Botany & Medicinal Plants PDF

Dr. Suzan Botany Botany & Medicinal plants Botany → study of morphology and histology of plant ‫علم دراسة الشكل الظاهري و األنسجة الداخلية للنبات‬ Medicinal plants → Plants that contain active...

Dr. Suzan Botany Botany & Medicinal plants Botany → study of morphology and histology of plant ‫علم دراسة الشكل الظاهري و األنسجة الداخلية للنبات‬ Medicinal plants → Plants that contain active constituents or chemical substances used for curing or prevention of disease. ‫النباتات التي تحتوي على مواد فعالة أو مواد كيميائية تستخدم في العالج أو الوقاية من المرض‬ # Photosynthesis process ‫ عملية البناء الضوئي‬:- Green leaves (contain Chlorophyll ) + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy from sunlight → 6 O2 + Glucose * Glucoses units are united with each others to form starch [ Food material ] # Kinds of plants :- Herb ‫( عشب‬Small, delicate - Shrub ‫ ( شجيرة‬short & brown in - Tree ‫ ( شجرة‬Tallest , brown in and green in color ) color, between herb and tree ) color ) # Morphology of plants ‫ الشكل الخارجي للنبات‬:- Shoot system Root system Over the ground (above the soil ) ‫ما فوق االرض‬ Under the ground ‫ما تحت االرض‬ Stem, branches, leaves, fruits, flowers, …. etc Root, rhizomes Usually green in color Not green in color 1 Dr. Radwa Rashwan  Dr. Suzan Botany Root * Root is formed from the radical of the embryo of the seed ( Under the soil ) ) ‫يتشكل الجذر من الجذير ( جزء من الجنين داخل البذرة‬ # Function of the root :- 1- Fixation of the plant in the soil. ‫تثبيت النبات في التربة‬ 2- Absorption of water and solutes (fertilizers) to conduct them to upper part through Xylem ‫امتصاص الماء و المواد الغذائية(المخصبات) لتوصيلها الى االجزاء العلوية من النبات عن طريق الخشب‬ 3- Storage of excess food materials as Starch [ root is a storage organ ] Compare between Xylem and Phloem [ Conducting elements ] :- Xylem ‫الخشب‬ Phloem ‫اللحاء‬ Conduction of water and solutes from the root Conduction of food material from the leaf to the to upper part of plant ( or to the leaf ) other parts of plants ‫توصيل الماء و المواد الغذائية من التربة الى االجزاء العلوية‬ ‫توصيل الغذاء المتكون في الورقة منها الى باقي أجزاء النبات‬ ‫من النبات‬ Stem * Is the main axis ( elongated axis ‫ ) محور طولي‬of the plant, usually green in color * Separated into Nodes )‫ (عقد‬and Internodes )‫(سالميات‬ ( internode is the distance between two nodes ) # Functions of the Stem :- 1- Carry other plant organs [ leaf, branches, flower, fruit, … etc ] ‫يحمل معظم أجزاء النبات‬ 2- Exposure the other parts to air and sun ‫يعرض أجزاء النبات للهواء و أشعة الشمس‬ 3- Conduction of water and solutes from root to upper parts through Xylem 4- Conduction of photosynthetic materials from leaves to other parts of plants through Phloem ‫ فيقوم بتوصيل الماء من التربة الى خاصة األوراق للقيام بعملية البناء الضوئي عن طريق الخشب‬, ‫يحتوي على الخشب و اللحاء‬ ‫ و توصيل المواد الغذائية المكونة في األوراق الى باقي أجزاء النبات عن طريق اللحاء‬, 2 Dr. Radwa Rashwan  Dr. Suzan Botany # Kinds of Stem :- 1- Herbaceous Green in color, delicate & easily broken ( rarely brown in special cases ) 2- Shrub or Tree Brown in color due to secondary thickening ‫التغليظ الثانوي‬ # Types of Stem :- 1) Erect Stem ‫قائم‬ Strengthen with supporting tissue 2) Weak Stem ‫ضعيف‬ Cannot grow upwards→ Running on the soil or twisting on another plants. 3) Stem may be modified or under the soil which is called subterranean stem # Types of elongation ( modes of branching ) :- Monopodial branching ‫تفرع صادق‬ Sympodial branching ‫تفرع كاذب‬ Growth from terminal or central bud Growth from lateral bud only, while the apical or central bud converted into organ or arrested by disease # Histology of the Stem :- ‫ [ التركيب الداخلي‬in young stem , before thickening ‫] قبل التغليظ‬ A- Dicotyledon Stem ‫ذات الفلقتين‬ B- Monocotyledon Stem ‫ذات الفلقة الواحدة‬ In Transverse section ( T.S ) of the In Transverse section ( T.S ) of the stem stem contain :- ‫في قطاع عرضي للساق‬ contain :- 1- Epidermis )‫(بشرة‬ 1- Epidermis 2- Cortex )‫ (قشرة‬:- 2- Ground tissue or cortical tissues a) Outer cortex [ hypoderm ] ‫القشرة الخارجية‬ 3- Vascular bundles ‫حزمة وعائية‬ b) Middle cortex ‫المسافة بين الخارجية و الداخلية‬ ( Not regular in arrangement ) c) Inner cortex [ endoderm ] ‫القشرة الداخلية‬ 3- Stele ‫االسطوانة الوعائية‬ 3 Dr. Radwa Rashwan  Dr. Suzan Botany N.B ‫ مالحظات هامة‬:- ^^ Epiderm → is mostly one layer, and covered with Cutin (or cuticum ) for protection ‫عادة تكون البشرة خلية واحدة و مغطاه بمادة الكيوتين للحماية‬ ^^ Epiderm → Contain hairs or trichomes [ for more protection ] and contain Stomata [ for gas exchange ] ‫ و تحتوي على ثغور ( مثل مسام الجلد ) لكي يحدث تبادل للغازات بين غاز االكسجين و ثاني‬, ‫تحتوي على شعيرات للحماية ايضا‬ ‫اكسيد الكربون‬ ^^ Endoderm → or inner cortex is always one layer, but middle cortex is large & several layers. The Secondary thickening ‫التغليظ الثانوي‬ * The secondary thickening in dicotyledon is formed using cells that can divided to another cells [ myristematic cells ] → called Cambium There are two types of cambium :- Intra-fascicular cambium )‫(داخل الحزمة‬ Inter-fascicular cambium ) ‫( بين الحزمتين‬ * between the xylem & phloem inside the vascular * between vascular bundles bundle ‫يوجد بين الخشب و اللحاء في نفس الحزمة الوعائية‬ ‫يوجد بين الحزم الوعائية نفسها‬ - a cell that can divided to outer cell & inner cell:- ** Outer cell like the phloem cell (2ry phloem ) - If it not present, it will be grooves in stem ** Inner cell like the xylem cell ( 2ry xylem ) and then it will be easily broken ‫خلية تنقسم و تعطي خلية للخارج تشبه خلية اللحاء و خلية للداخل‬ ‫تشبه خلية الخشب‬ Intra-fascicular cambium & inter-fascicular cambium are connected to each other and form vascular cambium as continuous ring - AT THE SAME TIME :- due to secondary thickening, the epidermis may rupture , SO, the outer cortex become merestimatic cells ( converted to cork cambium ) → that will be divided to inner cell ( secondary cortex ) and outer cell ( like the epiderm ) → So the epiderm converted from single layer to several layers called Cork ‫ ( فليين‬that form the dark color of the shrub or tree ). ‫ خاليا البريسيكل ت ُدفع للخارج و من ثم خاليا القشرة ت ُدفع للخارج و هذا سوف يمزق‬, ‫ نتيجة تكوين لحاء و خشب جديد‬, ‫بسبب التغليظ الثانوي‬ ‫ تتحول خاليا القشرة الخارجية الى خاليا مرستيمية لها القدرة على االنقسام الى خلية داخليا ً و‬,‫ و لذلك في نفس توقيت التغليظ الثانوي‬, ‫البشرة‬. ‫ و بذلك تتحول البشرة من طبقة تتكون من خلية واحدة الى عدة طبقات تسمى الفليين‬, ‫خلية خارجية تشبه البشرة‬ 4 Dr. Radwa Rashwan  Dr. Suzan Botany Stele :- ‫االسطوانة الوعائية‬ ** Definition → Stele is all the tissues present inside the endoderm ** In dicotyledons, Stele is regular arrangement and composed of :- a- Pericycle → The outer layer of the stele, may consists of parenchyma ‫خاليا بارانشيمية‬ or sclerenchyma ‫ اسكلرنشيمية‬or collenchymas ‫ كولنشيمية‬cells b- Vascular bundle ‫ → الحزمة الوعائية‬composed of Xylem ‫ الخشب‬and Phloem ‫ اللحاء‬. ( xylem & phloem only in Monocot., BUT Xylem, phloem & cambium in Dicot. ) c- Pith ‫ → النخاع‬Consists mainly from Parenchyma cells. Types of Stele ‫ أنواع االسطوانة الوعائية‬:- 1) Protostele * All structures are circles * No Pith ‫ال يوجد نخاع‬ * Type of V.B → Vasocentric concentric V.B 2) Siphanostele * Contain empty ring inside → called Pith * But it's 2 types :- a- Ectophloic b- Amphiphloic One phloem & one Two phloem & one xylem xylem 3) Solanostele * Similar to Amphipholic * but contain line similar to endoderm around pith -: ‫يعني ترتيب الطبقات‬ Endoderm – Pericycle – outer phloem – Xylem – Inner phloem – Inner endoderm – Pith 4) Dictystele * Considered dissected Protostele ‫زى أول نوع بس متكسر‬ * Numerous Vasocentric concentric V.B * No Pith 5) Dissected * Batches of phloem and xylem ( arch shape ‫) قوس‬ * and Pith in center Siphanostele 5 Dr. Radwa Rashwan  Dr. Suzan Botany Types of Vascular bundle :- 1- Collateral :- - Single batch of phloem and xylem on the same axis (on the same line) ‫الخشب و اللحاء على نفس القطر‬ - It is 2 types :- a] Open collateral V.B B] Closed collateral V.B # Contain Cambium between * No Cambium xylem and phloem * No secondary thickening # make secondary thickening N.B :- ‫ملحوظة هامة‬ ## in Dicot. Contain Open V.B → so secondary thickening occurred due to presence of cambium ##. But Monocot. thickened by formation of new V.B → As it mostly contain closed V.B. ## thickening in monocot. is occurred by formation of new V.B scattered and crowded near the peripheral. ( so V.B are irregular arrangement in monocot. ) , ‫التغليظ الثانوي يحدث نادراً في ذات الفلقة الواحدة و ذلك النها تحتوي غالبا ً على نوع الحزمة الوعائية الذي ال يحتوي على كامبيوم‬.‫و لذلك النمو يحدث فيها عن طريق تكوين حزم وعائية جديدة وليس تغليظ للموجود بالفعل‬ 2- Biocollateral :- - As Collateral but contain TWO phloem ( outer & inner ) and xylem in between 3- Concentric :- - Means ring structures ( NOT is the same axis ) - It's 2 types :- Vasocentric concentric vascular bundle Amphivasal concentric vascular bundle Xylem in center & phloem outside Phloem in center & xylem outside 4- Radial :- - Specific for root ( present mainly in root ) ‫منتشر أكثر في الجذر‬ - Contain phloem on axis and xylem on another axis ( alternating to each others ) 6 Dr. Radwa Rashwan  Dr. Suzan Botany Tissue types ‫أنواع األنسجة‬ Definition :- - Groups of cells have the same shape, structure, function and origination # Classification of plant tissues :- 1- Simple plant tissue → composed of one kind of cell only ‫تحتوي على نوع واحد من الخاليا‬ e.g. Parenchyma ‫ & برانشيمية‬Collenchyma ‫ كولنشيمية‬, Chlorechyma, Sclerenchyma ‫اسكلرنشيمية‬ 2- Complex (Compound) plant tissue → Made up of two or more kinds of cells (several types of tissues ) → e.g. Conducting element as Xylem ‫ الخشب‬and Phloem ‫اللحاء‬ A- Simple tissues ( Ground tissues ) Tissue 1- Parenchymatous tissue 2- Chlorenchymatous tissue Cell shape Round, Polyhedral ‫مضلعة‬, Oval ‫ بيضاوية‬, * Elongated → Palisade ‫النسيج العمادي‬ Elongated ‫طولية‬ * Rounded → Spongy ‫النسيج االسفنجي‬ Cell wall Thin primary cell wall, formed of cellulose Thin primary cell wall, formed of cellulose and hemicelluloses and hemicelluloses Spaces Have intercellular spaces ‫مسافات بينية‬ Have intercellular spaces ( well distinct spaces ‫) مسافات واضحة‬ Location In All plant organs. In Leaves Function Storage of food materials as starch, Photosynthesis process :- as it's parenchyma proteins, oils. containing chlorophyll. ( Production of food materials ) Drawing 7 Dr. Radwa Rashwan  Dr. Suzan Botany Tissue 3- Collenchymatous tissue 4- Sclerenchymatous tissue Cell shape Round or elongated -Elongated → Fibers ‫األلياف‬ -Round →Sclerides (stone cells) ‫الخاليا الحجرية‬ Cell wall Thick primary cell wall ( Non-lignified ), Rigid double wall ( regular thickening ) Thick secondary cell wall, Lignified Formed of cellulose and hemicelluloses ‫تحتوي على مادة اللجنين‬ [ Irregular thickening or uneven Tested by phloroglucinol+ conc.HCl →Red thickening ‫] تغليظ غير منتظم‬ Spaces No intercellular spaces No intercellular spaces Location -In outer cortex of stem ‫ القشرة الخارجية للساق‬- Mainly in vascular bundles. -In midrib of leaves ‫العرق الوسطي في األوراق‬ - little in cortex of stem, outer part of fruits & leaves - Absent in Monocotyledons. Function Supporting tissue in mechanical tissues. Highly Supporting tissue. ( because of thickening ) Drawing # Comparison between fibers & Sclerides [ Sclerenchymatous tissues ] :- 1) Fibers ‫األلياف‬ 2) Sclereids ( Stone cells ) ‫خاليا حجرية‬ * Elongated, has 2 ends ( 2 lateral sides ) * Short cells with irregular shape * Because of thickening → contain lumen * The cell lumen ‫ تجويف الخلية‬is small * Commonly occur in present in the epidermis ## According to their location :- of the seed, the cortex of the stem and in V.B - in Cortex → Extra-xylary fibers - in Vascular bundle → Xylary- fibers :- (Classified acc.to the thickness of the wall & amount of lumen ) 8 Dr. Radwa Rashwan  Dr. Suzan Botany A- Xylary fibers ‫األلياف الخشبية‬:- Libriform fibers Fibro-tracheids Septate fibers Substituted fibers * Longer than tracheids * Intermediate between * Have thin transverse * Contain reserve food * Have very thick wall tracheids and libriform wall across the cell material [ Storage ] * Have simple pits fibers. lumen (septa ) ‫تحتوي‬ * very narrow lumen ( Not thick as libriform, ) ‫جدران عرضية (تقسيمات‬ * Non-lignified, but * Resemble phloem but more thick than *Wide lumen cellulitic fibers ( extra-xylary ) tracheid ) * contain simple pits ( not bordered pits as trcheids ) ‫ أطول من القصيبات‬- ‫ جدارها سميك‬- B- Compound ( Complex ) tissues Conducting tissues - They consist of conducting elements ( xylem, phloem ), Parenchyma, Sclerenchyma 1- Xylem It conduct water and diet from the root to other parts of the plant It consists of :- # Vessels ‫ & األوعية‬Tracheids ‫ → القصيبات‬For water transportation # Wood fibers and sclerides → As Supporting tissue # Parenchyma cells → for storage of food material 9 Dr. Radwa Rashwan  Dr. Suzan Botany Vessels ‫االوعية‬ Tracheids ‫القصيبات‬ - subrectangular short cells ( more than one cells ) - Elongated cell, have 2 ends ( tapered ends - Have double cell wall ( outer & inner ) ‫) أطراف مدببة‬, have simple pits on wall [ The inner cell wall is thickened by different shapes ] - Have double cell wall ( outer & inner ) ‫الجدار الداخلى مغلظ بأشكال مختلفة‬ - They are imperforated cells - Perforated ‫ مثقوب‬in areas of contact with other vessel. - Tracheids Fused together to form Vertical ( fused together to form long continuous tube ) raw - the perforated part of the wall is called perforation plate Walls are completed dissolved in vessels & tracheids (to let the water not affected by the gravity) N.B :- Thickening in Sclerenchyma is between the two walls, but thickening in vessels is in the inner wall only. Types of vessels according to thickening of the inner walls 1- Annular ‫حلقى‬ 2- Spiral ‫حلزوني‬ 3- Reticulate ‫شبكي‬ 4- Scalriform ‫سلمي‬ 5- Pitted ‫مثقب‬ In forms of rings Spiral line of In the form of Has elliptical ‫عدسي‬ Thickened with interval thickening network. opening placed one numerous pits )‫(حلقات بينها مسافات‬ above the other (Simple or Borded) 2- Phloem * Conduct food material [ photosynthetic materials ] from the leaf to the other parts of plants * Consists of :- a) Sieve element → Sieve tube and sieve cell ‫االنابيب الغربالية و الخاليا الغربالية‬ b) Companion cells ‫ →خاليا مرافقة‬Parenchyma cells accompanying ‫ يرافق‬the sieve tube c) Phloem Parenchyma → for storage of food material d) Phloem fibers ( sclerenchyma ) → for supporting 1.Sieve cell : they are elongated with tapering ‫ مدبب‬ends 2.Sieve tube : they are more than one cells connected together by transverse walls that called sieve plates 10 Dr. Radwa Rashwan  Dr. Suzan Botany * If transverse walls is straight ‫ → مستقيم‬called Simple sieve plate * If transverse walls is Oblique ‫ → مائل‬called compound sieve plate ## NO complete dissolving in wall of phloem ( partially perforated ). ) ‫كورس د\ رضوى رشوان للنباتات الطبية ( البوتاني‬ -: ‫للحجز و االستعالم‬ 01100574583 \ 01118124388 )‫أ\ أحمد الجمال (واتساب أو إتصال‬ -: ‫و متوفر أيضا كورسات مواد‬ ‫ شادي شعبان‬.‫ د‬----- ‫* التحليلية‬ ‫ محمد عادل‬.‫ د‬----- ‫* الكيمياء العضوية‬ ‫ مكاوي‬.‫ د‬---- ‫* تشريح‬ ‫ سارة أشرف‬.‫ د‬---- ‫* فيزيكال‬ # Telegram group of us :- https://t.me/+akzkDEltuSBkMmE0 11 Dr. Radwa Rashwan