leaves or modification of the leaves at points or joints called the nodes and the parts between the nodes are called internodes. It also bears the flowers and fruits and serves for support and as for conducting. 4 2  2024-08-02 Shape of stems 1- Cylindrical 2- Angular 3- Triangular 4- Tetragonal 5- Pentagonal 6- Flattend 7- Winged, …….. 5 Kinds of Stems 1- Herbaceous 2- Succlent 6 3  2024-08-02 3- Woody 4- Suffruticose 7 5- Fruticose 6- Culm. 8 4  2024-08-02 7- Creeping 9 8- Runner 10 5  2024-08-02 9- Sucker 11 10- Climbing 11- Twining 12 6  2024-08-02 Branching of Stem I- Axillary or Lateral 1- Monopodial (racemose) In which the main axis continues growing off lateral branches which do not exceed it in length. It is called indefinite branching. 2- Sympodial (cymose) In which the main axis stop growing because the apical bud is destroyed. The apical bud develops into flower or transformed into lateral branches grow rapidly to exceed the main axis. e.g. Datura 13 II- Dichotomus (apical) The branches are produced by division of the growing apex into two halves which grows into two equally branches e.g Ficus. 14 7  2024-08-02 Surface Smooth Rough Glabrous Hairy Striated Wrinkled Spiny 15 Structure Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Pericycle Stele Pith 16 8  2024-08-02 17 18 9  2024-08-02 19 Structure In monocotyledons, typical arrangement of tissue is different, it shows large number of closed vascular bundles scattered irregularly in the ground tissue and the endodermis is almost lacking. 20 10  2024-08-02 Structure Epidermis: one layer of tangantially ellongated cells carrying stomata and hairs. Cortex or Primary cortex. It is narrow in dicotyledons, almost absent in monocotyledons. It is usually exhibits three regions; the outer called hypodermis (may be collenchyma or of collenchyma +parenchyma). 21 Structure Middle Cortex. It is in between the hypodermis and endodermis. It is mainly of parenchyma, but may contain sclerenchyma, secretory ducts or glands, idioblast, ca.ox….etc. Endodermis or the innermost layer of cortex, it is formed of a single continuous layer of cells without intercellular spaces. It is always differ from cortex either in thickening, shape and /or contents. 22 11  2024-08-02 Structure The Pericycle. The tissue immediately within the endodermis, it is consists of the fundamental tissue of the stele, it forms a cylindrical sheath outside the vascular tissue. The Stele: it is the central core of the plant including all the tissue within the endodermis. 23 Types of Stele A- Monostele (Protostele) It is consists of central xylem surrounded by phloem band followed by pericycle and outer endodermis. It does not show pith. B- Siphnostele It is similar to protostele but with central pith. A. Ectophloic:This type have phloem only outside the xylem e.g Vinca B. Amphiphloic: the phloem occurring outside and inside the xylem e.g. Solanaceae. 24 12  2024-08-02 Types of Stele C- Solenostele It is similar to amphiphloic siphonstele and has in addition to, the external endodermis another one bordering the pith. D- Dictyostele (polystele) Where the solenostele is dissected by the leaf gaps and each appear in T.S. as separate protostele termed meristele e.g. Filix mas. 25 Types of Stele E- Dissected Siponostele Where the siphonstele is broken up to give a ring of separate vascular strands, each consisting of xylem and phloem. F- Atactostele Where the stele is complex consisting of dispersed vascular strands e.g. monocotyledons. 26 13  2024-08-02 Types of vascular bundles 1) Collateral It consists of a patch pholem and another of xylem in the same radius. If cambium in between open (dicot.) If no cambium in between closed (monocot.) 27 2) Bicollateral Where the xylem is between two patches of pholem, all lying in the same radius. 28 14  2024-08-02 3) Vasoconcenteric It is usually with no cambium and having the xylem in the center surrounded by the phloem 29 4) Amphivasal It is usually with no cambium and having the phloem in the center surrounded by the xylem 30 15  2024-08-02 5) Radial It is usually consists of alternating masses of xylem and phloem 31 Structure The phloem: It is always consists of sieve tubes and companion cells and phloem parenchyma and may contain fibers, laticiferous tissue or other secreting tissues. The cambium: It is responsible for the production of the new vascular elements. It usually appears in T.S. as layer of several thick cells, having brick-like arrangement. 32 16  2024-08-02 Structure The xylem: It may be radial, annular, spiral, or large reticulate, pitted vessels. Vessels towards outside called metaxylem and protoxylem in the center. Among the vessels are tracheids, wood fibers and wood parenchyma. The pith or medulla: It is the tissue at the center of the stem and it is parenchymatous, being cellulosic or lignified in old stems. 33 HERBS 34 17  2024-08-02 LOBELIA HERB- Indian Tobacco Common Names: Lobelia, Asthma weed, Indian Tobacco, Dukhan Hindi Origin: The dried aerial parts of Lobelia inflata Linne Fam. Campanulaceae. Geographical Source: North America, Canada and India. 35 Active Constituents composed mainly of lobeline and with lesser amounts of lobelanine, lobelanidine and isolobelanidine. Pungent volatile oil a colourless Crystalline neutral principals, inflatin and lobelic acid. Waxy and resinous matters. Vitamins A & C and the mineral Manganese Chemical test: ` Extract 0.5 gm of powdered Lobelia herb with acidulated water on hot water bath, filter, to the filtrate add few drops of Mayer’s reagent where a whitish turbidity is observed. 36 18  2024-08-02 Uses of Lobelia Herb Lobelia Inflata is also called Indian Tobacco. It was used as a substitute to tobacco because the plant contains the alkaloid lobeline. Lobeline is also believed to have a similar chemical action to nicotine and this too could give reasoning behind its use in tobacco withdrawal. Lobelia is often considered an herb that is useful for tobacco withdrawal and as an herbal remedy to quit smoking. 37 It stimulate the respiratory center of the brain resulting in deeper and stronger breathing. So it is used as an herbal remedy for treating bronchitis and whooping cough. Lobelia inflata is a bronchodilator and antispasmodic which explains its popularity as a medicinal herb for asthma. Lobeline relaxes the bronchial muscle end thus dilates the bronchioles. It acts also as expectorant and diaphoretic. An injection of lobeline HCl is used in the resuscitation of new‐born infants. 38 19  2024-08-02 Toxicity Daily doses of lobelia inflata should not exceed more than 20 g. Toxic doses of lobelia will give rise to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, convulsions, collapse through medullary paralysis and can be fatal. Lobelia should be used only under the guidance of a qualified herbalist experienced in the use of this herb. 39 40 20  2024-08-02 41 42 21  2024-08-02 MENTHA HERB- Peppermint Origin: It’s the dried overground parts of Mentha piperita (Linn.) var. vulgaris known as black peppermint or var. officinalis known as white peppermint, Family Labiatae. 43 Macroscopical characters: Stem: Quadrangular, thick, green to dark purple, nearly glabrous, with scattered deflected hairs. Leaves: opposite decussate Petiolated Ovate lanceolate Light or dark green 44 22  2024-08-02 Microscopical characters The leaf: It is dorsiventral with a single row of palisade cells. Both upper and lower epidermises consist of cells with wavy anticlinal walls and both bear diacytic stomata. They carry glandular hairs with 1- to 2- celled stalk and globular head of 1 (capitate)- to 8-radiating cells (labiaceous type). Non-glandular hairs are uniseriate 1- to 8-celled, thin-walled with warty cuticle. 45 Microscopical characters The stem: It is square in outline. Numerous uni- to multicellular, uniseriate conical, warty, non-glandular hairs and few glndular ones are observed in epidermal cels. The T.S. shows collenchyma at the corners and narrow parenchymatous cortex. The endodermis is starchy Phloem is parenchymatous. Xylem is represented by spiral, reticulate and pitted vessels. The pith is parenchymatous and hollow. 46 23  2024-08-02 47 Mentha powder Fragments of the epidermal cells from the leaves with wavy walls, diacytic stomata, non-glandular and labiaceous hairs. Fragments of palisade cells. Fragments of lignified spiral, reticulate or pitted vessels, wood fibers and wood parenchyma. Fragments of collenchyma, chlorenchyma and pith cells. Smooth spherical pollen grains. Absence of sclereides and calcium oxalate. 48 24  2024-08-02 49 50 25  2024-08-02 51 Active Constituents: Volatile oils: menthol, menthone, menthyl acetate, neomenthol, isomenthone, menthofuran. limonene, pulegone, alpha and beta pinene, and trans-sabinene-7-hydrate Caffeic acids Flavonoids Tannins Resin and bitter principles. 52 26  2024-08-02 Chemical test: Three drops of the oil are added to 5 ml of glacial acetic acid containing 0.3% nitric acid then heated gently on a boiling water bath for 1-5 minutes where a blue colour which fades to golden yellow is obtained. 53 Actions and uses: Peppermint is considered to have astringent, antiseptic and stimulant qualities. It has a long history of medicinal use, especially in treatment of digestive complaints. Tea made from leaves and flowers can be an excellent remedy for treatment of indigestion, cramps, flatulence, nausea, vomiting and colic. It has a soothing effect on the stomach, and can also be an appetite stimulant. Topical application of peppermint oil can reduce arthritis, rheumatism and chronic joint pain. Due to its antiseptic properties, peppermint can be helpful in the relief of toothache and in treatments of cavities. Peppermint vapors and inhalers are very helpful in cases of nasal and sinus congestions, laryngitis and bronchitis. 54 27  2024-08-02 55 56 28  2024-08-02 57 58 29  2024-08-02 59 THYME HERB Origin:It’s the dried leaves and flowering tops of Thymus vulgaris (Linn.) Family Labiatae. Geographical sources: France, Italy, Greece and North Africa. 60 30  2024-08-02 Microscopical characters: The leaf: It is isobilateral with a single row of palisade on the lower surface and two rows on the upper. A lignified fibro-vascular tissue occurs in the spongy mesophyll. The upper epidermis of the leaves consists of polygonal cells with thickened and beaded walls carrying short unicellular non-glandular hairs with thin walls, a swollen base containing dense granular contents. 61 Microscopical characters: The lower epidermal cells are polygonal with thin, sinuous to wavy walls with occasional thickening at the corners and a faintly striated cuticle. They carry unicellular or bicellular conical non-glandular hairs covered with warty cuticle. Both surfaces have diacytic stomata and glandular trichomes. The more abundant are yellowish-brown, very large consisting of a short, rounded unicellular stalk and a glandular head of indistinct radiating cells with a raised cuticle. Capitate hairs are observed with a unicellular stalk and a unicellular head. 62 31  2024-08-02 Microscopical characters: The stem: It is nearly square to rounded in outline, showing diacytic stomata. Young stems have numerous covering trichomes as those of the lower epidermis of the leaf. Also, glandular trichomes of both types are observed but on older stems only cicatrex occur. The T.S. showed a continuous zone of collenchyma, a narrow cortex, a starchy endodermis. Groups of lignified pericyclic fibers with thickened and pitted walls are observed. The xylem is represented by spiral, reticulate and pitted vessels, wood fibers and wood parenchyma. The pith is parenchymatous to slightly pitted. 63 The powder: Fragments of upper and lower epidermal cells from the leaves having diacytic stomata, glandular and non-glandular hairs as described above. Fragments of epidermal cells from the stem with thin straight walls, diacytic stomata, glandular and non-glandular types of hairs. Groups of lignified pericyclic fibers with moderately thickened and pitted walls. Fragments of palisade cells. Fragments of vascular tissue consisting of lignified spiral, reticulate and pitted vessels, wood fibers and wood parenchyma. 64 32  2024-08-02 The powder: The cells of the outer epidermis of the calyx having thin, slightly sinuous walls, covering trichomes which are long, uniseriate, tapering of 5-6 cells with thin walls and faint longitudinal striations are observed. Fragments of the fibrous layer of anther. Fragments of collenchyma, chlorenchyma and few pitted pithy parenchyma. Smooth spherical pollen grains. Absence of sclereides and calcium oxalate. 65 66 33  2024-08-02 Active constituents: About 3% volatile oil as thymol, carvacrol Further components in the essential oil are thymol methyl ether, cineol, cymene, α-pinene, borneol and esters of the latter two. Flavonoids. Saponins. Tannins. Bitter principles. Uses: It dissolves mucous, relieves bronchial spasm and has an antiseptic effect. It’s an excellent expectorant with an antispasmodic action. It’s effective for treatment of digestive disorders and flatulence. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties. 67 Comparison between Mentha and Thyme Mentha Thyme Herba Mentha Piperitae Herba Thymi Common names: Common names: Peppermint Thyme, English Thyme Botanical Origin: The dried Botanical Origin: The dried leaves and flowering tops of aerial parts of Thymus Mentha piperita Linne, vulgaris and other Thymus Family Labiateae. It should species Family Labiateae. It contain not less than 0.5% should contain not less than volatile oil 1.2% volatile oil 68 34  2024-08-02 Mentha Thyme Odour and Taste: Aromatic Odour and Taste: Agreeable odour and taste followed by aromatic odour and cold sensation somewhat pungent taste Stem: Quadrangular. Green Stem: Quadrangular. to dark purple. Nearly glabrous. Greyish brown to purple and hairy Herbaceous Suffriticose Leaves: Opposite Leaves: Opposite decussate, petiolate, ovate decussate, sessile or shortly lanceolate, light green with petiolate, purple tinge 69 70 35  2024-08-02 T.S. Mentha T.S. Thyme Outline: Quadrangular Outline: Quadrangular or circular Cortex: Collenchyma is one Cortex: Collenchyma in the continuous layer corners only Narrow pith and wide xylem Narrow xylem and wide pith Hairy Less hairy Glandular hair: Labiaceous and Glandular hair: Labiaceous Capitate and Capitate Nonglandular hair: unicellular, Nonglandular hair: conical and bent hair muliticellular uniseriate 71 Mentha Thyme Active constituents: The Active constituents: Contains main constituent is the over 1% volatile oil mainly volatile oil, 0.7‐1.5% which composed of the phenolic mainly constitutes Menthol principle Thymol as well as Also contains some tannins Carvacrol and flavonoids Also contains some gum, resin, tannins, flavonoids and saponins 72 36  2024-08-02 Uses: If administered as an Uses: When administerd orally, infusion, can be used as it has carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, expectorant, Carminative, spasmolytic, astringent and anthelmintic diaphoretic, anti‐emetic. actions. Locally, as an antiseptic, The herb and its oil have antiparasitic, analgesic and secretolytic, broncholytic, antipruritic due to the disinfectant and strong stimulation of the cold antimicrobial properties both sensitive nerves internally and externally Inhalation is effective for upper Also has diuretic action and used respiratory tract infections as a urinary antiseptic Used in preparations of toothpaste and mothwashed Aromatherapy 73 Mentha Thyme Chemical Tests: Positive Chemical Tests: Positive histochemical test with histochemical test with Sudan Sudan III (Red colour due to III (Red colour due to volatile oils) volatile oils) Special Chemical Test: Special Chemical Test: Menthol crystals + few Thymol crystals + 1 ml drops of conc. Sulphuric glacial acetic acid + few acid + few drops of vanillin drops of conc. Sulphuric sulphate will give an orange acid + I drop of nitric acid yellow colour thant turns will give a deep bluish green violet with water colour 74 37  2024-08-02 75 DATURA STRAMONIUM 76 38  2024-08-02 DATURA STRAMONIUM 77 DATURA STRAMONIUM 78 39  2024-08-02 DATURA STRAMONIUM 79 DATURA STRAMONIUM 80 40  2024-08-02 b- Stramonium Origin: the dried leaves and flowering tops of Datura stramonium" F. Solanaceae Morphology: Leaves: petiolate showing long petiole lamina is ovate Margin: dentate Apex: acuminate Base: asymmetric. 81 POWDER A. Fragments of upper epidermis that is composed of thin-walled cells which are slightly sinuous in outline. The lower epidermis have markedly wavy walls 82 41  2024-08-02 POWDER Anisocytic stomata are present on both surfaces, being more numerous on the lower epidermis. 83 B) Fragments of covering and glandular trichomes, The covering trichomes are uniseriate, composed of three to four cells, markedly conical, wide at the base and tapering rapidly to the apex. The glandular trichomes have a short stalk and an ovoid head composed of from four to seven thin walled cells 84 42  2024-08-02 (c) Cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, which occur in a layer of cells in the spongy mesophyll and scattered in the powder as well as contained in the cells of the crystal layer. 85 (D) Fragments of the lamina in sectional view showing the tabular epidermal cells with a smooth cuticle, single layer of palisade cells with the underlying crystal layer and the irregular cells forming the remainder of the mesophyll. 86 43  2024-08-02 (E) The parenchyma of the midrib contain prisms or microsphenoidal crystals of calcium oxalate', others may contain cluster crystals similar to those found in the crystal layer of the lamina. (F) pollen grains are sub- spherical with three pores and an irregularly warted exine. 87 88 44  2024-08-02 89 Active constituents: Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, atropine, apoatropine and scopolamine (hyoscine). Uses: 1. Datura has long been used in treatment of asthma symptoms. The active anti-asthmatic agent is atropine, which causes paralysis of the pulmonary branches of the lungs, eliminating the spasms that cause the asthma attacks. 2. Scopolamine can be used to treat Parkinson's disease and it is effective in prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness. 90 45  2024-08-02 Cont. Uses 3. Atropine is used for preanaesthetic medication.(Atropine amp.) and in ophthalmic preparations (medriatic drug). 4. Hyoscyamine used in intestinal spasm (Buscoban tab, amp) Atropine and scopalamine are muscarinic antagonists which inhibit parasympathetic stimulation of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, GI tract, heart and eye (meaning decrease all body secretions) 91 Precautions and toxicity Datura should be avoided by patients with heart problems, glaucoma, enlarged prostate, urinary difficulties, fluid buildup in the lungs, or bowel obstructions. Datura intoxication typically produces delirium (as contrasted to hallucination); hyperthermia; tachycardia and severe mydriasis with resultant painful photophobia that can last several days. Pronounced amnesia (loss of memory) is another commonly reported effect The onset of symptoms generally occurs approximately 30 minutes to an hour after smoking the herb. These symptoms generally last from 24 to 48 hours, in some cases for 2 weeks 92 46  2024-08-02 Chemical Tests for Identification General test for Alkaloids: 0.1 g of powder is boiled with 5 ml of dil. Hydrochloric acid. The filterate gives a yellowish white precipitate with Mayer’s reagent Specific test for Solanaceous Alkaloids: Vitali‐Morin Colour Test: Alkaloid + fuming nitric acid and evapourate to dryness to give a yellow residue. Add a few drops of 3% alc. Soln. of KOH to give a bright violet colour which changes to red before fading 93 Hyosyamus Herb Common Names: Egyptian Hyoscyamus or Egyptian Henbane Botanical Origin: The dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus muticus Linne. Family Solanaceae 94 47  2024-08-02 Powder Fragments from both the upper and lower epidermises with polygonal cells, having sinuous anticlinal walls, covered with thick striated cuticle. Anisocytic stomata, non-glandular and glandular hairs either branched or unbranched are also observed. Fragments of slightly lignified pericyclic fibers. Fragments of lignified xylem vessels, wood parenchyma and wood fibers. Spherical pollen grains with pitted outer surface. Fragments of prisms and twin crystals. Fragments of broken hairs and calcium oxalate. 95 96 48  2024-08-02 97 98 49  2024-08-02 99 Active Constituents and Uses ▪ Contains 0.7‐1.5% of total alkaloids mostly Hyoscyamine. ▪ Other minor alkaloids include hyoscine 0.2%, apohyoscine, norhyoscine, atropine, noratropine and apoatropine. ▪ The drug has a parasympatholytic action. ▪ Used as an antispasmodic to relieve intestinal and biliary colic through the reduction of the tone and motility of GIT smooth muscle. Can be also used with purgatives to relieve their gripping effect. ▪ Used in cases of asthma for bronchodilation. ▪ Used as a cerebral and spinal sedative due to its hyoscine content 100 50  2024-08-02 HYOSCYAMUS NIGER It’s the dried leaves with or without flowering and fruiting tops of Hyoscyamus niger (Linn.), Family Solanaceae. Geographical sources: It’s indigenous to Europe, cultivated in England, Germany, Russia and Hungary. 101 Microscopical characters: The leaf: dorsiventral structure. Both surfaces show epidermal cells with wavy walls, anisocytic stomata and hairs. Glandular type with multicellular head of 2-6 cells or unicellular head on a uniseriate multicellular stalk and non-glandular type which is uniseriate multicellular. The mesophyll contains prisms and twin crystals. The main vascular bundle is surrounded by starchy endodermis and shows groups of intraxyllary phloem. The stem: A transverse section of the stem has a structure similar to Stramonium except the types of calcium oxalate. 102 51  2024-08-02 Powder Fragments from both the upper and lower epidermises are polygonal cells having sinuous walls covered with smooth cuticle, anisocytic stomata, glandular and non-glndular hairs are observed. Fragments of lignified xylem vessels, wood parenchyma and wood fibers. Fragments of prisms, twin crystals and few idioblasts. Fragments of slightly lignified pericyclic fibers. Parenchyma cells from the cortex and pith containing prisms and twin crystals. 103 104 52  2024-08-02 Active constituents ▪ The chief constituent of Henbane leaves is the alkaloid Hyoscyamine, together with smaller quantities of Atropine and Hyoscine, also known as Scopolamine. 105 Indications Hyoscyamus has narcotic and mydriatic properties. It is principally employed as a sedative in nervous affections and irritable conditions, such as asthma and whooping cough, used to relieve spasms in the urinary tract. used to relieve the griping caused by drastic purgatives. 106 53  2024-08-02 Toxicity Causes dry mouth, thirst, difficulty in swallowing and speaking, warm flushed skin, dilated pupils, blurred vision and photophobia, vomiting, urinary retention, tachycardia, pyrexia, drowsiness, slurred speech, hyperreflexia, confusion and disorientation, delirium. In severe cases there may be hypertension, coma and convulsions 107 BELLADONNA HERB Origin: The dried leaves and flowering tops of Atropa belladonna Linne, Fam. Solanaceae. Geographical sources: England, Canada, USA and India. 108 54  2024-08-02 Microscopical characters The leaf: the leaf is dorsiventral The epidermal cells of both surfaces have wavy walls, covered with striated cuticle, showing anisocytic stomata, carrying glandular and non-glandular hairs. The glandular type either of short stalk and multicellular glandular head or multicellular stalk and unicellular head. Non-glandular type of hairs is uniseriate multicellular of 2-4 cells. The mesophyll shows a layer of cells containing idioblasts under the palisade. 109 The stem: It is nearly circular in outline with outer epidermis covered with striated cuticle, with stomata and hairs as those of the leaves. The cortex consists of a narrow zone of an outer collenchyma followed by parenchyma containing idioblasts. The endodermis contains starch; the pericycle shows few groups of fibers. The phloem is narrow, xylem has a large reticulate, pitted vessels, wood parenchyma and abundant fibers. Perimedullary phloem is present in the periphery of the pith. The remaining of the pith consists of rounded parenchyma containing idioblasts with microsphenoidal crystals. 110 55  2024-08-02 Powder Fragments of the upper and lower epidermal cells of the leaf with sinuous walls, covered with striated cuticle showing anisocytic stomata, glandular and non-glandular hairs. Lignified xylem vessels, pitted and lignified wood fibers and wood parenchyma. Few lignified pericyclic fibers with wide lumen. Fragments of palisade tissue, cortical and pith parenchyma containing microsphenoidal crystals of calcium oxalate. Spherical pollen grains covered with warty cuticle. Fragments of broken hairs and idioblasts. 111 112 56  2024-08-02 Active constituents: About 0.3-0.6% alkaloids calculated as hyoscyamine, hyoscine. Volatile bases such as pyridine and N- methylpyrolidine. A fluorescent substance scopoletin. 113 Uses: As a sedative to respiratory nerves to relief spasmodic cough. Scopolamine is used as the hydrobromide salt for GI complaints, motion sickness, and to potentiate the analgesic and anxiolytic effects of opioid analgesics. N.b. anxiolytic :is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety and its related psychological and physical symptom Atropine sulphate is used as a mydriatic for eye examinations. It is also used as an antidote to organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. Hyoscyamine is used as the sulphate or hydrobromide for GI problems and Parkinson's disease. 114 57  2024-08-02 115 piperazine + colchicine+atropine+ sodium citrate 116 58  2024-08-02 Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide 117 UNOFFICIAL HERBS CANNABIS HERB- Indian Hemp ‫عشب الحشيش‬ Herba Cannabis Common Name: Indian Hemp, Ganjah, Hashish, Marijuana, Bhang Origin: The dried flowering and fruiting tops of the cultivated female plants of Cannabis sativa Linne. Var. Indica Family Cannabinaceae 118 59  2024-08-02 Products of Hemp: There are 4 types of narcotic cannabis products: Indian Hemp (Ganja) The resinous tops are cut and pressed into cakes by rolling between hands. formed of 10% fruits, large leaves and stems over 0.5mm in diameter; 20% or more of resin Hashish (Arabic variety) also known as Bhang formed of large leaves and twigs of both male and female plants it is used in India for smooking with or without tobacco and other drugs as Opium, Datura or prepared by mixing with melted butter. Churrus (South American variety) formed of the crude resin; 15% or less of resin Marijuana (North American variety) formed of the female inflorescence collected and dried; 6% or less of resin 119 Some Microscopic Key Elements of Cannabis Herb 120 60  2024-08-02 Active Constituents 15-20% resin, contains the major active euphoric principle 1-3,4-tetrahydrocannabinal -1THC''. Numerous, phenolic cannabinoids of varying euphoric activity e.g. cannabinol, cannabinal, tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabivarin and cannabidiverin. Steroids, amino acids and nitrogenous bases cannabinine, chloine and trigonelline and traces of volatile oil. Oxidase enzyme which appears to oxidise the cannabinoids causing gradual determination of the drug. 121 Action and Uses: Cerebral stimulant, analgesic, narcotic. Used as a sedative in migraine, neuralgia, hysteria, cramps of summer diarrhea, spasmodic cough and in preparations for intestinal disorders. Cannabis acts upon the central nervous system, especially the higher psychic centers producing mental excitement and exhilaration. In large doses, it produces delirium with hallucinations followed by sleep interrupted by dreams, marked weakness bad mental depression. 122 61  2024-08-02 Tests for identity and purity: Powdered cannabis + drops of HCl effervescence is produced, visible under the microscope, due to the calcium carbonate in the cystolith. Powder cannabis + petroleum-benzene, shake, filter. Filtrate + drops of NaOH shake + amyl alcohol, mix violet-pink to light violet- red or even deep violet-red colour is produced (Beams test). 123 Modified Beam’s test (Fahmy & El-Keiy): Extract the sample with ethanol, evaporate the alcohol, mix the extract with little sand, extract with pet. ether, transfer the extract to a separating funnel, wash successively with 5% Na2CO3, 5% H2SO4 then wash with water, decolorize with charcoal, evaporate the extract, add few drops of N/10 alc. KOH where a purple colour is obtained. Add a 15 % solution of gaseous hydrochloric acid in dehydrated alcohol to a light petroleum extract of the drug. A red colouration appears at the junction of the liquids add after shaking the upper layer becomes colourless and the lower acquires an orange-pink coloration which disappears on the addition of water. 124 62  2024-08-02 EPHEDRA HERB Source: It’s derived from Ephedra sinica Stapf., E. equisetina Bung., bothe indigenous to China; E. gerardiana Wall, indigenous to India, Family Gnetaceae. Geographical source: Indigenous in China. 125 Active constituents: The chief constituents are alkaloids L- ephedrine, d-pseudoephedrine (which is easily converted to ephedrine). Other alkaloids in small amounts as L-N- methylephedrine. The drug is richest in ephedrine in the autumn. Actions and uses: The action of ephedrine is similar to that of adrenaline but is more prolonged It’s administered by mouth or hypodermally 126 63  2024-08-02 Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine stimulate the brain, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels (increasing blood pressure), and expand bronchial tubes (making breathing easier). These compounds are sympathomimetics with stimulant and decongestant qualities and are related chemically to the amphetamines. Their thermogenic properties cause an increase in metabolism, evidenced by an increase in body heat. Ephedra used in treatment of asthma, hay fever, and the common cold. Ephedra is used as a diaphoretic to help expel exterior pathogens and regulate the proper functioning of the lungs. 127 Ephedra is widely used to enhances athletic performance Ephedra may also be used as a precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine. Adverse effects of ephedra: ▪ severe skin reactions, irritability, nervousness, dizziness, headache, insomnia, dehydration, itchy scalp and skin, vomiting, hyperthermia, irregular heartbeat, heart attack, stroke, or death. 128 64  2024-08-02 Vinca herb CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS Origin: The dried whole plant of Catharanthus roseus, formerly Vinca rosea L., F. Apocynaceae Geographical Source: indigenous in Madagascar, but now widely cultivated as an ornamental. It cultivated in South Africa, South America, U.S.A., Catharanthus_roseus_2 Europe and Egypt. 129 Active Constituents: 1. Alkaloids of indole type, the most important of them are: vinblastine, vincristine, vincrosidine and vincamine. Other alkaloids as alstonine, ajmalicine and serpentine. 2. The leaf contains volatile oil which contains sulfurous compounds in addition to organic acids. 3. Flavonoids and tannins. 130 65  2024-08-02  Uses: 1. Vinblastine is used mainly for treatment of neoplasma and Hodgkin’s disease. 2. Vincristine is used in treatment of leukemia in children. 3. Vincamine has a vasoregulatory action on cerebral circulation. 131 CYMBOPOGON HERB (HALF BAR) ‫الحلف بر‬ Natural sources: It’s obtained from the leaves and whole plant of Cymbopogon proximus Stapf., Family Graminae. Geographical sources: It’s widely distributed in Ceylon, Java, Florida, Central America and Tropical Africa. 132 66  2024-08-02 Active constituents: Volatile oils, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and flavonoids. Triterpene saponins. Uses: It has smooth muscle relaxant action, so used for treatment of renal colic and for removal of uretric calculus. Antispasmodic, Anti-hypertensive, bronchodilator, coronary vasodilator. 133 LEMON GRASS HERB ‫عشب حشيشة‬ ‫الليمون‬ It’s obtained from the leaves and whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf., Family Graminae. Geographical sources: Indigenous to Tanzania, Kenya and Madagascar and widely cultivated allover the world. 134 67  2024-08-02 Active constituents: 0.7% Volatile oil mainly citral, geranial, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and flavonoids Vol. Oils (citral, myrcene, linalol). Triterpenoidal saponins. Flavonoid glycoside. Minor alkaloid 135 Uses: Used as diaphoretic, stomachic, emmenagogue and in manufacturing of cosmetics. In folk medicine, to treat nervous diarrhea (sedative), fever. Diuretic, anti-emetic and anti-rheumatic. Recently used in soap manufacture as detergent. Oil as carminative. 136 68  2024-08-02 BROOM TOPS Source: the young green tops of Cytisus scoparius Fam. Leguminosae. Geographical source: Indigenous in Britain, West Europe, Poland, Hungary. 137 Active constituents: Volatile liquid alkaloid sparteine. Yellow crystalline flavone scoparin. Trace of liquid alkaloid gensiteine. Non volatile alkaloid sarothamnine. Uses: Heart tonic, diuretic in dropsy. 138 69  2024-08-02 SAVIN TOPS Source: the evergreen shrub of Juniperus sabina Fam. Leguminosae. Geographical source: Indigenous in South Europe. 139 Active constituents: volatile oils (sabinol, cadinene, pinene). tannins, resins. Uses: Fresh twigs used for the preparation of ointment of savin. Dried savin used in the preparation of tincture. Oil is powerful irritant and used to promote discharge from blisters. Internally, act as Emmenagogue, to procure abortion, sometimes with fatal dose. 140 70  2024-08-02 Thalophytae Thalophytae is subdivided into: I– Algae. II- Fungi. III- Lichenes. 141 FUCUS(WRACKS) ‫الفوكوس‬ Origin: The thallus obtained from Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus and Ascophyllum nodosum, Family Fucaceae. G. sources: Coasts of Britain, Scotland and Norway. 142 71  2024-08-02 143 Macroscopical characters: 1- They are small plants, olive- brown in colour. {brown algae} 2- It’s dichotomously branched. 3- The base is expanded to a disc, known as a haptron. 144 72  2024-08-02 F. vesiculosus known as bladder wrack because it bears ovoid vesicles, usually in pairs while F. serratus has a serrated margin. Ascophyllum nodosum is larger than Fucus. The drug has seaweed odour and saline, disagreable mucilagenous taste. 145 Active constituents: 1- Minerals, iodine (18.95 mg/100 g), bromine, chlorine, copper, iron, magnesium. 2- Polysaccharide sulphate (Mucilagenous substance ), alginic acid, algin and fucin. 146 73  2024-08-02 Uses: For treatment of the following: 1- Obesity. 2- Constipation. 3- Hypothyroidism (Source of iodine ). 4- Anorexia, neuritis, asthma and anemia. 5- Preparation of alginates (Na alginates used as emulsifying agent). 147 LAMINARIA (KELPS) ‫الالميناريا‬ Origin: The thallus obtained from Laminaria digitata & Laminaria saccharina, Family Laminariaceae. G. sources: Coasts of Britain, Scotland and Norway. 148 74  2024-08-02 Macroscopical characters: 1- The thallus is olive-green to brown in colour. 2- It has seaweed odour and saline mucilagenous taste. Active constituents: 1- Minerals. 2- Mucilagenous substance algin. 3- Polysaccharide laminarin in addition to iodine 149 Uses: 1- It’s used for preparation of alginates. 2- Used in tablet manufacturing. 3- Used to reduce obesity. 150 75  2024-08-02 CARRAGEEN (IRISH MOSS) ‫كنافة‬ ‫البحر‬ Origin: It’s the seeweeds obtained from Chondrus crispus, Family Gigartinaceae. G. sources: The Northern shores of the Atlantic Ocean, Coasts of Ireland and Scotland. 151 Macroscopical characters: 1- The thallus is short (5-10 cm long). 2- The branches are dichotomy, small ovoid swellings are present resulting from the formation of cystocarps. 3- The drug is yellowish-white translucent and horny with slight odour and mucilagenous salty taste. concentrated and cooled. 152 76  2024-08-02 Active constituents: 1- Proteins, 2- minerals (calcium, sodium and magnesium), Iodides, bromides, 2- Two pectinous substances, one extractable by cold water and not yielding a jelly when the solution is concentrated and cooled. 153 The other extractable by hot water and yielding a stiff jelly in 2% concentration. These substances by hydrolysis give galactose, glucose, fructose and arabinose. The mucilagenous material obtained from Irish moss was named carrageenin. 154 77  2024-08-02 Uses: 1- It has demulcent action, used in pulmonary complaints. 2- Used in case of chronic diarrhoea. 3- Used also for preparation of nutrient jelly and as tablet disintegrant. 155 ERGOT ‫االرجوت‬ Origin: It’s the dried sclerotium or resting stage of the fungus, Claviceps purpurea, Family Claviciptiaceae developed on the ovary of the rye plant, Secale cereale, Family Graminae. G. sources: Spain, Portugal, Poland, Russia and Hungary. 156 78  2024-08-02 Life cycle (History): 1- Ergot has two distinct periods in its life cycle, an active and a resting stage. 2- During the resting stage it forms compact mycelium or scleroteum. 3- The scleroteum germinate in spring giving stromata that swells into spherical head containing flask-shaped cavities (perithecia) containing ascospores 157 – 4- The ascospores carried by the wind to the ovaries of the rye flowers, where the hyphae penetrate the ovary wall and grow until it becomes enlarged, hardened to form the “sclerotium”. 158 79  2024-08-02 Active constituents: 1- Six isomeric pairs of alkaloids (derivatives of lysergic or isolysergic acids): A- Water soluble: ergometrine & ergometrinine. B- Water insoluble: ergotamine & ergotaminine and ergosine & ergosinine as well as ergotoxine group. N.B.: Ergotoxine is a mixture of ergokryptine, ergocornine and ergocristine and their corresponding isomers. 1- It contains number of bases and amino acids as tyramine, histamine, betaine and acetylcholine. 2- A red colouring matter “scleroerythrin” and a yellow one “secalonic acid”. 3- Fixed oil or fat and ergosterol. 159 (Van Urk test for ergotoxine group): Moist powdered Ergot with Na2CO3 solution, extract with chloroform, add p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (in H2SO4 containing 1-5 ml of FeCl3). The acidic layer develops a deep blue colour within 3 minutes. 160 80  2024-08-02 Uses: 1- Ergometrine is used in labour to assist delivery. It has a direct stimulant action on the uterine muscle (an oxytocin-like effect). 2- It reduces post-partum haemorrhage. 3- Ergotamine is effective in migrain (in combination with caffeine). 4- Lysergic acid is used in preparation of L.S.D (lysergic acid diethylamide) which has a hallucinogenic effect. 161 YEAST ‫الخميرة‬ Origin: The unicellular fungus Saccharomyces siccum, Family Saccharomycetaceae. 162 81  2024-08-02 1- About 13% proteins, 0.27% oil. 2-Enzymes as zymase, invertase, maltase. 3- Glycogen, fat, ergosterol and zymosterol. 4- It’s an important and cheap source of vitamin B. 163 Uses: The chief use of yeast is as a source of vitamin B. Dried yeast is used in many dietetic preparations. Dried yeast of dead cells is used in making tablets in Pharmaceutical industry. 164 82  2024-08-02 3- Antibiotic Producing Fungi (PENICILLIUM) ‫فطر البنسليوم‬ Origin: It’s the mould fungi of Penicillium notatum and P. chrysogenum, Family Aspergillaceae. 165 Active constituents: An antibiotic principle named penicillin, it’s unstable acid, sodium and calcium salts of penicillin are prepared and used for i.m. administration. 166 83  2024-08-02 Uses: Penicillins are active against many pathogenic gram- positive bacteria, also used in controlling infections caused by some gram-negative bacteria. 167 The fungus Acremonium chrysogenum produces a group of the antibiotics called (cephalosprin). It has no allergic reactions like penicillin and chemical modification of the natural compound result in a spectrum of new antibiotics. 168 84  2024-08-02 The fungus Penicillium griseofulvin produces the antibiotic griseofulvin which is useful against fungal infections infecting skin, hair, toes and nails. 169 The fungus Fusidium coccidium produces the antibiotic fusidic acid which is a steroid like and is most effective to control penicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. 170 85  2024-08-02 MYCOTOXINS * They are secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi. * Aflatoxins are the most important mycotoxins, because they are: 171 1- Carcinogenic. 2- Mutagens, causing chromosomal aberrations. 3- Teratogens causing malformation in embryos. 4- They cause hemorrhage, necrosis of the liver as well as kidney lesions. 172 86  2024-08-02 Food stuffs affected by fungi are ground nuts, rice, maize, wheat, coconut, seeds, milk and cheese (due to bad storage conditions). 173 MUSHROOM ‫عش الغراب‬  Some Amanita species are edible as A. rubescence. * Others are poisonous such as: A. phalloides known as death cap, A. muscara known as fly Agaric because its extract is used for destruction of flies, also A. pantherina used for this purpose all belong to family Amantaceae. 174 87  2024-08-02 They contain cyclopeptides, amatoxins and phallotoxins which are toxic agents. Other species cause hallucination and psychic symptoms. 175 Lichens CETRARIA (ICELAND MOSS) ‫حزازة أيسلندة‬ Origin: It’s the lichen of Cetraria islandica, Family Parmeliaceae. G. sources: Grows on the mountains of central Europe. 176 88  2024-08-02 Active constituents: 1- Up to 50% mucilage. 2- Bitter substances, lichen acids. 3-Two complex carbohydrate substances lichenin and isolichenin. 177 Uses: 1- Iceland moss is used as a bitter stomachic and tonic. 2- It yields a demulcent and nutrient jelly. 3- It’s used to mask the taste of nauseous medicins. 178 89