Topic 1 Welfare State (3) PDF

Topic 1 Part 3 Welfare State Muncul Eisebabkan Kegagalang kekurangan sitem Kapatals Barut 1  Introduction — The welfare state is the answer to the western capitalist system d...

Topic 1 Part 3 Welfare State Muncul Eisebabkan Kegagalang kekurangan sitem Kapatals Barut 1  Introduction — The welfare state is the answer to the western capitalist system deemed unsuccessful World warl (1914-1918) 1929-1939 — It started well received after the time of the great depression and also after the second world war > - 20 century (1939-1945) — The main objective of the welfare state is to improve the shortcomings of the capitalist system , as well as trying to lose people’s interest in the socialist system Welfare = Shortcomings + Socialist system Capitalist 2  - Negara kebajikan adalah konsep yang muncul sebagai respons terhadap kegagalan dan kekurangan sistem kapitalis Barat. Perkembangannya mendapat sokongan yang signifikan selepas dua peristiwa utama: Kemelesetan Besar: Kejatuhan ekonomi pada tahun 1930-an mendedahkan kelemahan ekonomi kapitalis, di mana ramai orang menderita akibat pengangguran, kemiskinan, dan kekurangan sokongan sosial. Perang Dunia Kedua: Selepas perang, keperluan untuk pembinaan semula dan kestabilan ekonomi menekankan kepentingan campur tangan kerajaan untuk memastikan keselamatan sosial dan ekonomi bagi semua warganegara. Matlamat utama negara kebajikan adalah untuk menangani kelemahan kapitalisme dengan menyediakan rangkaian keselamatan untuk rakyat. Ini termasuk dasar seperti penjagaan kesihatan sejagat, faedah pengangguran, pencen, dan perkhidmatan sosial lain yang memastikan taraf hidup asas untuk semua orang, tanpa mengira pendapatan atau status mereka. Selain itu, negara kebajikan bertujuan untuk mengalihkan perhatian orang ramai daripada daya tarik ideologi sosialis, yang dianggap menawarkan bentuk kawalan kerajaan yang lebih langsung terhadap ekonomi. Negara kebajikan menawarkan jalan tengah antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme, bertujuan untuk melindungi warganegara daripada ketidaksamaan yang melampau dalam kapitalisme sambil mengekalkan ekonomi yang berasaskan pasaran. — This system believes that the welfare of the individual is an important goal and can not be achieved without government interference — One can not be said to have failed if it is unable to get sufficient income and eventually become poor — There are many factors beyond his control that can only be corrected through a welfare state 3 — The welfare state is responsible for providing; i. Protection against social risks ( industrial accidents , unemployment ) ii. Social services ( housing , transportation, health ) 4 — This system introduces concepts such as ; i. Full employment ii. The distribution of income and wealth fairly — The assumption is that the market system can generate allocation of sufficient resources , — but needs to be supported by a government that will reduce imperfections in the market 5 — All individuals in society are considered equal , regardless whether they are rich or poor — The important thing is they must be citizens , — only then can enjoy the benefits provided by the government 6  - Just tambahbuik buken Ubuh secur radikal Strategy perance Krajaun - makin besur - sukungan susial Kesejanterac umum - — The welfare state does not require a radical change in the existing market system — The only different is the greater role given to government — There are six important things introduced in this system ; ① ① regulation , state ownership of key industries , a strong labor movement , fiscal policy , economic growth and full ⑤ employment ④ ⑤ ⑧ 7 Strategi negara kebajikan ni sebenarnya tak perlu ubah sistem pasaran yang ada. Bezanya, kerajaan main peranan yang lebih besar dalam uruskan ekonomi. Ada enam benda penting yang diperkenalkan dalam sistem ni: Peraturan: Kerajaan lebih kawal pasaran supaya syarikat besar tak buat sesuka hati. Contohnya, kerajaan tetapkan undang-undang untuk lindungi hak pekerja, pengguna, dan alam sekitar. Pemilikan negara ke atas industri utama: Kerajaan milik atau kawal industri penting macam hospital, sekolah, dan pengangkutan awam, supaya semua orang boleh akses perkhidmatan yang berkualiti. Pergerakan buruh yang kuat: Kerajaan sokong kewujudan kesatuan pekerja supaya pekerja ada suara dalam hal gaji dan kebajikan mereka. Dasar fiskal: Kerajaan ambil cukai daripada golongan kaya dan bantu golongan yang memerlukan dengan subsidi, insurans pengangguran, dan pencen. Pertumbuhan ekonomi: Negara kebajikan nak pastikan ekonomi berkembang dengan baik dan setiap orang dapat manfaat daripadanya. Pekerjaan penuh: Kerajaan pastikan ada peluang pekerjaan untuk semua orang supaya kadar pengangguran rendah. Semua benda ni dibuat supaya orang ramai dapat hidup dengan selesa dan kerajaan bertanggungjawab untuk pastikan semua orang dapat hak yang adil dalam ekonomi.  1. Regulation — For the smooth running of the market , the collectively agreed rules need to be — This regulation will ensure that no one party can influence who will defend their interests alone No influence Government Acarness party Piper setuju our > > > - - - takleh ory Kaya atusi capalsi kawal ↓ Sepenaanya Dass-both take Sob Keryjen tuker 8 — However , the government alone can not possibly enforce these rules effectively — Therefore moral awareness has to be instilled through education and moral transformation of society — Awareness is expected to make an individual follow the rules and do not try to break the rules for their own sake 9 — These rules are also agreed by the rich , because they felt it was better than the socialist system politik — However , these rules can be changed according to political affiliation owned by a government elected at that time government young dipilih — An example can be seen in the United Kingdom , where they switch policies when the conservative government or the labour government win the elections I Boleh jadi Pasar bebusNoaneul-Awareness - Moul 10  High subsidies > - Takde duit (Burden garment) 2. Nationalization ↓ Terpulsa wind kon swasty ↓ — Originally nationalization is necessary and is good Tapi kena cukui byr kepada — But after a few decades , it was found that the state own Ichegach (Swasta) enterprises require high subsidies , and has become a burden the government budget — In addition, state-owned enterprises are controlled by the political power , so it is unlikely that they will be operating efficiently — To save government budget , most state-owned industries were privatized twakupun swasta tapi still kena byr Lukai Kat Forjaan 11  hak pelarja - Mempertahankan Dispersetujui Majikon 3. Labour movement - - harmoni - Consultation -Bolh Kamal majike mogok Supryn — Also called the trade union movement - Tapi Ada Kelving a nana besin - Rasuah — It was believed that through this union , workers can demanddemcrdtingi -cause inflation Sb3 higher wages , better working conditions and gives the Bekukun gaji - - Ramai atusi inflation taspurs confidence that they can influence the economy huti ↓ At the end — The industry’s management also accepted 's trade unions ↑ ramai berhentig Mengganggur without protest because of some of its positive benefits , such as i. Can connect employee-management with more harmony ii. Providing consultation on salaries and contacts, where wages can be standardized among firms > - Gaji sama rata dimana synriket - beramon young Syarikat pergi kita yang 12 iii. Trade union leaders , can control the members from engaging in strikes , which would be detrimental to the industry. moyok — However, several factors have led unions to lose these benefits, for example ; Rusuah a) Irregularities by leaders of trade unions b) The continuous growth of wages (fairly or not ) , has been said to cause inflation c) Inflation caused the freezing of wages, and this has led to increased unemployment 13 — All three of these things have weakened trade unions — United Kingdom , which at one time had the strongest trade union , today no longer have unions 14  tuxationf louns progressive - Tax Defence spaya - Bantuch - -High tax dipulula > - - tex ↓ investrict proghBond 4. Fiscal policy , bridge school and , mining - Government spending - Tax revince pinjum salah gund — Fiscal policy is a key tool in the course of the welfare state — It consists of public spending , progressive taxation and loans — In addition to the traditional functions such as defense and public goods , public spending in this system is used to achieve a number of additional functions such as; Melabur dalam infrastetur - i. Economic growth > - Projek pembanguna ii. economic stability , iii. achieving fairness of distribution of wealth and income ↳ Cukdi progrest/f bontuon social 15 — To fulfill all these functions of government spending has increased substantially — On average , between 1960 to 1982, the average size of government expenditure to GDP has risen from 15 % to 41.3 % , in developed countries 16 — At the same time , developed countries also experienced the following changes ; XPL i. The increase in defense spending Jeangialon Tentera Laut Diragra Maciu di ii. Increased transfer payments Lume > Penuer/batun social (SH) - iii. The fall in investment financing > - Road trasporamy bridge , , — The situation became worse when the economy does not grow at high rates as expected - 17  Jangka panjang — Steps that can be taken ↑to finance this deficit includes increasing the tax ( progressive tax ) or improve public borrowing Spinjaman awan (loun) (Jungle pudely — A progressive tax rate should increase the amount of revenue collected, and can redistribute income from the rich to the poor — But this did not usually happen because the tax revenue is not used to help the poor Pembazian, - > seah guny , dascer tiduk young menyobi Fasuah n g golongan miskin , 18  zo-60 - Memula" achieved gagal Goph 5. The high economic growth - Lelama - Poverly existed f CGDP) inequitable — High economic growth is said to be necessary for the success of the redistribution of wealth and income — The success of the developed countries in achieving high growth in the 50s and 60s have convinced many that the goals of welfare state will be achieved 1950-1960 — However , after rapid growth was achieved , it was found that the problem of poverty and inequitable distribution have yet to be solved 19 — Basic amenities are still not sufficient and need to be provided to the poor — More disappointing, it was expected that the developed countries will not achieve the high growth rate they achieved before 20  6. Full Employment — Through full employment , the situation of the poor is believed to be improved — But this confidence was destroyed when developed countries are experiencing increasing unemployment rates that did not seem to improve — It has to do with the poor growth performance , which can not absorb the ever-increasing labor force 21  Conclusions — The welfare state is trying to improve the capitalist system — Bit it has not been successful because; i. the government is also facing limited resources , if it is using resources for charitable purposes , it can not be used to boost the economy ii. Tax rate that is too high can not help the economy , but instead it could increase unemployment , reduce savings and increase inflation The end of topic 1 22 Cukai yang lebih tinggi untuk perniagaan: Apabila perniagaan dikenakan cukai yang lebih tinggi, kos mereka meningkat. Untuk menampung perbelanjaan tambahan ini, mereka mungkin mengurangkan jumlah pekerja atau menangguhkan pengambilan pekerja baru, yang akhirnya meningkatkan pengangguran. Cukai yang lebih tinggi untuk pekerja: Jika individu dikenakan cukai yang tinggi, mereka akan mempunyai pendapatan boleh belanja yang lebih rendah. Ini boleh mengurangkan daya beli mereka, menyebabkan permintaan terhadap barang dan perkhidmatan menurun. Permintaan yang lebih rendah boleh menyebabkan perniagaan mengurangkan pengeluaran, yang mungkin membawa kepada pengurangan pekerjaan atau penutupan perniagaan, sekali lagi meningkatkan pengangguran. Kos sara hidup: Cukai yang tinggi juga boleh meningkatkan kos sara hidup. Jika gaji tidak meningkat untuk menampung inflasi atau beban cukai yang lebih tinggi, orang ramai mungkin menghadapi kesukaran untuk membeli barang dan perkhidmatan asas. Jika perniagaan tidak dapat menampung kos buruh yang meningkat, mereka mungkin mengurangkan tenaga kerja atau menghentikan pengambilan pekerja, meningkatkan pengangguran. ·· F 1 S = · · = Y > · ↑ - ·= = =>  t - - = ↳ ↑ Negara kapitalis mempunyai kadar cukai lebih rendah, biasanya sekitar 15%-47%. Negara sosialis mengenakan kadar cukai sederhana ke tinggi, sekitar 24%-50%. Negara kebajikan adalah yang tertinggi, sekitar 47%-56%, kerana mereka menanggung kos kebajikan yang besar. · = - Kapitalis: Kadar pengangguran biasanya rendah hingga sederhana (2%-4%), tetapi lebih bergantung kepada pasaran, yang boleh mencetuskan krisis ekonomi. ↑ Sosialis: Kadar pengangguran sangat rendah (1%-5%), tetapi kadang-kadang pekerjaan kurang produktif. Negara Kebajikan: Kadar pengangguran sederhana hingga tinggi (3%-7%) kerana polisi kebajikan dan sistem cukai yang ketat mempengaruhi pasaran pekerjaan., W & & & Kapitalis: GDP keseluruhan tertinggi kerana negara besar seperti Amerika Syarikat dan Jepun. Sosialis: GDP lebih rendah kecuali China, kerana China menggabungkan elemen kapitalisme dalam ekonominya. Kebajikan: GDP per kapita tinggi di negara kecil dan maju seperti negara-negara Nordik.  Alasan tax rate 1. Kapitalis (15%-47%) Alasan: Fokus pada pasaran bebas dan inovasi; cukai rendah untuk menarik pelaburan, meningkatkan persaingan, dan memberi insentif kepada individu dan perniagaan untuk berkembang. 2. Sosialis (24%-50%) Alasan: Memerlukan cukai sederhana hingga tinggi untuk menyokong program sosial dan ekonomi yang dikawal oleh kerajaan seperti kesihatan awam, pendidikan, dan subsidi makanan. 3. Kebajikan (47%-56%) Alasan: Kadar cukai tinggi untuk membiayai program kebajikan menyeluruh seperti insurans kesihatan universal, bantuan pengangguran, pencen, dan pendidikan percuma yang melibatkan kos besar. - Populari Populasi dan Sistem Ekonomi: Kapitalis: Populasi tumbuh secara sederhana, tetapi lebih terkawal kerana akses kepada pendidikan dan perkhidmatan kesihatan bergantung kepada kemampuan kewangan. Contoh: Amerika Syarikat (Populasi ~332 juta). Sosialis: Populasi boleh tumbuh lebih cepat kerana bantuan kerajaan dalam perkhidmatan asas seperti kesihatan dan pendidikan, Y tetapi kadangkala ini menyebabkan tekanan kepada sumber. Contoh: Cuba (Populasi ~11 juta). Negara Kebajikan: Populasi cenderung stabil atau menurun, terutamanya di negara maju, kerana kadar kelahiran rendah akibat kos hidup tinggi walaupun ada sokongan kebajikan. Contoh: Sweden (Populasi ~10.4 juta). expectacy Kapitalis: Jangka hayat agak lebih rendah berbanding negara kebajikan, dengan Amerika Syarikat di sekitar 79 tahun. Sosialis: Jangka hayat negara seperti Cuba adalah tinggi (79 tahun), namun negara seperti China dan North Korea mempunyai jangka hayat yang lebih rendah. / Negara Kebajikan: Negara kebajikan seperti Sweden, Norway, dan Iceland mempunyai jangka hayat yang lebih panjang, sekitar 81 hingga 83 tahun.