BIOL 2303 General Botany Lecture Chapter 1 & 2 PDF

BIOL 2303 General Botany Lecture Chapter 1 & 2 What is Plant Biology & The Nature of Life © McGraw Hill 1  Because learni...

BIOL 2303 General Botany Lecture Chapter 1 & 2 What is Plant Biology & The Nature of Life © McGraw Hill 1  Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 1 What is Plant Biology? FIFTEENTH EDITION James E. Bidlack, Shelly H. Jansky © 2021 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill.  Outline Introduction to Plant Biology The Relationship of Humans to Their Environment Who Needs Plants? Human and Animal Dependence on Plants Botany as a Science Hypotheses driven © McGraw Hill 3  Introduction to Plant Biology Plant life constitutes more than 98% of the total biomass of the earth. Photosynthesis, plants utilize energy from the sun to convert CO2 and H2O into glucose. This provides nutrients for other living things. One way flow of energy Cycling of nutrients Photosynthesis also releases oxygen. It is estimated that without plants, the oxygen on earth would be gone in 11 years. © McGraw Hill 4  Concerns About Changing Environments Tropical rainforests once covered 14% of the earth’s land surface, now they cover 6%. Think about the balance of nature – cycles – carbon cycle Human activities such as agriculture, cattle ranching, and mining have caused loss of rainforest land. Rainforests are home to 50% of all species (not just plants). Destroying rainforest destroys species. Destroying other species seriously jeopardizes our survival © McGraw Hill 5  The Importance of Plants In addition to the oxygen and nutrients provided by photosynthesis, plants also provide 90% of the world’s food Important medicinal drugs and narcotic drugs Medicinal drugs save lives Some opioid drugs are derived from the opium poppy © McGraw Hill © mafoto/ Getty Images 6  Plants As Consumers Carnivorous plants consume small animals. Animals provide nutrients but not calories © McGraw Hill © 2009 Pia Liikala/Getty Images 7  Redwood Trees in California May reach heights of 90 meters – about 300 feet 30 stories Expend little energy for transport of water from the ground to upper leaves – HOW?!? Utilize the sun’s energy for water transport – transportational lift – yay photosynthesis, again © McGraw Hill © mark52/123RF.com 8  Some Questions That Are Addressed Here Why do plants produce oxygen as a byproduct? Is there a scientific basis for climate change claims? Why do plants produce beneficial and harmful compounds? How are scientists investigating compounds produced by plants? How have plants adapted to grow in extreme environments? What are the limits and costs of these adaptations? Could the study of these adaptations allow crops to be grown in marginal areas? How do plants harness energy from the sun? © McGraw Hill 9  The Relationship of Humans to Their Environment Estimates of human population size: 20 million in 6000 B.C. 500 million in 1750 1 billion in 1850 2 billion in 1920 7 billion in 2011 7.6 billion in May 2018 8 billion in 2022 8.5 billion in 2030 (conservatively) (current is between 8.2 and 8.3 billion) 10.4 billion by 2100 (conservatively) © McGraw Hill 10  Human Impacts on the Environment Drained wetlands Cleared natural vegetation Dumped wastes and pollution Used pesticides and herbicides © McGraw Hill 11  Ways That Humans Can Reduce Their Environmental Impact Change agricultural practices Render pollutants harmless Recycle Replace pesticides with biological pest controls Conserve water and energy Preserve habitats and species © McGraw Hill 12  Human and Animal Dependence on Plants Plants convert the sun’s energy into energy that is usable to plants and to animals. -all chemical bond energy – yay again photosynthesis In the process, plants produce oxygen and remove carbon dioxide in the air we breathe. Can you think of food or beverages that do not come from plants (directly or indirectly)? © McGraw Hill 13  Plant Products In Human Society Food Directly by consumption of plant material Indirectly by consuming animals that relay on plants Perfumes Dyes, adhesives, food stabilizers © McGraw Hill Top: © profotokris/123RF.com; Bottom: © foodandmore/123RF.com 14  Other Plant Products in Human Society Beverages Lumber Paper Coffee © McGraw Hill © Alexander Mazurkevich/Shutterstock 15  More Plant Products Plants are the sources of multiple products of human society: Clothing Medicines Coal and oil Alternate energy sources © McGraw Hill Top: Courtesy of Derrick Oosterhuis; Bottom: © Kingsley Stern 16  Plants and the Future Plants are needed for food, clothing, and shelter for the expanding human population. Plants may also be used to remove pollutants from the environment. Plant habitat destruction must be minimized. © McGraw Hill © papulov74/123RF.com 17  Botany as a Science Botany is the study of plants. At first, interest in plants was practical. Centered around the production of food, fibers, fuel, and medicine Eventually, an intellectual interest arose. Led to plant study becoming a science © McGraw Hill 18  The Scientific Method The scientific method involves Asking a question Formulating a hypothesis Conducting experiments Developing a theory © McGraw Hill 19  Hypotheses The scientific method describes the procedures of developing and testing hypotheses. Hypothesis - Tentative, unproven explanation of an observation © McGraw Hill 20  Experimentation An experiment is a test to determine if a hypothesis is correct. Must be repeatable Variables - Aspects of the experiment that can be changed or held constant A scientific experiment is carried out with a control group and an experimental group Experimental group receives the experimental treatment Control group is the same as the experimental group, except it does not receive the experimental treatment. © McGraw Hill 21  Data Analysis Data: the accumulated results from the experiment. Data analysis may lead to the formulation of a principle or theory. Principle - Useful generalization derived from experimental data Theory - Grouping of related principles © McGraw Hill 22  Diversification of Plant Study (Botanical Disciplines) Plant Anatomy Internal structure of plants Plant Physiology Plant function Plant Taxonomy Describing, naming and classifying plants Plant Systematics Cross-section of Developing methods for Magnolia wood classifying and naming plants © McGraw Hill © STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/SPL/Getty Images 23  Botanical Disciplines Plant Geography Plant distributions Plant Ecology Interaction between plants and their environments Plant Morphology Form and structure of plants © McGraw Hill © OMeidl/Getty Images 24  Additional Botanical Disciplines Genetics Science of Heredity Potential development of better agricultural, medicinal, and other useful plants Genetic engineering Transfer of genes between organisms Genomics Focuses on genes and their functions Bioinformatics Combines biology, statistics, and computer sciences Used to analyze DNA and RNA © McGraw Hill 25  More Botanical Disciplines Cell Biology Cell structure and function Economic Botany and Ethnobotany Practical uses of plants and plant products Particularly the use by people Still vast amounts of botanical information yet to be discovered © McGraw Hill 26 Because learning changes everything. ® www.mheducation.com © 2021 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill.