Instructional Design PDF

INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN BY: DR NORHAYATI MOHD YUSOF WHAT IS INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN A procedures that you need in designing your instructional materials: Analysing the learner needs Designing the content to fill the gap of...

INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN BY: DR NORHAYATI MOHD YUSOF WHAT IS INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN A procedures that you need in designing your instructional materials: Analysing the learner needs Designing the content to fill the gap of knowledge, skills, problem solving abilities Developing modules and lesson plans Implementing training or course using variety of technology and learning strategies Evaluating during and after instruction WHAT IS INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN In short: Instructional design is the process by which learning product and experiences are designed, developed and delivered. This learning products include : online courses, instructional manuals, video tutorials, learning simulations, etc. WHAT IS INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN Instructional designers are the “ architect of the learning experience and the “directors” of the Instructional System Design (ISD) process. The terms instructional design, instructional technology, learning experience (LX) design, curriculum design, and instructional systems design (ISD), are sometimes used interchangeably. Below are a few instructional design definitions from various sources: WHAT IS INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN A systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of the instruction It is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs. Which include: Development of instructional materials and activities Tryout and evaluation of all instruction and learner activities  BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED LEARNING 1. Know your learners. You must 1st have clear picture of those for whom the instruction is being created You have to gather all of your learners informations 2. State your objectives You have to state of what will be achieved as a result of the instruction you are designing. Performance objectives are objectives that specify what leaners will be able to do when the instructional event concludes  BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED LEARNING 2 State your objectives Another role of performance objectives os to ensure that the teaching and learning experiences includes a full range of cognitive level, from simple recall of facts to higher-end critical thinking Designing instruction that targets higher- order thinking skills is a much more complex task than asking your students to recall facts in the lower-order thinking  BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED LEARNING 3. Establish the learning environment Includes the space and facilities in which instruction occurs. Example classroom, learning space itself, the furniture and its arrangement, the teaching facilities are all essential element of the learning environment. 4. Identify Teaching and Learning Strategies At this point, you have high degree of awareness of your students and their needs, your instructional objectives are clear and stated in term of the desired students outcome & learning environment has been established. Now you have to decide on your teaching strategies. Its refer to the method you will use to assist your students in achieving the objectives Its teaching techniques and activities that you will require your students to engage in to master content. Combination and implementation of planned teaching & learning strategies is sometimes referred to as pedagogy  BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED LEARNING Pedagogy : principles and methods of instruction. Methods: actions and activities that teacher uses to communicate a concept Students centered Research projects Cooperative learning project Role playing Games etc Media: technologies that are used to facilitate the method Nonprojected visual media (poster, charts, bulletin boards, models) Projected visual(slides) Video media (broadcast, webcasts) Digital media (anything generated via computer technologies) etc  BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED LEARNING 5. Identify and select technologies You have to identify the types of technological tools you need and select Different technological tools have different uses, advantages and disadvantages 6. Summative evaluation and revision plan Yo u h a v e t o e v a l u a t e i t s effectiveness and to make appropriate revisions  DEFINITION FOR SELF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS DEFINITION OF S.I DEFINITION OF S.L.M SELF-INSTRUCTION SELF LEARNING MATERIAL 1. Method used by the Any learning resource teacher to provide or that can be used by a design instructional learner without the activities that guide presence of the of the the learner in teacher, this does not independently include learning from achieving the other learner objectives of learning 2. Allow learner to progress by themselves at their own pace ELEMENTS OF SELF-LEARNING MATERIALS SELF SELF SELF EXPLANATORY CONTAINED DIRECTED Materials are design in Materials are prepared Materials are design in a way that does not in a way that distance a way that provides require teacher to learner do not require necessary directions to explain additional materials to the learners to study learn the subject matter and progress The learning materials Using a variety of Content is written in supplies to them are techniques including the simple language and in detailed and self use of hints, notes, small chunks to help contained in nature graphics, and explicit distance learner directions on how to do, assimilate the content what to do, and what is The curriculum for expected of the learner by reading and working distance education is through the instruction open, where as f2f is The use of learning hidden in the syllabus objectives, guidance in introduction, and a Use of external source conversational style of Teacher is build in into such as audio recording writing text, instruction to the content do, and how to answer the materials self assessment ELEMENTS OF SELF-LEARNING MATERIALS SELF SELF MOTIVATING EVALUATING In distance learning, teacher Important for distance are role models and students learners to know how they are try to emulate their teachers, progressing in their studies, they create interest & curiosity because they are separated towards a subject from their teachers and peer group Teacher-learners must have two- Good learning materials way communication should arouse curiosity, interest, encourage the Self-learning materials should learner towards in-depth provide self-assessment questions study and critical thinking, and their personalised feedback to motivate them to question allow the students to evaluate and reflect on their own themselves and learn from their experiences and practices action (correct/ incorrect) and provide reinforcement on learning progress. Use in-text questions, self- assessment questions, unit-end exercise, reflective action-based Example: feedback on self activities and feedback all play assessment questions significant roles  BASIC PRINCIPLE OF INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN STUDENTS LEARN BEST WHEN STUDENTS LEARN EXISTING BEST WHEN STUDENTS STUDENTS KNOWLEDGE IS KNOWLEDGE IS ENGAGEMENT ENGAGEMENT ACTIVATED PRIOR DEMONSTRATING TO INTRODUCING FOR THEM NEW KNOWLEDGE STUDENTS LEARN STUDENTS LEARN BEST WHEN THEY BEST WHEN THAT ARE ABLE TO APPLY NEW KNOWLEDGE NEW KNOWLEDGE IS INTEGRATED IN ACTIVE INTO THE LEARNING TASK STUDENTS’ WORLD M. DAVID MERRIL’S FIRST PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUCTION  INSTRUCTIONAL THEORY When you examining the diagram, you can see how this theory theories influence the methods of instruction for a Methods: course. Methods: Lecture Lecture Drill and Practice Visual tools: mind maps, chart, etc to Rote learning facilitate memorization Multiple choice test This diagram is not mean to be an BEHAVIORISM COGNITIVISM Learning goes for learning Learner is passive: Multiple choice & implementation tool for course design, learns via external beyond external: is an internal process- essay assessment process i.e positive but an information source reinforcement short and long term memory 3 +1 theories in educational thought: CONSTRUCTIVISM CONNECTIVISM Methods: Methods behaviourism; the theory that helps us Discovery Learner builds on personal experience Learner is self directed via nodes Self-directed quest for understand how people conform to Collaborative group (internal), active & social in the learning (content source, people, groups) content work Sharing of content, predetermined standards, cognitivism, Scaffolding process withing network sources the theory that learning occurs through Self-guided learning based on personal Spontaneous learning groups mental associations, constructivism, experience Creates knowledge Peer grading/ review collaboratively the theory explores the value of human activity as a critical function of gaining knowledge, + connectivism, a learning theory that explains how internet technologies have created new opportunities for people to learn and share information across the world wide web and among themselves  INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODEL Is a tool, a framework to develop instructional materials. It helps instructional designers provide a structure and meaning to the learning material. It allows them visualise the training need and break down the process of designing training material into steps 3 famous instructional design model: ADDIE MODEL, ASSURE MODEL, GAGNE’S 9 EVENTS OF INSTRUCTION MODEL ADDIE MODEL ASSURE MODEL  Thank You [email protected]