SFFG 125 Part 1 Political Economy Development PDF

SFFG 125 Part 1 Political Economy Development Topic 1.2 Structures of Power DR. JUAN M. PULHIN and DR. ROSE JANE J. PERAS Dept. of Social Forestry and Forest Governance, CFNR-UPLB First Semester 2024-2025 Structures of Power Can be appreciated by analyzing three domains State Civil s...

SFFG 125 Part 1 Political Economy Development Topic 1.2 Structures of Power DR. JUAN M. PULHIN and DR. ROSE JANE J. PERAS Dept. of Social Forestry and Forest Governance, CFNR-UPLB First Semester 2024-2025 Structures of Power Can be appreciated by analyzing three domains State Civil society Market State Traditionally regarded as areas of land (or land and water) with relatively well defined, internationally recognized political boundaries Within this territory resides people with an independent political identity usually referred to as “nation state” 4 Structures of Power Theory of State Focuses on the State as a set of institutions for the protection and maintenance of the society Institutions includes the government, politics, the judiciary, armed forces, etc., and guarantee the reproduction of social relations in a way which is beyond the capability of any individual or single social group The theory of state is driven by a single profoundly important question: “Why is it necessary to constitute in society a separate agency called a state?” 5 Structures of Power Theory of State State apparatus The set of institutions and organizations through which state power is exercise: Political - the set of parties, elections, governments and constitutions; Legal - the mechanism which allows the peaceful mediation between conflicting social groups Repressive - the mechanisms of internal (intra-national) and external (international) enforcement of state power, including the civilian police and the armed forces 6 Structures of Power Theory of State State apparatus Production – the range of state-manufactured and state distributed goods and services Provision – where the state contracts with other agencies for the production and distribution of goods and services Treasury – fiscal and monetary arrangements for regulating internal and economic relations Health, education and welfare – basic services for the promotion of population well-being 7  Structures of Power Theory of State State apparatus Information – state-sponsored or state-controlled mechanisms for information dissemination (e.g. PIA) Communication and media – licensed and regulated but relatively autonomous information – dissemination channels including telecommunications and print Administration – designed to ensure the overall compatibility and operation of all the state apparatus Regulatory agencies – created to organize and extend state intervention into non-state activities including family and state relations (e.g. LTFRB) 8 Structures of Power Theories of State Which among the following statements do you believe the most? (Contreras, 2001) States are neutral institutions and work for the collective and common good of the people. States are institutions that serve the interests of the elites, particularly the capitalist class. States are institutions that are themselves a class with particular set of interests. 9  Structures of Power Theories of State Pluralist theory State is seen as an institution that serves the interest of the people, and therefore is a neutral aggregator of competing preferences Largely inspired by social contract theories – an image of citizenry that gave up individual freedom to be governed by states on the agreement (“contract”) that the states will protect their rights Outlines the sovereignty of the people as the ultimate source of state power (people retain right to change the government – democratic elections) People as the ultimate source of law – extra-constitutional means of changing corrupt and immoral government remain a prerogative of the people. 10 Structures of Power Theories of State Elitist theory State is seen as an instrument of the elite class Alternatively, if not a direct instrument, state is structured in such a way that it has a bias in favor of the elite class Exemplified by Marxist conception of the state – state seen as serving the interest of the capitalist class. 11 Structures of Power Theories of State Corporatist theory State viewed as another player in the society State assumes independent role and becomes a class itself competing with other groups in society Becomes independent of any class and has its own interest to pursue Exemplified by bureaucratic authoritarian state, or state which are governed by military juntas 12 Structures of Power State Main source of legitimacy – formal policies, laws, and regulations Not the sole authority for establishing order in the society Although the only institution in the society that can legitimately use violence, can declare war to its citizen, extract taxes, and kill with moral authority through death penalty 13 Structures of Power Civil Society A web of autonomous associations independent of state, bringing the community together in their pursuit of common interests (Korbonski, 1996) CS as a source of social consolidation by providing mechanism by which order is established Social life as a whole, or the aspect of human life which goes beyond the state and private interests and where people live and act together in everyday life (Coronel-Ferrer, 1997) 14  Structures of Power Civil Society Examples: NGOs, POs, religious institutions, academe, media, political and social movements and parties, and basic communities Includes organic and traditional institutions which foster collective action at the local level May be viewed as alternative to state, even as it influences the state in the manner of how citizens are produced and reproduced. Main source of legitimacy – customs and tradition 15 Structures of Power Economy Another domain for allocating entitlements through the logic of the market The domain of capital Follows the law of supply and demand Profit maximization is the main concern 16 Three-fold Upland Governance Set-up in the Philippines (Peralta, 2008) STATE DENR LGUs OGAs CIVIL PRIVATE SOCIETY SECTOR POs Producers NGOs and Consumer Culture, Traditions Sector and Practices Business Upland Community Sector with Related CBFM Activities a. STATE “For successful collective management, it is essential that the user group have security of access to and use of the resource. Effective local control, or joint control with the State, requires willingness and ability of government to legitimize and empower the local institutions and help enforce their rights.” As discussed by Arnold, J.E.M. (FAO Forestry Paper 136 reprinted in 1999), b. CIVIL SOCIETY CSOs Mediator, facilitator and service providers c. PRIVATE SECTOR Market Coordinating Mechanism “a major challenge for government and formal institutions is to be more welcoming and supportive of private sectors with appropriate safeguards to ensure the public interest is not compromised” World Development Report (2003)