Coastal Management Introduction PDF

Coastal Management Introduction What are some natural events has highlighted the issues surrounding coastal management in the past few years? 2022 Hunga Tonga Hunga Volcanic Eruption TC Winston 2016 Japan 2011 2004 boxing day earthquake What are the issues related to the Ts...

Coastal Management Introduction What are some natural events has highlighted the issues surrounding coastal management in the past few years? 2022 Hunga Tonga Hunga Volcanic Eruption TC Winston 2016 Japan 2011 2004 boxing day earthquake What are the issues related to the Tsunami and Storm Surges generated by TC? Social Political Economic Physical Ecological Moral/ethical For each of these broad classes identify examples or clarify how they relate to the effects of the tsunami & storm surges to coastal management. Coastal Zone Management  Introduction to course Topics and issues relating to the management of coastal environments – How is coast formed, modified and utilised We can not begin to manage an environment if we don’t – Understand the natural processes within it – Understand the range of values associated with it  Current management Review of oceans policies Many different agencies involved – Cross over in jurisdictions – Duplication of duties Many different levels of authority – International – Governmental (legislation) – Local (bylaws)  Who manages our coasts? Fiji Navy MSAF Ministry of Fisheries Department of Lands (Lands Department) Department of Environment (Conservation MPA, Development via EIA) Town Councils, City Councils Climate Change Division DISMAC I’taukei Affairs NGO,s – WCS, WWF. Etc. Institutions- FNU, USP UOF General public Land owning Unit (LOU) DTCP - Department of Town Country Planning What are their roles?  Coastal Zone That region where air, water and land interact. “The Coastal Zone is that space in which terrestrial environments influence marine (or lacustrine) environments and vice versa. The coastal zone is of variable width and may also change in time. Delimitation of zonal boundaries is not normally possible, more often such limits are marked by an environmental gradient or transition. At any one locality the coastal zone may be characterized according to physical, biological or cultural criteria. These need not, and in fact rarely do, coincide.” (Carter, 1988: page 1) Schematic Representation AIR LAND WATER Coastal Zone Management  Range of issues Landward Issues Seaward Issues Impacts Issues Physical Character Natural Heritage Coastal Use Examples of landward issues Port and harbour works Land take Marinas and moorings for leisure craft - power generation (e.g. wind) Major developments (e.g. refineries, resorts, container terminals) Coastal defences (e.g. groynes) Examples of seaward issues Waste disposal Increased leisure sailing Sea fishing Water sports and bathing Marine aggregate extraction Oil and gas production Tidal and wave power generation Marine fish farming Impacts on coastal systems PHYSICAL CHARACTER Loss or decline of landscape value Disruption of sediment transport Decline in amenity resources (beaches, dunes, etc.) Impacts on character of coastal towns Erosion of Dunwich, United Kingdom 1886 - 1919 Impacts on coastal systems NATURAL HERITAGE Loss or decline of habitat Disturbance of coastal ecosystems Decline in fish/shellfish resources Loss of treasured landscapes Impacts on coastal systems COASTAL USE Conflicts with rights of sea users Incompatible uses need other locations Pressure for services and facilities (e.g. car parks, moorings etc.) Impacts on existing businesses and employment  Population growth 50% of the population of the industrialized world now living within 60 km of the coast (Turner et al., 1995) In 30 years more people will live in the world's coastal zones than are alive today Two main causes – reflects general trend of rural-urban migration – migration from inland areas to the coast may offer more economic, social and recreational opportunities than inland areas (Goldberg, 1994)  Population growth Coastal cities often associated with major ports = cheap sea transport of goods = major industries Economic growth = employment and investment opportunities Coast's attractiveness draws people for holidays, retirement and those seeking coastal lifestyles Development and expansion to meet the needs of housing, sanitation and transport  Coastal use Resource exploitation – e.g. fisheries, forestry, gas and oil, and mineral extraction Infrastructure – e.g. transportation, ports, harbours, shoreline protection works and defences Tourism and recreation Conservation and protection of biodiversity  Resource exploitation Aquaculture ponds – Sulawesi, Indonesia  Infrastructure Major coastal infrastructure include: Ports and harbours Support facilities for and operation of various transport systems; Roads, bridges and causeways; and Defence installations  Tourism and recreation Tourism growth industry - much of it focused in the coastal zone Many developing nations see tourism as a potential source of foreign revenue, but lack the expertise to plan for sustainablity Most issues fall into two categories – Environmental – Social Seagrass damage from recreational boating - Florida  Tourism and recreation Environmental issues Impacts of developing tourist facilities Anchor and mooring damage to benthic communities Overfilling Littering Social issues Displacement of indigenous residents Restricted access to coastal resources for income generation and subsistence Loss of wilderness opportunities Conflicts between users Changes to the area's amenity Possible life style changes Floating Hotel, Great Barrier Reef  Conservation and protection of biodiversity Only small proportion of the biodiversity of coastal areas is held in MPA, parks and reserves But current and proposed future parks and reserves have potential to meet the conservation objectives set out in Agenda 21 (UNCED, 1992)  Impacts of human use Pollution including industrial, sewage and runoff Coastal hazards Storm surge Tsunami Influence of Climate change Issues of liability  Pollution Diminished water quality from urban and industrial sources Oil pollution, including the risk of oil spills Transport of hazardous goods and wastes Dumping at sea Ballast water and hull fouling  Coastal hazards Cyclones Storm surges Tsunami Cliffs and headlands Rip currents on sandy ocean-beaches Public liability needs careful consideration when access to hazardous areas is provided by managing agencies, and when rescue aids are provided  Coastal hazards – climate change In planning for sea level rise, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has identified a set of response options Protection Accommodation Retreat (IPCC, 1992)  Administrative issues Many complex and overlapping problems along the world's coastlines This complexity, linked with government administrative systems that are designed to address issues on a subject-by-subject basis (this can create problems in the effective management of the coast) Summary - coastal conflict Most, if not all, coastal management problems centre on the issue of conflict Coastal issues are now recognized as problems for which solutions must be sought