Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which substances are mentioned as components found alongside cannabinoids?
Which substances are mentioned as components found alongside cannabinoids?
What type of enzyme is described as oxidizing cannabinoids?
What type of enzyme is described as oxidizing cannabinoids?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a compound alongside cannabinoids?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a compound alongside cannabinoids?
What is the primary function of the oxidase enzyme related to cannabinoids?
What is the primary function of the oxidase enzyme related to cannabinoids?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compound mentioned is primarily associated with a volatile oil?
Which compound mentioned is primarily associated with a volatile oil?
Signup and view all the answers
What action does the herb possess that helps in treating urinary issues?
What action does the herb possess that helps in treating urinary issues?
Signup and view all the answers
Which chemical test indicates the presence of volatile oils in Mentha?
Which chemical test indicates the presence of volatile oils in Mentha?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the general duration of symptoms mentioned?
What is the general duration of symptoms mentioned?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary therapeutic use of the herb mentioned in the content?
What is a primary therapeutic use of the herb mentioned in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary procedure in the general test for Alkaloids?
What is the primary procedure in the general test for Alkaloids?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement is true about the special chemical test for Thyme?
Which statement is true about the special chemical test for Thyme?
Signup and view all the answers
Which quantity of powder is used in the chemical test for Alkaloids?
Which quantity of powder is used in the chemical test for Alkaloids?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the chemical tests mentioned?
What is the purpose of the chemical tests mentioned?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following properties is NOT associated with the herb?
Which of the following properties is NOT associated with the herb?
Signup and view all the answers
In addition to Alkaloids, which other compounds might be tested using similar chemical procedures?
In addition to Alkaloids, which other compounds might be tested using similar chemical procedures?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Herbs
- Herbs are drugs composed of the tender parts of the plant axis that enclose the leaves, flowers, and fruits (aerial parts).
- Kinds of herbs:
- Annual (monocarpic): Plants that live for one season or one year and die after producing flowers, fruits, and seeds. No reserve food materials are stored in the root. Example: Umbelliferae.
- Biennial (monocarpic): Plants that live for two seasons but not more than two years. Reserve food materials are stored in the root or stem for the next season to renew the plant. Example: Digitalis and Sugar beet.
- Perennial (polycarpic): Plants that live for more than two years or indefinitely. These plants produce flowers, fruits, every year and survive from year to year. Example: Citrus.
Kinds of Stems
- Herbaceous
- Succulent
- Woody
- Suffruticose
- Fruticose
- Culm
- Creeping
- Runner
- Sucker
- Climbing
- Twining
Shape of stems
- Cylindrical
- Angular
- Triangular
- Tetragonal
- Pentagonal
- Flattened
- Winged
Structure of Plant Stem
- Epidermis: Outermost layer of cells.
- Cortex: Layer of cells beneath the epidermis.
- Endodermis: Innermost layer of the cortex.
- Pericycle: Layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue.
- Stele: Central core of the stem, including the vascular tissue.
- Pith: The central part of the stele, often composed of parenchyma cells.
Types of Steles
- Protostele: A central xylem surrounded by phloem, followed by pericycle and endodermis. No pith is present.
- Siphnostele: Similar to a protostele but with a central pith.
- Ectophloic: Phloem only outside xylem.
- Amphiphloic: Phloem occurs outside and inside the xylem.
- Solenostele: Similar to amphiphloic siphonstele with an external endodermis and another bordering the pith.
- Dictyostele (polystele): Solenostele dissected by leaf gaps to form separate protostelas termed meristelas. Example: Filix mas
- Dissected Siponostele: Siphonstele broken into a ring of separate vascular strands composed of xylem and phloem.
- Atactostele: A complex stele consisting of dispersed vascular strands. Example: Monocot stems.
Types of Vascular Bundles
- Collateral: Xylem and phloem are on the same radius; cambium in between.
- Bicollateral: Xylem is between two patches of phloem, all lying in the same radius.
- Vaso-concentric: Xylem in the center surrounded by phloem with no cambium.
- Amphivasal: Phloem in the center surrounded by xylem with no cambium.
- Radial: Made of alternating masses of xylem and phloem.
Structure of Plant
- Epidermis: A single layer of elongated cells carrying stomata and hairs.
- Primary Cortex: Narrow in dicots and absent in monocots. Consists of outer hypodermis (collenchyma or collenchyma+parenchyma), middle cortex (parenchyma, sclerenchyma, secretory ducts, or glands), and endodermis (innermost layer). Endodermis differs from the cortex in thickening, shape, or content.
- Pericycle: Inner layer of the cortex, a single continuous layer without intercellular spaces.
- Stele: Central core of the plant, including the vascular tissues within the endodermis.
Lobelia Herb – Indian Tobacco
- Common names: Lobelia, Asthma weed, Indian Tobacco
- Origin: The dried aerial parts of Lobelia inflata Linné.
- Family: Campanulaceae
- Geographical source: North America, Canada and India
- Active Constituents: Lobeline, Lobelanidine, Isolobelanidine, lobelanine, essential oil, neutral crystalline principle, inflatin and lobelic acid. Waxy and resinous matters, vitamins A and C, and manganese.
- Chemical test: 0.5 g of powdered Lobelia herb is extracted with acidulated water, filtered, and Mayer's reagent is added to the filtrate to observe a whitish turbidity.
- Uses: Used as a substitute to tobacco, to quit smoking and as an herbal remedy for tobacco withdrawal, bronchitis, and coughs. Also stimulates the respiratory centre and is used as a bronchodilator. It acts as an expectorant and diaphoretic.
Toxicity of Lobelia Herb
- Daily doses of Lobelia inflata should not exceed 20g.
- High doses can cause nausea, vomiting, convulsions, and collapse.
Other Herb Information
- Peppermint: Dried above-ground parts of Mentha piperita (Linn.) Var. vulgaris, Family Labiatae.
- Thyme Herb: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Thymus vulgaris (Linn.), Family Labiatae.
- Datura Stramonium: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Datura stramonium (Linn.), Family Solanaceae.
- Hyoscyamus Herb: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus muticus (Linn.), Family Solanaceae.
- Cannabis Herb: Dried flowering and fruiting tops of Cannabis sativa L. Var. Indica, Family Cannabinacaea.
- Ephedra Herb: Derived from Ephedra sinica Stapf, E. equisetina Bung, Family Gnetaceae.
- Vinca Herb: Dried whole plant of Catharanthus roseus (formerly Vinca rosea L.), Family Apocynaceae.
- Cymbopogon Herb: Leaves and whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf, Family Graminae.
- Lemon Grass Herb: Leaves and whole plant of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf, Family Graminae.
- Broom Tops: Young green tops of Cytisus scoparius, Family Leguminosae.
- Savin Tops: Evergreen shrub of Juniperus sabina, Family Leguminosae.
- Fucus (wracks): Thallus obtained from Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus, and Ascophyllum nodosum, Family Fucaceae.
- Laminaria (kelps): Thallus obtained from Laminaria digitata & Laminaria saccharina, Family Laminariaceae.
- Carrageen (Irish moss): Seaweeds from Chondrus crispus, Family Gigartinaceae.
- Ergot: Dried sclerotium or resting stage of Claviceps purpurea, Family Clavicipitaceae, developed on the ovary of the rye plant.
- Yeast: Unicellular fungus Saccharomyces siccum, Family Saccharomycetaceae.
- Antibiotic Producing Fungi: Mould fungi of Penicillium notatum and P. chrysogenum, Family Aspergillaceae.
- Mycotoxins: Secondary metabolites of fungi, especially aflatoxins. Some harmful compounds in food stuffs. Mushroom, edible and some poisonous, from Amanita species. A. rubescence and A. phalloides. Lichen.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on cannabinoids and the various compounds associated with them. This quiz covers enzymes, therapeutic uses, and specific chemical tests related to herbs. Perfect for students exploring the intersection of chemistry and herbal medicine.