Digital Media 4e - Chapter 1 PDF

Chapter 1 Media and the Digital Age D r. S i t i S a l m i J a m a l i | c t s a l m i @ u u m. e d u. m y | + 6 0 1 2 6 9 5 2 1 8 1 S C I M 1 0 3 3 I N T R O D U C T I O N TO D I G I TA L M E D I A Chapter 1 1.1 Definition of Digital Media 1....

Chapter 1 Media and the Digital Age D r. S i t i S a l m i J a m a l i | c t s a l m i @ u u m. e d u. m y | + 6 0 1 2 6 9 5 2 1 8 1 S C I M 1 0 3 3 I N T R O D U C T I O N TO D I G I TA L M E D I A Chapter 1 1.1 Definition of Digital Media 1.2 Types of Digital Media 1.3 Differences between Traditional Media and New Media 1.1 Definition of Digital Media The term digital media refers to any type of media that is in an electronic or digital format for the convenience and entertainment of consumers. It includes anything that is presented in an audio (sound) or video (visual) form that can be seen and heard by others. Digital media includes any format or device used to convey content using digital signals. Simply put, when you talk on your cell phone, read this Internet article, or watch a television show, you are using digital media. Examples include music files, such as MP3, Midi, or WMA files; video feeds found on the Internet at popular video websites; and animated Flash® or graphic design files and images used to create interactive websites and games. Industry Overview Digital media is employed in many aspects of our lives. Many industries are finding areas of expansion or ways to simplify production using digital media. ◦ For example, the advertising industry is exploring innovative ways of reaching customers over cell phones and the Internet. In the movie industry, filmmakers are switching to digital technology to utilize animation and ease the editing process. ◦ Other examples of new or expanding digital media include: ◦ Interactive web pages ◦ Video games ◦ MP3 players ◦ eBooks ◦ Digital television Important Facts About the Digital Media Industry  Career Opportunities As digital media increasingly touches almost every aspect of our lives, there are endless career possibilities within the industry. Digital media has become a huge outlet for advertising and marketing. Positions include: Account managers, Analysts, Strategists Digital media is now a mainstay in the art and entertainment industries. Technology is used in everything from graphic design, fine art, and photography to special effects in movies, animation, and game development. Careers in this field may include: Graphic and web designers, Animators, Digital videographers, Video and sound editors Opportunities also abound in research and development, as well as in installation and implementation of digital media technologies. Such jobs include: Software engineers, Programmers, Network engineers, Technicians 1.2 Types of Digital Media (products) Desktop publishing magazine: Desktop Publishing is a method of creating various things such as, but not limited to, Newspapers, magazines, fliers, brochures etc from a computer. Special software is used for the purpose and it allows the user to easily add text and graphics to anywhere on the screen and allows them to easily and precisely manipulate it in order to make it more appealing. Newspapers: Newspapers are a digital media product which contain various news and current affairs from all around the world. They are created using DTP software and renowned Newspapers are written and published by large offices all around the world. Newspapers are printed on paper and distributed digitally. Digital newspapers are distributed over the internet and millions of people read such newspapers everyday. Graphical Design: Graphical design consists of altering a graphic and combining it with other elements (such as text etc) to create product to convey a message to an audience. Graphic design makes use of 2 types of graphic types, bitmap and vector. Bitmap graphics store images using pixels, a series of tiny squares each representing a colour, forming to make an image. They are created and edited by painting software. Bitmaps are capable of producing high quality, detailed images in which shading and fine detail are required (photographs for e.g.). Vector graphics sores images in a series of objects instead of pixels, such as shapes or lines. They are created and edited using a drawing program. Each individual object in a vector graphics file is defined by its characteristics such as position, line width, pattern, colour etc. These characteristic are stored in the computer as series of mathematical expressions, which are later displayed on the screen as pixels. Vector graphics are commonly used to draw things like schematic diagrams. Audio sequences: Audio generally refers to sound that is captured using a microphone. An audio sequence is a short piece of sound. Audio contains three physical characteristics. Amplitude, wavelength and frequency, Amplitude is the height of the lowest and highest point of the sound wave; wavelength is the size of sound wave and frequency is the rate of the vibration of the wave. Modifying any of these physical characteristics is the basis of editing audio. Since audio naturally exists in analog form, capturing it requires it to be converted into digital form, a process performed by the microphone and computer hardware. Musical compositions: Music can be defined as a series of sounds that are combined to produce sound that is pleasant to the ear and enjoyable. People who produce music are called Composers and the music they produced are called compositions. Music is produced using instruments. Modern instruments are often electronic and can be connected to a computer using an interface known as MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). MIDI allows upto 16 devices to be simultaneously connected and played. The quality of the sound is dependent on the synthesizer used to play it. The music played on the instruments are stored on the computer, which can be edited if required. Music from the various instruments are often combined, along with human vocals as well, to create a musical composition. Animation Sequences: Animation is the illusion of movement by drawing a series of models or puppets or positions. When the drawn images are presented in rapid succession, it seems to appear that is moving. Animation is most commonly used to created cartoons, where a drawn character appears to move and interact with its environment and other characters. It is also used in other fields such as video games, movies, educational videos etc. Animation is a time consuming and sometimes, costly process since the frames need to be hand drawn, although techniques such as tweening has made it easier. A short animation video is called a sequence. Creating an animation sequence requires a lot of things to be kept in mind, such as the size of the graphic used and the speed (fps). Video Production: The process of creating video using digital video cameras and creating a combination of various videos is called video production. They are combined in order to create a story line. A specific scene is shot using a video camera, which is later transferred to a computer. The scene is then edited. Things such as special effect, sounds etc are added and the video are cropped or trimmed if necessary. After each individual scene (segment of the final product) is edited and finalised, they are combined and any last minute editing is performed such as adding credits at the end etc. The finished product is a video which has a storyline that serves to entertain (e.g. movie) or to convey a message (e.g. advertisement). The entire process from recording the video to editing and finalising it is called video production. 1.3 Differences between Traditional Media and New Media Traditional Media can be explained as TV, radio, direct mail, billboards, etc. It is an “push” strategy, meaning the message is being output by the business. It is a one-way, direct message that can be costly, yet instantly impactful. Traditional media is gauged by short-term results. New Media can be explained as social media (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), blogs, etc. It is a “pull” strategy, meaning it is conversational between consumer and business. It is interactive and inexpensive to campaign, and it can yield measurable progress. New media is gauged by long-term results. While both forms of media have their positives and negatives, what several companies don’t understand is that it takes a balance between both traditional media and new media in order to successfully strategize a brand. Blending new media with traditional media in a “push-pull” tactic is about engaging your consumers in innovative ways. READ! https://www.huffpost.com/entry/5-differences-between- old_b_9670634 https://www.webfx.com/internet-marketing/traditional-media-vs-new- media.html https://muckrack.com/blog/2018/08/01/differences-between- traditional-media-and-social-media  digital media 4e Chapter 1 Getting Started with Digital Media © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 1.1: Learning the Keys to Success Lesson 1.2: Reviewing the Computer System and File Management Lesson 1.3: Maintaining Digital Safety Lesson 1.4: Practicing Workplace Safety © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 1.1: List the characteristics needed to become a skilled digital master 1.2: Identify how to name and save a file 1.3: Explain how to ensure digital security 1.4: Practice the techniques for good keyboarding © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Commitment Learning new software and computer skills requires the following commitments – Be flexible – Keep an open mind – Use initiative – Listen and read attentively – Seek and acquire new knowledge and skills © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Certifications Digital media certifications generally fall into three categories: – Web – Print – Video Adobe certifications are available online – ACA (Adobe Certified Associate) – ACE (Adobe Certified Expert) © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Work Skills for Multimedia Careers Behaviors that contribute to your ability to acquire a job and grow in the field of your choice: – Good attendance – Promptness – Proper attire – Clean and safe work environment – Appropriate voice – Pride © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Managing Files Digital media projects may include image, text, audio, and video files Naming files – A naming convention is a set of rules used in the naming of files and folders – Choose a name that clearly identifies the contents of the file – For shared files, use initials or a numbering method to clarify versions © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Managing Files (cont.) Saving files – Designate a place to save project files – Network locations or shared Internet locations allow everyone access Choosing storage – Internal or external hard drives – A server is a computer designed to store files from multiple computers – Writeable CD or DVD – Flash drives (also called thumb or USB drives) © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Making Backups Back up work to prevent losing files through a hardware failure or virus attack – Back up to hardware (flash drive or another hard drive) – Back up over a network to another computer – Create an online backup Some organizations automatically back up files at a set interval Make sure you have a backup/recovery plan © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Personal Security A cyber predator is a person who uses the Internet to make contact with others in order to harm them Stealing someone’s information to use for illegal purposes is identity theft Social engineering scams trick users into providing information in the belief that a request is legitimate A keylogger is software that tracks keyboard use and transmits it to be used for illegal purposes © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Computer Security Malware, or malicious Malware includes: software, is designed to – Virus damage a computer or – Worm steal information – Spyware To keep computer secure, – Trojan horse install virus and malware – Adware protection software and – Rootkit keep it updated © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Computer Security (cont.) No virus protection is foolproof Encryption converts text into an unreadable series of numbers and letters to protect information Digital encryption uses software that can scramble and unscramble the data A hacker is a person who finds an electronic means of gaining unauthorized access to a computer © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Password Security Wise use of passwords protects your computer and information Strong passwords make it difficult for others to figure out – Have a minimum of eight characters – Use both upper- and lowercase letters – Use at least one number – Use at least one special character such as !@$%^&*()-_=+[];:‘“,/? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Password Security (cont.) Phishing is a social engineering activity where the perpetrator uses fake websites or emails to trick a user into providing personal information or passwords © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Hardware Security Maintain the physical security of a computer Laptops, smart phones, and other devices are – No longer secured by the locked windows and doors of an office – Stored in cars – Taken on public transportation – Used in restaurants, hotels, and public places Maintaining the security of your equipment is your responsibility © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) AUPs are written agreements that all system users must agree to AUPs may include the following: – Password selection requirements – Software usage restrictions – Netiquette rules – Limits on the use of systems or items that overtax the network © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Avoiding Repetitive Stress Injury Ergonomics studies the best way to design a workplace for maximum safety and productivity Muscle or joint injury resulting from repeating actions is repetitive stress injury Carpal tunnel syndrome can require surgery or a brace to protect the injured hand Margrit Hirsch/Shutterstock.com © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Creating Effective Workstations Ergonomics teaches proper workstation arrangement: – Keyboard should be at elbow height and even with the front edge of desk – Monitor should be positioned to avoid glare and be at least an arm’s length away – Chair should have a good backrest – Back should be touching the backrest at all times – Feet should be flat on the floor (or use a footrest) – Sit up straight, keeping head and neck as straight as possible © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Creating Effective Workstations (cont.) Correct keyboarding technique – Keep fingers curved and upright over the home row keys – Keep wrists low, but not touching the keyboard – Lightly tap each key with the tip of finger, snapping the fingertip toward the palm of hand Mouse techniques – Hold mouse gently; keep arms, hands, fingers relaxed – Keep wrist straight and use elbow as the pivot – Do NOT use a wrist rest © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Who Is Responsible? Who is responsible for ensuring your safety? Is it the employer who should provide ergonomic chairs and keyboards? Is it a personal responsibility that requires you to pay attention to how you are using your hands? What happens if you identify a problem, and your employer does not allow you to make changes to improve the situation? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Taking a Break Develop a plan to make sure you take breaks Get up from your killerb10/iStockphoto.com workstation at least once an hour Rest your eyes occasionally by focusing on an object at least 20 feet away Stretch your muscles to relax and strengthen them © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 21 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts Five commitments to Six behaviors that learning: contribute to acquiring a – Be flexible job and growing in the – Keep an open mind field of your choice: – Use initiative – Good attendance – Listen and read attentively – Promptness – Seek to acquire new – Proper attire knowledge and skills – Clean and safe work environment – Appropriate voice – Pride © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 22 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Demonstrate digital media skills by seeking certification Managing digital files is an essential part of creating a good work environment Strong passwords meet a set of rules designed to make it difficult for others to figure out the word Repetitive stress injury (RSI) (including carpal tunnel syndrome) results from repeated movement of a particular part of the body © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 23 accessible website, in whole or in part.  digital media 4e Chapter 2 Ethical and Legal Issues © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 2.1: Safeguarding Intellectual Property Lesson 2.2: Avoiding Plagiarism Lesson 2.3: Making Ethical Decisions © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 2.1: Explain the concept of intellectual property, including copyright and trademarks 2.2: Identify the difference between copyright violations and plagiarism 2.3: Demonstrate proper use of citations and fair use 2.4: Discuss the ethical challenges facing digital media, including piracy and file sharing 2.5: Explain how licensing applies to software © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Intellectual Property Intellectual property is a legal concept that protects a creative work just as if it were physical property Creative works are treated as real property even though you cannot see a real presence A person can sign an intellectual property agreement to retain rights to his or her work A company can require its employees to sign a non- disclosure agreement to protect the company’s intellectual property © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Copyright The term copyright literally means restricting the right of others to copy To be copyright protected, an idea must be converted into a physical form A copyright notice follows this format: Copyright © [date] [Name of Copyright Holder] It is not necessary to place a copyright notice on a creative work to make it legally protected Administered by the U.S. Copyright Office © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Copyright (cont.) Copyrightable works include : – musical works, including any accompanying words – dramatic works, including any accompanying music – motion pictures and other audiovisual works – pantomimes and choreographic works – pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works – sound recordings – architectural works – literary works Warchi/iStockphoto.com © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Permissions and Royalties Permission – simply ask to obtain permission to use copyrighted material Royalties – A royalty is a fee paid to the person who owns the copyright on a creative work when it is used by someone else – Royalty free is a type of licensing agreement that gives the buyer almost unlimited permission to use a copyrighted image for a one-time fee © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Software Licenses Proprietary means the software code has restricted rights of use An end-user license agreement (EULA) is a contract that software purchasers must agree to before using software Open source software allows others to use its code without cost © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Software Licenses (cont.) Copyleft is a licensing protection used by those who create open source software GNU General Public License is the standard open- source contract or license Works in the public domain are those creative works whose copyright restrictions have expired or which are open source © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Trademarks and Patents A trademark is a distinctive word, phrase, or image used to identify something as a product of a particular business or organization – Automatically conveys the identity of the organization it represents – Does not need to be registered to protect from use by others without permission Registered trademarks carry the ® symbol while unregistered ones use the symbol Administered by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Trademarks and Patents (cont.) A patent is a property right for an invention that lasts a specified period of time A patent prevents others from using an invention for commercial profit without permission from the patent holder Patent violations can often be resolved by licensing agreements © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Are Copyrights Needed? If there were no protections for creative work, would people still produce movies, publish music, or create software? Would artists paint and would writers write? Would you be more or less willing to be creative if you knew that your work could be used without your permission? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Illegal File Sharing The term file sharing has come to mean the illegal transfer of copyrighted material between computers A form of copyright violation Having paid for a work does not mean you can share it with anyone you choose Uploading or downloading copyrighted material without permission is against the law PhotoEuphoria/iStockphoto.com © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Piracy and Digital Rights Management Piracy is copying a product (often digital) for profit without authorization from the owner Music and video products as well as software are frequently subjects of pirating Digital rights management (DRM) is a form of technology that controls digital copying by inserting a software program into the CD (or other media) that restricts copying © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Fair Use Guidelines Fair use is the right to reproduce a small part of a copyrighted work for educational or other not-for- profit purposes without having to obtain permission or pay a royalty fee Fair use is determined using guidelines that are part of Title 17 of the U.S. Code To determine the amount of a work that may be used, you have to consider the overall work © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Plagiarism Plagiarism is copying or otherwise using someone else’s creative work and claiming it as your own To avoid plagiarism, document the source of your material It is not enough to cite the source of copyrighted material to avoid copyright infringement You cannot use copyrighted material in your own work (except under fair use guidelines) without the owner’s permission – even if properly cited © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Proper Web Citations The five components of a website source citation are: – Author – Date – Title of article – Access date – URL Deep linking is citing a Web address that goes beyond the home or entry page © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Proper Web Citations (cont.) American Psychological Association (APA) Author [last, first]. (date [year, month day]). Article title. Retrieved from URL Modern Language Association (MLA) Author [last, first]. Article Title. Date. Publisher. Date retrieved.. Online bibliographies – Websites that help you create bibliography entries – Most allow you to designate the desired style © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Ethics and Photo Editing Moral choices between right and wrong actions are referred to as ethics Some ethical questions for image editing: – Is it ethical to make a model look thinner than she is in real life? – Is it ethical to change a sky from cloudy to bright blue? – Is it ethical to add a missing family member to a group photo? – Is it ethical to remove someone from a photo because you no longer like that person? – Is it ethical to use a photo taken by someone else and distort the image, making the subject appear ridiculous? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Ethical Decision Making When making a decision, think about what harm you are doing others – Does my action hurt someone? – Does my action act as a form of stealing? – Does my action prevent someone from earning a living? – Does my action encourage another person to hurt someone else? Users of social media must be especially careful in posting photos or remarks that may be hurtful © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Maintaining High Ethical Standards Business and ethics are not mutually exclusive terms Suppose your supervisor asks you to create a series of graphs using financial data you know has been falsified; a coworker was fired last month for refusing to do this What will you do? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 21 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts Intellectual property is a creation of the mind that is treated as a tangible property Copyright laws give the owner of a creative work the legal right to restrict who may copy the work A trademark is a distinctive word, phrase, or image that visually identifies something as a product of a particular business or organization A patent is a property right for an invention that lasts a specified period of time © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 22 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Fair use allows students and some professionals to reproduce a small part of another person’s work, though proper credit should be given to the creator Plagiarism involves copying another person’s creative work and claiming it as your own Piracy involves stealing another person’s creative work, usually for profit Ethical decisions require you to make choices about what is right © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 23 accessible website, in whole or in part.