Nature-based Solutions for Coastal Management PDF

Ria Formosa Nature-based Solutions for Coastal Management Sistema de ilhas barreira, seus ambientes e dinâmica A. Rita Carrasco ([email protected])...

Ria Formosa Nature-based Solutions for Coastal Management Sistema de ilhas barreira, seus ambientes e dinâmica A. Rita Carrasco ([email protected]) 2024  A. Rita Carrasco Research Assistant CIMA /UAlg https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8980-0068 Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Outline for today Selection of Nature-based solutions (NbS) Science-based evidence of NbS Roadshow through the most relevant international programs Increased resilience with NbS Nature-based solutions for coastal management Nature-based solutions aim to help societies address a variety of environmental, social and economic challenges in sustainable ways. They are actions inspired by, supported by or copied from nature; both using and enhancing existing solutions to challenges, as well as exploring more novel solutions, for example, mimicking how non-human organisms and communities cope with environmental extremes. Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Need NbS? Cost-effective solutions  Nature-based solutions Four principal goals have been identified that can be addressed by nature-based solutions: − Enhancing sustainable urbanisation through nature-based solutions can stimulate economic growth as well as improving the environment, making cities more attractive, and enhancing human well-being. − Restoring degraded ecosystems using nature-based solutions can improve the resilience of ecosystems, enabling them to deliver vital ecosystem services, and also to meet other societal challenges. − Developing climate change adaptation and mitigation using nature-based solutions can provide more resilient responses and enhance the storage of carbon. − Improving risk management and resilience using nature-based solutions can lead to greater benefits than conventional methods and offer synergies in reducing multiple risks. Science-based evidence of NbS: Applications on a global scale and under the most relevant international programs Nature-based solutions for coastal management Science-based evidences of NbS: Do nature-based solutions help fight climate change? Estimates suggest that nature-based solutions can provide 37% of the mitigation needed until 2030 to achieve the targets of the Paris Agreement. How can this be done? If you plant trees, they’re going to soak up carbon. For example, restoring native forest at the margins of the river to avoid landslides can also act as a carbon sink (WorldBank, 2023). Nature-based solutions for coastal management Science-based evidences of NbS: Several nature-based solutions are being used by the World Bank to help manage disaster risk and reduce the incidence and impact of flooding, mudslides, and other disasters. They are a cost-effective way of addressing climate change while also addressing biodiversity and land degradation. You can address several problems at once. Nature-based solutions for coastal management  What is the difference between conservation and nature-based solutions? ❖ Conservation is protecting and preserving the planet’s biological diversity and natural resources so that they exist into the future. ❖ On the other hand, nature- based solutions encompass a wide range of approaches—from the restoration of habitats to water resource management, disaster risk reduction, and green infrastructure—to address societal problems. Nature-based solutions for coastal management Ecosystem- and nature-based approach ? Ecosystem approach: The Convention on Biological Diversity describes the this as ‘a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way... It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of many ecosystems.’ Nature-based solutions (NbS): defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as ‘actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well- being and biodiversity benefits Nature-based solutions for coastal management NbS why now? ✓ Seizing the momentum for change ✓ A growing awareness of the value of nature ✓ Business has an opportunity ✓ Europe as an inspiration and world leader in markets Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Final Report of the Horizon 2020 Expert Group on'Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities' Goals Nature-based solutions for coastal management What are some examples of nature-based solutions? ❖ Protecting and restoring coral reefs ❖ Keeping forests standing ❖ Building greener cities ❖ (…) (…) addressing the climate crisis means expanding our toolkit. We already know that to mitigate the impacts of climate change, we must urgently reduce our emissions on a global scale. But it’s becoming clearer that nature must be at the heart of these efforts. (…) (WWF, 2023) Nature-based solutions for coastal management  https://www.royalhaskoningdhv.com/en/pro https://site.emrprojectsummaries.org/2016/03/07/restoring- jects/nature-based-solutions-for- sydneys-underwater-forests-crayweed-transplant-success/ lauwersmeer-dike-reinforcement Nature-based solutions for coastal management Final Report of the Horizon 2020 Expert Group on'Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities' NbS and Ecosystem services? Focus: NbS is action-oriented and serves as a tool to address specific problems, whereas ecosystem services are more about understanding and valuing the benefits provided by ecosystems. Application: NbS involves implementing practices and strategies, while ecosystem services often serve as a framework for evaluating and quantifying the benefits ecosystems provide. Nature-based solutions for coastal management Nature-based solutions state of the art in EU-funded projects Nature-based solutions for coastal management Nature-based solutions state of the art in EU- funded projects There are several NbS-related platforms, portals, databases, networks and initiatives at global, European, national and sub-national levels: OPPLA is an open platform on NBS, consisting of a knowledge market place, and it currently provides the most in-depth information out of all platforms reviewed. It contains 282 case studies with NBS that deal with DRR, climate change adaptation, biodiversity, food, sustainable cities, health and ecosystem services. https://oppla.eu NWRM is a website that gathers information of European GI measures applied in the water sector. So far, there are 139 case studies in the database which spread across four sectors (urban, forestry, agriculture and hydro-morphology) with numerous cases that deal with DRR and climate adaptation. https://www.nwrm.eu Nature-based solutions for coastal management Nature-based solutions state of the art in EU- funded projects Climate-ADAPT is a platform supported by the EC and the EEA to help users to access and share data and information about NBS-related case studies and initiatives. The database includes adaptation options, case studies, guidance, indicators, information portals, organisations, publications and reports, research and knowledge projects, tools and videos. It supports a range of sectors such as agriculture, biodiversity. The Urban Nature Atlas has been developed as part of the H2020 NATURVATION project and it contains 1000 examples of NBS from across 100 European cities. Projects included address various urban societal challenges and use nature as an inspiration to address these challenges. Nature-based solutions for coastal management Nature-based solutions state of the art in EU- funded projects doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.829526 Nature-based solutions for coastal management Nature-based solutions state of the art in EU- funded projects doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.829526 Nature-based solutions for coastal management Nature-based solutions state of the art in EU- funded projects Sentinel projects in the coast (examples) Nature-based solutions for coastal management Mapping evidences GHG reduction - indirect Interventions - direct Nature-based solutions for coastal management Nexus and scale of NbS application Limits and challenges Scale of application vs. Nature-based solutions for coastal management effectiveness Q1. Examples on limits and challenges on NbS implementation? Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Selection of NbS M. Raymond et al., An Impact Evaluation Framework to Support Planning and Evaluation of Nature- Cost-effective solutions based Solutions Projects, EKLIPSE, 2017 NbS variability from the ocean towards inland (EU level) Nature-based solutions for coastal management  doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.829526 solutions Cost-effective Main motivations for NbS Selection of NbS Portfolio Nature-based solutions for coastal management M. Raymond et al., An Impact Evaluation Framework to Support Planning and Evaluation of Nature-based Solutions Projects, EKLIPSE, 2017  Co-benefits of NbS Proof-evidence benefits Cost-effective solutions doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.829526 Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Challenges NbS Cost-effective solutions https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.09.001 Nature-based solutions for coastal management  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2022.100044 *Research priorities for marine and coastal NbS implementation: Priority 1. Biodiversity and ecosystem science: improve understanding of marine and coastal biodiversity-ecosystem services relationship. Priority 2. Implementation guidance: provide scientific guidance on how and where to implement marine and coastal NbS and better coordinate across NbS strategies and projects Priority 3. People-centric research and action: develop ways to enhance marine and coastal NBS communication, collaboration, ocean literacy, and stewardship. Priority 4. Embracing NbS in marine and coastal areas for transformative change O’Leary et al. (2023) Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Typology and matrix of nature-based solutions for climate adaptation https://www.naturebasedsolutionsevidence.info See Matrix_NbSadaptation_typology.xlsx Nature-based solutions for coastal management Increased resilience of coastal systems promoted by nature-based solutions Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Resilient future Facts Climate change and human activity as a major driver of habitat transformation and biodiversity loss. Biodiverse ecosystems are more resilient. Current restoration approaches are limited. Risk cannot be departmentalised or made the responsibility of just one public service provider or responder. Need for integrated solutions. It’s about allowing systems, services and people to respond to crisis, cope with shocks and stresses and rebound. Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Resilient future UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration UN declares 2021-2030 the Decade for Ecosystem Restoration. ICLEI is an official partner of the UN Decade for the Restoration of Ecosystems Objective: Restoring degraded or destroyed ecosystems as a contribution to the goals of the three UN conventions on climate change, biodiversity and desertification as well as to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) The restoration of degraded ecosystems can be achieved through various interventions such as natural regeneration, afforestation, the promotion of adapted agroforestry systems, etc. Nature-based solutions for coastal management Resilient future Policy areas: Biodiversity – protecting fragile ecosystems Farm to fork – sustainable food systems Climate Action – climate neutrality by 2050 Eliminating Pollution Sustainable Mobility Sustainable Industry Cleaner Construction Sector https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html? uri=cellar:b828d165-1c22-11ea-8c1f-01aa75 ed71a1.0002.02/DOC_1&format=PDF Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Resilient future EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change, 2021 NbS mentioned to generate gains for adaptation, mitigation, disaster risk reduction, biodiversity, and health. NbS mentioned as particularly well suited for climate resilience. Importance recognised: NbS can help tackle the dual crisis of biodiversity loss and climate change Potential of NbS in several areas, including agriculture, forest resilience, urban greening, and ecosystem restoration. Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Resilience What is the resilience of coastal systems?? Nature-based solutions for coastal management https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-nature-as-resilient-infrastructure-an-overview-of-nature-based-solutions  NbS and Resilience There is an international trend toward strategic solutions and long-term, work with natural processes, combining structural and non-structural measures and working with grey infrastructure. Nature-based solutions for coastal management  reduction Evidences on risk events Climate Resilience and Risk Nature-based solutions for coastal management https://www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/2022-07/helping-nature-help-us-transforming-disaster-risk-reduction-through-ecosystem-management.pdf  Climate Resilience and Risk https://www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/2022-07/helping-nature-help-us-transforming-disaster-risk-reduction-through-ecosystem-management.pdf reduction Transforming disaster risk reduction through ecosystem management Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Climate Resilience and Risk reduction Multi-stakeholders dialogue Global Ecosystems protecting infrastructure and communities National Local Scaling solutions requires strengthening policies and institutions, closing remaining knowledge gaps, channeling public and private financing, and keeping a strong focus on maximizing overall development outcomes. Nature-based solutions for coastal management Q2. Are all NbS resilient? Nature-based solutions for coastal management  There are concerns over their reliability and cost-effectiveness compared to engineered alternatives, and their resilience to climate change. Nature-based solutions might not be a definitive solution. Unless implemented thoughtfully. They may sometimes be less able than traditional engineering solutions to handle the most extreme weather-related events. Need for combined solutions! Nature-based solutions for coastal management Q3. How variable can become NbS priorities? Nature-based solutions for coastal management Resilient Communities https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCYHvSF5ktU&t=46s Nature-based solutions for coastal management Social acceptance of NbS Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Social acceptance of NbS https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-023-00090-4 This methodological tool aims to study social acceptance (socio- political, community and market acceptance) and barriers (social, economic and cultural) as key factors for the implementation of NbS projects. Nature-based solutions for coastal management Q4. Main factors jeopardizing NbS social compromising acceptance? Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Social acceptance of NbS Engaging stakeholders in developing frameworks for assessing NbS effectiveness is key. Differences in co-benefits perception and valuation might lead to trade-offs among stakeholders. Including the time dimension in the trade-offs analysis allows to define when a potential conflict could emerge. Nature-based solutions for coastal management  https://www.apn-gcr.org/perspective/constructed-wetlands-as-a-nature-based-solution-nbs-for-wastewater-treatment-social-acceptability-challenges-opportunities-and-policy-options-for-the- Social acceptance of NbS Focus Group Discussions Key Informant Interviews Constructed wetlands as a nature- based solution (NbS) for wastewater treatment: Social acceptability, challenges, opportunities, and policy options for the Philippines philippines/ Nature-based solutions for coastal management Scaling up of NbS Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Scaling up of NbS ***Needs: Build a common understanding of NbS Effective partnerships Robust evidence base Costed demonstrations at scale Coherent policy framework Resources for action Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Scaling up of NbS Scaling-up of NBS requires careful governance considerations. A multi-stakeholder approach is needed to respond to context- specificity. Table 1. Four principles of NBS. Multiform Nature, as the concept’s central foundation, can take many forms. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.011 Multifunctional NbS are characterized by multifunctionality and a solution-orientation Multidisciplinary NbS require implementation through holistic and integrative governance and planning approaches given the need to integrate multiple values and disciplines. Place-based Importance of adaptation to place-based conditions. Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Scaling up of NbS Table 2. Scales and levels for human-environment interactions. Scale type Scale description Scale levels (from small to large) Spatial Areas Patches, Landscapes, Regions, Globe Temporal Rates, durations, frequencies Daily, Seasonal, Annual Jurisdictional Administrations Localities, Provincial, National, International Institutional Rules Operating Rules, Laws/Regulations, Constitution https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.011 Management Plans Tasks, Projects, Strategies Networks Links Family, Kin, Society, Trans-Society Knowledge Truths Specific/Contextual, General/Universal Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Replicability of NbS Box 1. Challenges to replicating and up-scaling NbS Lack of policy, especially on green infrastructure Weak implementation of existing policies Limited political will Limited sustainability and funding support Changes in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan Database management and availability Maintenance for long-term use Availability of space in urban areas Absence of guidelines or frameworks to support implementation Lack of systematic assessment of NbS Compliance with environmental standards Social acceptability Lack of community awareness Nature-based solutions for coastal management Replicability of NbS https ://doi.org/10.1007/s 13280-020-01365-1 Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Blue carbon: The potential of coastal and oceanic climate action Blue NbS If the full societal benefits of improved fishery management were accounted for, including yields, subsidies, and other ecosystem services, the solution might come at negative marginal cost. Nature-based solutions for coastal management  Blue NbS Nature-based solutions for coastal management Blue carbon: The potential of coastal and oceanic climate action  Blue carbon: The potential of coastal and oceanic climate action Blue NbS Coastal blue-carbon project developers need to closely engage Indigenous peoples and small-scale food producing communities, respecting access and tenure rights. Nature-based solutions for coastal management Blue NbS in the media Nature-based solutions for coastal management Nature-based Solutions for Coastal Management Cost-effective solutions A. Rita Carrasco ([email protected]) Nature-based solutions for coastal management