TN-SCERT Class 11th Political Science (English) PDF

UNIT 6 Forms of Government 6.1 Introduction Think about the following statements The Government...

UNIT 6 Forms of Government 6.1 Introduction Think about the following statements The Government a. What comes to your mind when is the main agency of you hear the state. It comprises the term several members belonging to political and administrative wings. It serves as the Government? instrument for delegation and execution b. In what way of the state policies for the welfare of the you, your family people. It formulates expresses and realises or the citizen are connected with the will of the state. It exercises certain government? legislative, executive and judicial powers c. Can you identify the role of based on the constitution and the laws. government in your day to day There are three organs in government, life? namely – Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. These organs carry out the d. Do you think the government is activities of the state. Governments inevitable or citizen can survive are classified under Unitary, Federal, without the government? Parliamentary and Presidential forms. e. Can you differentiate the role of elected representatives and ORGANS OF GOVERNMENT appointed Bureaucrats role in the functioning of government? Legislature Executive Judiciary f. Identify some government departments and segregate into central government, state Leanpub Learning Objectives government and local government. Students will be able to g. Try to describe your own definition  define Government of Government ……….  understand the purpose of Government  describe different types of Quotable uote Government No man under takes a trade he has not  understand the relationship learned, even the meanest: At everyone between individual and thinks himself sufficiently qualified Government critical analyze the for the hardest of all trades, that of performance of the Government government. -Socrates 86 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 86 10-12-2021 18:21:50  CHECKS AND BALANCES (PRESIDENTIAL FORM) Executive Branch Checks on the Legislative Branch (President carries out laws) Can propose laws Checks on the Judicial Branch Can veto laws Appoints federal judges Can call special sessions of Congress Can grant pardons to federal Makes appointments offenders Negotiates foreign treaties Legislative Branch Checks on the Executive Branch Checks on the Judicial Branch (Congress makes laws) Can override President's veto Creates lower federal courts Confirms executive appointments Can impeach and remove judges Ratifies treaties Can propose amendments to overrule Can deciare war judicial decisions Appropriate money Approves appointments of federal Can impeach and remove President judges Judicial Branch (Supreme Court interprets laws) Checks on the Executive Branch Checks on the Legislative Branch Can declare executive actions Can declare acts of unconstitutional unconstitutional Approaches to the study of Government approach focuses on formal legal structure of political institutions. They helped to Studying governments from different develop certain theories which explain approaches help us to understand the relationship and interconnection government from its evolution to its between government and Law. Bentham performance in the contemporary times. is the distinguished legal reformer in The approaches to study the Government England Likewise Austin provided a legal are... base to sovereignty which is indivisible, 1. Comparative-Historical Approach inalienable and absolute. A.V.Dicey This approach studied the western judged the government on the basis of law political institutions from ancient to and its applicability to different branches modern times, this approach is descriptive of government. in nature, Aristotle, Montesque and 3. Political Economy Approach Locke adopted this approach to study and This approach deals with economic analyse governments in those days. For aspects of the government which gives instance before writing his monumental economic interpretation of politics work politics Aristotle studied 158 also deals with role of market, mode of constitutions. Montesque studied the production and delivering goods to the working of the British constitution and came to the conclusion that the stability society. This approach is classified into of British constitution was due to the liberal political economy and the Marxist adherence to the principle of separation political economy approach. of powers. 4. Political Sociology Approach 2. Legal-Institutional Approach Scholars like Bentham, Austin This approach derived its ideas from and Dicey adopted this approach, This sociology and anthropology also known as systems approach. Political sociology 87 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 87 10-12-2021 18:21:50  asserts that government or political system is a sub system of a larger social system. This approach examines the interaction between the larger and the sub systems. Early Montesque proposed a three- fold division of Government namely Republican, Monarchical and Despotic Monarchy is the oldest form of government government in the United Kingdom. Republican Government: “People possess In a monarchy, a king or queen is the the sovereign Power”. Head of State. The British monarchy is known as a constitutional monarchy. Monarchical Government: “Rule by one This means that, while The Sovereign single person and governed by fixed and is Head of State, the ability to make established laws”. and pass legislation resides with an Despotic government: “Rule by one elected Parliament. single person but there is no fixed rule for governance, everything conducted by his Criteria One: will. According to Montesque the survival Number of People having Power – of the government depends on “persistence One, Few, Many; Thus he distinguished in given society of that particular spirit between Monarchy, Aristocracy and Polity which is characteristic of the form”. Criteria Two: 6.2 Meaning, Definition and Nature To whose interest the Government works of Government for – Working in General Interest, Working Government refers to the executive in Personal Interest. The respective functions of the state. It denotes a body perverted forms of the three types are having authority to make and enforce Tyranny, Oligarchy and Democracy laws applicable to the civil, corporate, No of People Working Working religious, academic or other groups. The having in General in Personal term Government is derived from an old Power Interest Interest French word “governor”, derived from Latin word “gubernare” which means to One Monarchy Tyranny direct, rule, guide, govern. Few Aristocracy Oligarchy Democracy Which is the oldest form of government? Many Polity or Aristotle’s Classification of Governments Mobocracy Aristotle identified a combination of two ACTIVITY criteria to classify the “Every activity of individuals from constitution that he ‘Womb to tomb’ is regulated and analysed. controlled by the State agencies.” 88 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 88 10-12-2021 18:21:51  Can you list out some activities DEBATE which are rendered by the government… Organise a debate on - Compare womb to tomb Aristotle’s Classification of Government with contemporary Indian system of 1. Government by discussing the following 2. points namely 3. 1. Whether our government is working 4. on general interest or Personal interest Types of Constitution 2. Do our Indian Democracy really represent General will or Personal will of a Few? Democracy / Written Constitution / Communism / Un Written 6.3 Unitary Form of Government Constitution Monachy / Dictatorship A unitary system of government, is a sovereign state governed as a single entity. The central government is supreme, and Presidential Form Secular / Theocracy of Government / the administrative divisions exercise only Parliamentary powers that the central government has Form of Government delegated to them. In a Unitary form of government all authority and power vested Single Executive Model in a single centre examples of Unitary Form of governments are England, France, Japan, Plural Executive Sri Lanka. Model Definition: Merits Of Unitary Form Of Government A.V.DICEY: “Habitual exercise of supreme a. Suitable for small countries. legislative authority is by one central b. There is no conflict of authority and power” responsibility. GARNER: “Where the whole power c. A unitary government will make prompt of government is conferred by the decisions and take speedy action. constitution upon a single central organ” d. A unitary government is less expensive. e. Amendments to the constitution are easy. C.F.STRONG: “Two important qualities f. There is unity, uniformity of law, policy of the Unitary Government”. and administration. They are:- De-Merits of Unitary Form Government 1. The supremacy of the central government; a. It is not suitable for big countries. 2. The absence of the subsidiary sovereign b. The central government will have to bodies. tackle so many complex problems that lead to administrative delay. 89 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 89 10-12-2021 18:21:51  c. The central government will not vi.Emergency Provisions concentrate on local problems, local During an emergency, the Central interest and initiative. government becomes all powerful and d. The concentration of powers may pave the states go into the total control of the way for the despotism of the central Centre. It converts the federal structure government. into a unitary one without a formal Unitary Features Of Indian Constitution amendment of the Constitution. This i. Strong Centre kind of transformation is not found in any other federation. The division of powers is in favour vii. Single Citizenship of the Centre and highly inequitable from the federal angle. Firstly, the Union India adopted the system of List contains more subjects than the single citizenship. There is only Indian State List. Secondly, the more important Citizenship and no separate state subjects have been included in the Union citizenship. All citizens irrespective of the List. Thirdly, the Centre has overriding state in which they are born or reside enjoy authority over the Concurrent List. the same rights all over the country. The other federal states like US, Switzerland ii. Central Government’s control over and Australia have dual citizenship, that state territory is, national citizenship as well as state The Parliament of India can citizenship. by unilateral action change the area, viii. Single Integrated Judiciary boundaries or name of any state. It means that all the courts of India iii. Single Constitution are in a hierarchical order from the The Constitution of India embodies lower courts to the Supreme Court of not only the Constitution of the Centre India. Courts in India have Original and but also those of the states. Both the Appellate Jurisdiction. Centre and the states must operate within ix. All India Services this single-frame. It has the features of All India iv. Flexibility of the Constitution Services or Central Services, and the State Civil Services. The Central and All India The bulk of the Constitution can be services promotes uniform administrative amended by the unilateral action of the system and process throughout India. Parliament, either by simple majority or by special majority. x. Appointment of Governor v. Unequal representation of states The governor of a state is not elected but In a federation states are given with appointed by the president and holds equal representation with regard to upper office at the pleasure of the president. He house, but in India states are not given is the head of the executive in the state. with equal representation with regard to He has powers like Legislature, Executive Rajya Sabha. Judicial and emergency powers. 90 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 90 10-12-2021 18:21:51  6.4 Federal Form of Government Centre and the states must confirm to its The classification of governments provisions. into unitary and federal is based on the nature of relations between the national b. Rigid Constitution government and the regional governments Amendment of the Constitution is A federal government is one in which by a procedure of 2/3rd majority in each powers are divided between the national of the house and laws cannot be easily government and the regional governments changed by any ruling party. by the Constitution itself and both operate in their respective jurisdictions independently. c. Independent Judiciary US, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Russia, The Judiciary is separated from Brazil, Argentina have the federal form the Executive and Legislature. The of government. In a federal model, the Judiciary given its national and state national government is known as the Federal level jurisdictions, exercises Original, government or the Central government or Appellate and Judicial Review functions. It the Union government and the regional functions independently of the Executive government is known as the state government and Legislature. or the provincial government. Federal Features Of Indian Constitution d. Bicameralism a. Dual Government It provides for a two-house legislature that has an Upper chamber and Lower The Indian Constitution establishes chamber. With the Lower house having a dual polity consisting the Union at the powers of enacting financial legislation. Centre and the states at the periphery. Each is endowed with sovereign powers to Merits Of Federal Form Government be exercised in the field assigned to them respectively by the Constitution. a. Reconciliation of local autonomy with national unity. a. Written Constitution b. Division power between centre and The articles of the Constitution are states leads to administrative efficiency. written and cannot be easily changed c. It gives rise to big states. without due parliamentary approval. d. Distribution powers checks the a. Division of Powers despotism of central government. The Constitution divided the powers e. More suitable for bigger countries. between the Centre and the states in f. It is good for economic and cultural terms of the Union List, State List and progress. Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule. g. De-Merits Of Federal Form Government. a. Supremacy of the Constitution h. Federal government is weaker when compared to the unitary government. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. The laws are enacted by the i. Federal government is more expensive. 91 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 91 10-12-2021 18:21:51  j. Provincial tendencies are very common. n. Double Citizenship. k. lack of uniformity in Administration. o. Rigid constitution cannot be amended l. Threat to national unity. easily for the changing needs. m.  Distribution powers between centre p. The state governments sometimes place and states lead to conflict. hindrances in the foreign policy. Confederation Federal Unitary National National States Government Government Central State Government The People The People The People Of the State Of the State Difference between Unitary form and S.No Country Name of Parliament Federal form of Government 1. Israel Knesset S. Unitary Form Federal Form of 2. Germany Bundestag No 3. Japan Diet of Government Government 4. Norway Stortinget Only one Level Two Levels of 5. Nepal Rashtriya Panchayat 1. of Government Government 6. Pakistan National Assembly or Subunits 7. Russia Duma Mostly Single 2. Dual Citizenship 8. U.S.A Congress Citizenship 9. South Africa Parliament Federal Units Sub Units 10. Switzerland Federal Assembly are answerable 3. cannot operate to Central Independently Government No Division of 4. Division of Power Power Centralisation Decentralisation 5. of Power of Power 92 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 92 10-12-2021 18:21:51  Summary Summary S.No Category Types Countries Presidential form of U.S.A government Parliamentary form of U.K,India government Direct democracy Switzerland Indirect democracy India 1. Forms of government Absolute Monarchy - Bahrain Constitutional Monarchy Monarchy -Japan Commonwealth Realms - Australia Hitler’s Germany and Authoritarian Mussolini’s Italy Secularism India 2. Role of religion Pakistan, Iran, Vatican City, Theocracy Nepal Distribution of Unicameral China 3. power:territorial Bi-cameral U.K, U.S.A, India Single Executive Model U.S.A 4. Types of executive Plural Executive Model France Independent All Democratic Countries 5. Types of judiciary Committed Erstwhile U.S.S.R Rigid &Written U.S.A 6. Nature of Flexible &Un-Written U.K Constitution Partly Flexible India Partly Rigid Capitalism America Nature of state (In 7. terms of Objectives, Communism Cuba, China, North Korea Ideology, Policies) Socialism Russia 93 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 93 10-12-2021 18:21:51  6.5 Parliamentary form of government ish constitutional and political experts de- scribed the Prime Minister as ‘primus inter Modern democratic governments pares’ (first among equals) in relation to are classified into parliamentary and the cabinet. In the recent period, the Prime presidential on the basis of nature of Minister’s power, influence and position relations between the executive and the have increased significantly vis-a-vis the legislative organs of the government. cabinet. He has come to play a ‘dominant’ role in the British politico-administrative system. Features of parliamentary form of government The parliamentary system of government Nominal and Real Executives: The is the one in which the executive is President is the nominal executive (de responsible to the legislature for its jure executive or titular executive) while policies and acts. The presidential system the Prime Minister is the real executive of government, on the other hand, is one (de facto executive). Thus, the President is in which the executive is not responsible head of the State, while the Prime Minister to the legislature for its policies and acts, is head of the government. and is constitutionally independent of the legislature in respect of its term of office. Majority Party Rule: The political party which secures majority seats in the The parliamentary government is also LokSabha forms the government. The known as cabinet government irresponsible leader of that party is appointed as the government or Westminster model of Prime Minister by the President; other government and is prevalent in Britain, ministers are appointed by the President on Japan, Canada, India among others. the advice of the prime minister. However, when no single party gets the majority, a Ivor Jennings called the coalition of parties may be invited by the parliamentary system as ‘cabinet system’ President to form the government. because the cabinet is the nucleus of power in a parliamentary system. The Collective Responsibility: This is the parliamentary government is also known bedrock principle of parliamentary as ‘responsible government’ as the cabinet government. The ministers are collectively (the real executive) is accountable to the responsible to the Parliament. Parliament and stays in office so long as it enjoys the latter’s confidence. Double Membership: The ministers are members of both the legislature and the It is described as ‘Westminster mod- executive. el of government’ after the location of the British Parliament, where the parliamenta- Leadership of the Prime Minister: The ry system originated. In the past, the Brit- Prime Minister plays the leadership role 94 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 94 10-12-2021 18:21:51  in this system of government. He is the Demerits of the parliamentary form of leader of council of ministers, leader of government the Parliament and leader of the party Unstable Government: The parliamentary in power. In these capacities, he plays a system does not provide a stable significant and highly crucial role in the government. There is no guarantee that functioning of the government. a government can survive its tenure. The Merits of the parliamentary form of ministers depend on the majority legislators government for their continuity and survival in office. Harmony between Legislature and A no-confidence motion or political Executive: The greatest advantage of the defection or evils of multiparty coalition parliamentary system is that it ensures can make the government unstable. harmonious relationship and cooperation between the legislative and executive No Continuity of Policies: The organs of the government. The executive is parliamentary system is not conductive a part of the legislature and both are inter for the formulation and implementation dependent at work. As a result, there is less of long-term policies. This is due to scope for disputes and conflicts between the uncertainty of the tenure of the the two organs. government. A change in the ruling party Responsible Government: In the is usually followed by changes in the parliamentary system establishes a policies of the government. responsible government. The ministers Dictatorship of the Cabinet: When the are responsible to the Parliament for all ruling party enjoys absolute majority their acts of omission and commission. in the Parliament, the cabinet becomes The Parliament exercises control over the autocratic and exercises nearly unlimited ministers through various devices like powers. question hour, discussions, adjournment motion, no confidence motion, etc. Harold J Laski says that the Prevents Despotism: under this system, parliamentary system gives the executive the executive authority is vested in a group an opportunity for tyranny. of individuals (council of ministers) and not in a single person. This dispersal of Ramsay Muir, the former British authority checks the dictatorial tendencies Prime Minister, also complained of the of the executive. Moreover, the executive ‘dictatorship of the cabinet’. is responsible to the Parliament and can be Against Separation of Powers: In the removed by a no-confidence motion. parliamentary system, the legislature and Wide Representation: In a parliamentary the executive are together and inseparable. system, it is possible to provide The cabinet acts as the leader of legislature representation to all sections and regions as well as the executive. Hence, the whole in the government. The prime minister system of government goes against the while selecting his minister scan take this letter and spirit of the theory of separation factor into consideration. of powers. 95 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 95 10-12-2021 18:21:51  Parliamentary System Clearer division of Formalized Higher flexibility Checking the responsibility Lower potential for coalition building (no rigid presidential power of intra-executive terms problem) executive infighting Higher Better Lower risk of Less conflicts Lower security accountability representation democratic threads erosion Higher Higher Less effectiveness effectiveness corruption Higher legitimacy Why the framers of the Indian Constitution executive system of government basically adopted for the Parliamentary Form of built on the principle of separation of Government? power, and is prevalent in USA, Brazil, Russia, Sri Lanka among others. 1. Familiarity with the System Features of Presidential Form of 2. Preference to More Responsibility Government 3. Need to Avoid Legislative—Executive The American President is both Conflicts the head of the State and the head of 4. Nature of Indian Society, India is government. As the head of State, he one of the most heterogeneous States occupies a ceremonial position. As the and most complex plural societies in head of government, he leads the executive the world. Hence, the Constitution- organ of government. The President is makers adopted the parliamentary elected by an electoral college for a fixed system as it offers greater scope for tenure of four years. He cannot be removed giving representation to various by the Congress except by impeachment section, interests and regions in the for a grave unconstitutional act. The government. This promotes a national President governs with the help of a cabinet spirit among the people and builds or a smaller body called ‘Kitchen Cabinet’. audited India. It is only an advisory body and consists 6.6 Presidential Form of Government of non-elected departmental secretaries. The Presidential Form Of They are selected and appointed by him, Government is also known as non- are responsible only to him, and can be responsible or non-parliamentary or fixed removed by him any time. 96 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 96 10-12-2021 18:21:51  The President and his secretaries are lower house of the Congress. The doctrine not responsible to the Congress for their of separation of powers is the basis of the acts. They neither possess American presidential system. The membership in the legislative, executive and judicial powers Congress nor attend its of the government are separated and vested sessions. The President in the three independent organs of the cannot dissolve the House government. of Representatives—the Difference between Parliamentary Form “World Bank - World Development Report of Government and Presidential Form 1997 : The State In A Changing World”. of Government The report is devoted to the role and effectiveness of the state: what it should do, S. Presidential Parliamentary Form of Form of how it should do it, and how it can improve No Government Government in a rapidly changing world. Governments with both centrally-planned and mixed President is Prime Minister economies are shrinking their market role 1. directly elected by is the leader of because of failed state interventions. the People majority Party This report takes an opposite Central stance: that state’s role in the institutional President is 2. Legislature is environment underlying the economy, Supreme supreme that is, its ability to enforce a rule of law Absence of to underpin transactions, is vital to making Separation of Separation government contribute more effectively to 3. development. It argues against reducing Powers Powers Centralization government to a minimalist state, explaining that development requires Independent an effective state that plays a facilitator Independent branches with 4. role in encouraging and complementing branches Overlapping functions the activities of private businesses and individuals. President - head President - head The report presents a state reform 5. of the State of the State framework strategy: First, focus the President - Prime Minister state’s activities to match its capabilities; 6. head of the - head of the and second, look for ways to improve the Government Government state’s capability by re-invigorating public institutions. Individual Collective 7. According to this report, five Leadership leadership fundamental tasks are core of every President is not Collective and government’s mission, without which 8. accountable to Individual sustainable, shared and poverty reducing Congress Responsibility development is impossible. 97 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 97 10-12-2021 18:21:51  They are… development (ADB, 2000) The movement 1. Establishing a foundation of law from government to governance is not 2. Maintaining macroeconomic stability merely a task of creating new institutions 3. Investing in basic social services and but also that of refurbishing old ones. The infrastructure state has to be strengthened to play a new 4. Protecting the vulnerable role. It is also for the civil society to accept 5. Protecting the environment that democracy is not going to polls every 6.7  The Concept of Governance from five years but being vigilant and monitoring Government to Governance institutional performance and holding them Good governance is an indeterminate accountable throughout these years. term used in the international development Partnership with civil society literature to describe how public institutions In the shift of government to conduct public affairs and manage public governance the role of civil society has resources. Governance is “the process of been very significant. There have been decision-making and the process by which two kinds of strands in this role, decisions are implemented”. “Government” a. Social Movements and “governance” are synonyms, both b. Non-Governmental Organizations denoting the exercise of authority in an Social Movements which works organization, institution or state. Government for the cause of poor and marginalized and governance became distinguished along do influence the governments to be the following dimensions: responsive to their needs through changes a. What activities are encompassed in the in institutions, laws and procedures. act of governing? NGO’s have taken up diverse roles that also b. What actors are involved in governance? involve implementation of government c. What processes have made this programmes. Social movements and redefinition necessary? NGO’s occupied new spaces in the political d. What criteria are used to evaluate good process and delivering public services. governance? From Government to Governance e. What capacities should be developed to Governance achieve it? Collaborative Governance is the exercise of political, Flexible Open economic and administrative authority Innovative Risk-taking to manage a nation’s affairs…Governance Of the People embraces all of the methods – good and bad– Intentional that societies use to distribute power and manage public sources and problems (UNDP, ACTIVITY 1997): Governance is the manner in which Cartoons cape Thinking about a power is exercised in the management of a global perspective country’s social and economic resources for 98 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 98 10-12-2021 18:21:52  by 10 percent by 2032 from 2024-2026 levels, and them by 85 percent by 2047 KIGALI (RWANDA) In a major step toward curbing global ha ge n warming, envoys from nearly 200 nations n pe Co reached and agreement on Saturday to phase out potent greenhouse gases used in refrigerators and air conditioners. Under the amendment to the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Developed Developing protecting the ozone layer, rich countries are countries countries to take action sooner than developing nations. The agreement was greeted by applause from exhausted envoys who had Copenhagen and Climate summit / worked through the night in the Rwandan 09.12.2009 / P.8 and 18.12.2009/ P.10 capital Kigali to put the final touches on the deal to phase our production and 197 Nations agree to phase out AC greenhouse gases. consumption of hydroflurocarons (HFCs) But some representatives voiced Legally – binding deal to tackle global warming, reduce use of gas 1,000 times regret that countries such as India, worse than CO2 Pakistan, and Gulf nations would begin the transition later than others. “It may not be entirely what the islands wanted, but it 3 GROUPS OF NATIONS is a good agreement,” said a representative Developed countries including the of the tiny pacific nation of the Marshall US must slash their use of HFCs’ by 10 Islands. The elimination of HFCs could percent by 2019 from 2011-2013 levels, reduce global warming by 0.5 degrees by and then by 85 percent by 2036. 2100, according to a 2015 study. A second group of developing However, swapping HFCs for countries, including China and Africa alternatives such as ammonia, water or gases nations, are committed to launching the called hydroflurolefins could prove costly for transition in 2024. A reduction of 10 develop countries with sweltering summer percent compared with 2020-2022 levels temperatures, such as India. “There are issues should achieved by 2029, to be extended to of cost, there are issues of technology, there 80 percent by 2045. are issues of finances,” said Ajay Narayan Jha of India’s environment and climate change A third group of developing ministry before deal was announced. “We countries, which include India, Pakistan, would like to emphasize that any agreement Iran, Iraq and Gulf nations, must begin will have to be flexible from one side and not the process in 2028 and reduce emissions from the other,” he had said. 99 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 99 10-12-2021 18:21:52  HFCs’ predecessors, chlorofluorocarbons Such broad participation is built on (CFCs), were discontinued under the freedom of association and speech, as well Montreal Protocol when scientists realized as capacities to participate constructively. they were destroying the ozone layer. ii. Rule of Law But it emerged that HFCs, while safe for the now healing ozone, are thousands of Legal frameworks should be fair and times worse for trapping heat than carbon enforced impartially, particularly the laws dioxide, the main greenhouse gas. on human rights. The new Indian express: 16.10.2016 iii. Transparency Transparency is built on the free flow Thinking about a global perspective of information. Processes, institutions A global perspective asks you to and information are directly accessible to think beyond yourself, your family, those concerned with them, and enough your school, your community, your information is provided to understand village, your district, your state or and monitor them. country where you are living. Issues iv. Responsiveness that are in the news are after global in nature for ex., environmental issue. Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders. Often, a global issue or problem demands a global solution. It would v. Consensus orientation not be possible to solve the global Good governance mediates differing problem of climate change with a interests to reach a broad consensus on local solution, even though local what is in the best interests of the group and, courses of action might be taken to where possible, on policies and procedures. help towards a global solution. For the problem of climate change, for vi. Equity ex., a local course of action might be creating awareness through All men and women have street play or exhibition or human opportunities to improve or maintain chain or a poster campaign aimed at their well-being. encouraging people think globally vii. Effectiveness and efficiency and act locally. Processes and institutions produce Characteristics of good governance results that meet needs while making the best use of resources. i. Participation viii. Accountability All men and women should have a voice in decision-making, either directly Decision-makers in government, or through legitimate intermediate the private sector and civil society institutions that represent their interests. organizations are accountable to the public, 100 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 100 10-12-2021 18:21:52  as well as to institutional stakeholders.  Corruption free Politics and This accountability differs depending on Administration the organizations and whether the decision  Transparency in Administration is internal or external to an organization.  Independent Press ix. Strategic Vision  Independent Judiciary Leaders and the public have a broad  Human Rights and long-term perspective on good Economic factors governance and human development,  Human Development Index (HDI) along with a sense of what is needed for such development. There is also an  Gross Domestic Product (GDP) understanding of the historical, cultural  Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and social complexities in which that  Growth Vs Development perspective is grounded.  Equal Distribution of Wealth Source: UNDP (1997) Governance for Environmental factors Sustainable Human Development.  Sustainable Development Goals United Nations Development  National Action Plan for Climate Programme. change(NAPC) 6.8 How to evaluate the performance  Green Budget of a government?  Disaster management It is difficult to evaluate the Gross National Happiness (GNH): performance of a government with uni- Gross National Happiness is a factor analysis; the actual assessment developing philosophy as well as an can be done only after considering “index” which is used to measure the various aspects of governance, namely collective happiness in any specific nation. Socio, Cultural, Political, Economic, The Concept was first mentioned in the and Environmental factors. To evaluate constitution of Bhutan, which was enacted the performance of a government the on 18 July 2008. following factors can be considered. The term “gross national happiness” Socio Cultural factors was coined by the fourth king of Bhutan,  Gender Parity Index Jigme Singye Wangchuck, in the 1970sThe  Religious Freedom GNH’s central tenants are: “Sustainable and  Equality Based on caste equitable socio-economic development;  Protection of religious and Linguistic environmental conservation; preservation Minority Rights and promotion of culture; and good  Gender Budgeting governance”. GNH is distinguishable by for example Political factors valuing collective happiness as the goal of  Effective functioning of Democracy governance, and by emphasizing harmony  Free and fair elections with nature and traditional values. 101 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 101 10-12-2021 18:21:52  Activity Glossary Discuss the Recently Published Aristocracy Reports of the Following Rule by an upper class. Checks and Balances  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX, A principle of a system of government  TRANSPARENCY whereby each branch of the government INTERNATIONAL, can check the actions of the others. As  ECONOMIC SURVEY OF INDIA, originally conceived, this was true of the government of the USA.  Budget - Green Budget, Gender Budgeting, Concurrent Powers  GENDER PARITY INDEX Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.  Annual Reports of following Confederal System institutions A league of independent states, each  NHRC – National Commission for Human Rights having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a  NCSC - National Commission league has only limited powers over the for Schedule Castes states.  NCST - National Commission Democratic Republic for Schedule Tribes A republic in which the  NCW – National Commission representatives elected by the people make for Woman and enforce laws and policies.  NCPCR - National Commission Devolution. for Protection of Child Rights Transfer of powers from the national or central government to state or local government. This happened in the United GOOD Kingdom in the late twentieth century. GOVERNMENT Direct Democracy CONSENSUS ORIENTED EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT A system of government where FOLLOWS THE RULE OF LAW political decisions are made by the people EQUITABLE AND INCLUSIVE directly, rather than by their elected ACCOUNTABLE PARTICIPATORY representatives. RESPONSIVE TRANSPARENT Federalism A political system in which authority is shared between a central government and a state or regional government. 102 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 102 10-12-2021 18:21:52  Liberal Democracy Representative Democracy was created by Democratic government that the framers of the US constituion. provides for the protection of individual Separation of Powers human rights, in order to prevent a majority from oppressing a minority. The division of governmental functions and powers among different Liberalism branches of government, so that the Advocacy of positive government various self-interests of each group would action to improve the welfare of moderate those of the others. individuals, support for civil rights, and tolerance for political and social change. Theocracy. [From Greek theos = god and krateein = to rule.] Limited Government Rule by a god, which in practice means A government whose powers are limited, rule by a priesthood. No separation of particularly by institutional checks. church and state. Compare with aristocracy. Presidential System Totalitarian Representative democracy where political power is vested in separately A regime of command by the elected and appointed branches of national government and obedience by the citizens. government. This system is used in the USA. The regime controls all aspects of political and social life (as in George Orwell’s Representative Democracy 1984). In contrast with an authoritarian A form of government in which state, all social and economic institutions representatives are elected by the people are under government control. to make and enforce laws and policies. Unicameral Legislature Political decisions are made by the officials elected by the people. [Some A legislature that comprises a single such democracies retain a monarchy in a part or chamber. In the USA (early 21st ceremonial role.] century) only the state of Nebraska has a unicameral legislature. Compare with Republic bicameral legislature. A form of government in which sovereignty rests with the people (or a Universal Suffrage. [From Latin portion of the people), as opposed to a suffragium = voting tablet, vote.] The king or monarch or dictator. This form of right and privilege of all adults to vote for their representatives. 103 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 103 10-12-2021 18:21:52  Evaluation I Choose the correct answer 1. “ Parliamentary form of Government” is also known as (a) Cabinet Government (b) Responsible Government (c) Westminster forms of government (d) All of the above 2. Which of the following characteristics is not related to the federal government? (a) Written Constitution (b) Flexible Constitution (c) Supremacy of the Constitution (d) Independent Judiciary 3. T  he Federal System in India is based on the model of which country? (a) Canada (b) UK (c) America (d) Japan 4. W  hich three indicators are used in the Human Development Index (HDI)? I. Standard of living II. Education III. Life expectancy IV. Condition of environment (a) Only I,II & IV (b) Only I, II, & III (c) Only I & II (d) All of the above 5. Which of the following are the features on the basis of which the parliamentary system of government in India operates? a. Nominal and real executives b. Executive responsible to lower house c. Prime Minister is the real executive d. All of the above 6. Due to which of following reasons the founding fathers preferred the British parliamentary system? 1) Familiarity with system. 2) More responsibility. 3) Separation of power. 4) Heterogeneous Indian Society. a. Only 1, 2, 4 b. Only 1, 2, 3 c. Only 2, 3, 4 d. All of the above 7. Which federal institution oversees the implementation of Constitutional provisions and procedures? A) Legislature B) Executive C) Judiciary D) Cabinet 8. I n U.S.A. The form of government is: A) Parliamentary B) Presidential C) Absolute monarchy D)Limited monarchy 9. Which major country does not have a single, written constitution? A. Russia B. Iran C. Germany D. United Kingdom 104 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 104 10-12-2021 18:21:52  II A  nswer the following questions very shortly 1. Define Government. 2. Write about the merits of Unitary form of government. III A  nswer the following questions shortly 1. List out the Unitary features of Indian constitution. 2. List out the Merits and demerits of Federal form of government 3.  Why the framers of the Indian constitution adopted for Parliamentary form of government? IV Answer the following questions in detail 1. Differenciate between parliamentary form of Government and presidential form of Government. Reference books 1. Vijayaragavan, Political Thought, New Delhi, Sterling Publications 2. D.D.Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of Indian, New Delhi, Lexisnexis 3. R.C.Agarwal, Political Theory, New Delhi, S.Chand ICT Corner FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Through this activity you will learn about the different forms of Government. TYPES OF GOVERNMENT Procedure: Step - 1 Use the URL or QR code to open the Types of Government page. Step - 2 A grid of slides explaining different forms of government are placed. Step - 3 Click on the explanation slide to know the form of Government. Step - 4 Click the play button on the top of the activity window to run a quiz and recall. Types of Government URL: http://www.brainrush.com/lesson/play/types-of-government *Pictures are indicative 105 11th Std Political Science Eng Medium Vol-1 Page 143-170 Chapter 6.indd 105 10-12-2021 18:21:53  UNIT 7 Political Thought 7.1 Plato (428/427 – 348/347 BCE) He was a disciple of  Socrates’s Student Socrates who was  Founded the Plato one of the foremost Academy- First institution philosophers of Greece. During his time for higher there was great chaos in the political life education. of Athens which was a Greek City State.  First Western This resulted in the Athenian government philosopher condemning Socrates to death because of whole writings have survived his teachings. This greatly affected Plato’s  Most of what we know about views on politics especially in Athens. Socrates comes from Plato’s In about 387 BCE Plato founded his writings ‘Academy’. The name ‘Academy’ comes  Agreed with Pythagoras that from the name of a famous Athenian Mathematics were essential in understanding the world.