Psychodynamic Theories: Freud and Adler PDF

PSYCH05X Psychodynamic Theories Freud and Adler Modified by: Mr. Lucky Nine R. Perez, MA Mr. Joshua Cadayona, RPm Lesson Objectives At the end of this lecture, you are expected to: 1. Understand Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: 2. Identify the key components of Freud's structural model...

PSYCH05X Psychodynamic Theories Freud and Adler Modified by: Mr. Lucky Nine R. Perez, MA Mr. Joshua Cadayona, RPm Lesson Objectives At the end of this lecture, you are expected to: 1. Understand Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: 2. Identify the key components of Freud's structural model of personality: the id, ego, and superego. 3. Explain Freud's concept of psychosexual stages of development and their impact on personality. 4. Analyze the role of defense mechanisms in Freud's theory and their function in protecting the ego. 5. Explore Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology: 6. Describe Adler's concept of striving for superiority and its influence on Lesson Objectives At the end of this lecture, you are expected to: 1. Compare and Contrast Freud and Adler's Theories: 2. Identify the key differences between Freud's and Adler's views on human motivation and personality. 3. Evaluate the impact of Freud and Adler's theories on modern psychology and their relevance today. Motivation MAMA MO, PAPA MO Try your best to recall your most unforgettable memory with your parents during your developmental years.  “ The child is the father of the man. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY  The Psychoanalytic theory overview He kept modifying it as he went along He never presented a comprehensive summary of his final views His theory is more comprehensive than must since it has a number of aspects. For example, he gives us: A theory of motivation. A theory of thinking (which includes dreaming, etc.) A theory of personality development (psychosexual theory) A theory of mental structures (id, ego, superego) A theory of psychopathology and symptom formation A theory of psychotherapy Sigismund Schlomo ”Sigmund Freud” Freud Born May 6th, 1856, to Jewish parents in what is now The Czech Republic. Father was 41, Mother was 21 and 3rd wife. Heavy cigar smoker. Had more than 30 operations due to oral cancer. He was a Neurologist before he become devoted to psychoanalysis Convinced his personal physician to euthanize him with morphine in 1939. Sigismund Schlomo ”Sigmund Freud” Freud Freud himself recalls his sexual fantasies about his mother. Has intellectual curiosity and burning ambition Ambivalent feelings toward his own father. He had the developmental history of a narcissistic personality, but he also had tremendous ability. Sigismund Schlomo ”Sigmund Freud” Freud Few professional careers open to Jewish boys at the time, but you could become a doctor. His First specialty was research neurology. Eventually made contributions to cerebral palsy. Spent four weeks dissecting hundreds of eels looking for the location of the eel penis, but no luck. Sigismund Schlomo ”Sigmund Freud” Freud Few professional careers open to Jewish boys at the time, but you could become a doctor. His First specialty was research neurology. Eventually made contributions to cerebral palsy. Spent four weeks dissecting hundreds of eels looking for the location of the eel penis, but no luck.  Carl Jung will definitely swipe right! …down to the sophomoric connotation of the phrase--was all about sex. Not Freud's theory of sex, but sexual feelings between the two. Freud, in a letter to a colleague, referred to "unruly homosexual feelings transferred from another part“ -- the part in question being a previous collaborator, Wilhelm Fliess.  Jung recognized the same in himself. Because of early sexual trauma at the hands of an older, trusted male figure, Jung found intimacy with other males repulsive. He came to feel towards Freud a "religious crush." Yet gradually the attraction disgusted him, betraying its baser origins, and so Jung had to move away. Read more about @ https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/genius-and-madness/200905/why-freud-and-jung-broke Read more about @ https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/genius-and-madness/200905/why-freud-and-jung-broke  He was his mother’s favorite. He was the oldest of 8 children, and the only child to have his own room. His family was impoverished but sacrificed everything for his education. In 1885 he meets Jean Charcot, Europe’s most eminent neurologist. Charcot specialized in treatment of hysteria with hypnosis  Hysteria is a mental disorder which arises from intense anxiety. The patient loses control over his or her acts and emotions and it is usually accompanied by sudden seizures of unconsciousness with emotional outbursts. In 1895 Breuer and Freud published her case in the classic “Studies on Hysteria.”  Bertha Pappenheim Also known as “Anna O” She was diagnosed as Hysterical (conversion neurosis): Meaning that her symptoms had an insufficient physical basis. Presumed to focus around some early conflict involving the part of the body where the symptom occurs. Anxiety cannot be expressed directly, so it’s channeled into the body where it appears as a symptom. Anna O. supposedly showed the powerful effects of psychological forces outside conscious awareness. Bertha Pappenheim Also known as “Anna O” Symptoms: Severe cough, paralysis of right side of body, disturbances of hearing and speech, hallucinations, periods of confusion, and loss of consciousness.  A hysterical personality typically displays symptoms like seductive behavior, high level of emotional dependency, platonic friendships, intolerance, frustration, capriciousness and irritability. During fits, such a person becomes hyper-emotional. He exhibits exaggerated feelings like spells of crying spells and tantrums marked with symptoms like: Increasing Abdominal constriction Severe cramps and heaviness in the limbs Palpitations Suffocation and headache Clenched teeth Swelling of the neck Feeling of a foreign body lodged in the throat Laughing or crying without cause Causes of Hysteria The main cause of hysteria is idleness, sexual repression and perverted habits of thought. Heredity may also be a cause for hysteria. A nervous family background and faulty emotional training in the upbringing of the child. Hysteria may also be caused due to some situations like death of someone or loss of love.  T#Throwback Thursday BTW. Marries Martha Bernays in ≈ 1886 A love letter from Freud to Martha Bernays “I will kiss you quite red and feed you till you are plump. And if you are forward you shall see who is the stronger, a little girl who doesn't eat enough or a big strong man with cocaine≈in his body. In my last serious depression I took cocaine again and a small dose lifted me to the heights in a wonderful fashion. I am just now collecting the literature for a song of praise to this magical substance” “Coca is a far more potent and far less harmful stimulant than alcohol, and its widespread utilization is hindered at present only by its high cost.” QUOTES FROM “ON COCA” Hypnosis is an induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and highly responsive to suggestion. But Freud abandoned it because not all of his patient could not be hypnotized. Freud credits Josef Breuer, a Viennese physician, as inventing psychoanalysis. When Anna talked about her illness under hypnosis, she felt better upon awakening, with diminished symptoms. Breuer treated Anna O. with hypnosis. Breuer was ambivalent about the Cathartic ≈ Method and the treatment of hysterics In psychoanalyzing patients, Freud and Breuer encountered an interesting fact: Many of their patients had memories of being sexual seduced by their parents. Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory PERSONALITY is defined as follows: Our characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious ≈ motivations influence personality. Freud called his theory and associated techniques psychoanalysis. Unconscious - large below the surface area which contains thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories, of which we are unaware. Free association - the patient is asked to relax and say whatever comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing or trivial. Personality Structure According to Freud ID - reservoir of unconscious psychic energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress. The id operates on the pleasure principle: If not constrained but reality, it seeks immediate gratification. ≈ EGO - the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. SUPEREGO - represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscious) and for future aspirations. The superego operates the morality principle, that demands right and wrong. Id Ego and Superego Another way of looking… ≈ 27 Dream Analysis Dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious”. Seemingly, when the individual is asleep, his ego is less on guard against the unacceptable impulse originating from the Id. Manifest content- what a dreamer sees and remembers. Latent content – the meaning of the manifest content, what is the unconscious, the interpretation of the said dream. The Freudian Symbolism in Your Dreams | Psychology Today ≈ Parapraxes (Freudian Slips) Commonly known as slips of the tongue, slips of the pen, forgetting, accidental happenings, misreading, incorrect hearing or intentions that are not chance accidents but reveal a person’s unconscious intentions. ≈  ≈ Twin Cornerstone of Psychoanalysis:  Sex (Eros) The aim of this drive is for pleasure. But its not limited in the genitals areas because our whole body consist are invested with libido which includes the mouth, anus and especially the producing sexual pleasures which are called the Erogenous zones. Sex can also take in many forms: Love – invested in other object or people. Masochism - likes in suffering or pain. ≈ Narcissism – self gratification Sadism – hurting others.  Aggression (Thanatos) ≈ Considered as the destructive drive. It aims to return the organism into an inorganic state. In which the ultimate inorganic state is death, thus the final form is self-destruction. Aggression can also take into different forms such as: SARCASM HUMILIATION ≈ TEASING GOSSIP …humor and enjoyment of other’s sufferings 36 Psychosexual Development Overview ORAL ANAL PHALLIC≈ LATENCY (0-18 MONTHS) (18-36 MONTHS) (3-6 YEARS) (6 TO PUBERTY) Pleasure Pleasure focuses Pleasure zone is little or no sexual GENITAL centers on the on bowel and the genitals; coping feelings...focus (puberty) mouth-sucking, bladder elimination; with incestuous on learning chewing, coping with sexual Maturation of sexual biting. Focus: demands for control feelings…Focus: interest…focus: genital weaning sexual identity intercourse Important Psychosexual Stage Theory Vocabulary Oedipus complex -a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father Castration anxiety Fear from boy’s struggle to deal with his love for mother while knowing he cannot overcome his father physically Electra complex – a girl’s sexual desire towards her≈ father and feeling of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother. Penis envy Desire for male dominated advantages Identification-the process by which, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos. Fixation-a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved. Psychosexual stage that is either over satisfied or under satisfied, fixation will occur.  Changes occur in the in the normal expression of oral behavior as a person grows older. ≈  ANXIETY Sigmund Freud viewed anxiety as the symptomatic expression of the inner emotional conflict caused when a person suppresses ≈ (from conscious awareness) experiences, feelings, or impulses that are too threatening or disturbing to live with.  ANXIETY Id produces irrational anxiety Ego produces ≈ realistic anxiety Superego produces moral anxiety The Psychology Of Defense ≈ Mechanisms Why do we need Ego defenses? We use defense mechanisms to protect ourselves from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because we feel threatened, or because our id or superego becomes too demanding. ≈ Ego-defense mechanisms are natural and normal. When they get out of proportion (i.e., used with frequency), neuroses develop, such as anxiety states, phobias, obsessions, or hysteria. Repression This is not a very successful defense in the long term since it involves forcing disturbing wishes, ideas or memories into the unconscious, where, although hidden, they will create anxiety. Repressed memories do not ≈ disappear. They can have an accumulative effect and reappear as unattributable anxiety or dysfunctional behavior. Repressed memories may appear through subconscious means and in altered forms, such as dreams or slips of the tongue ('Freudian slips’). Unresolve conflicts do not fade away. DENIAL Involves a refusal to accept reality, thus blocking external events from awareness. Many people use denial in their everyday lives to avoid dealing with painful feelings or ≈ areas of their life they don’t wish to admit. no one disregards reality and gets away with it for long! DISPLACEMEN T Displacement is the redirection of an impulse (usually aggression) onto a powerless substitute target. The target can ≈ be a person or an object that can serve as a symbolic substitute. SUBLIMATION Sublimation is like displacement but takes place when we manage to displace our unacceptable emotions into behaviors which are constructive ≈ and socially acceptable, rather than destructive activities. REACTION FORMATION Reaction formation is a psychological defense mechanism in which a person goes beyond denial and ≈ behaves in the opposite way to which he or she thinks or feels. REGRESSION Regression is a defense mechanism whereby the the ego reverts to an earlier stage of development usually in response to stressful ≈ situations. A form of retreat, enabling a person to psychologically go back in time to a period when the person felt safer. TIKTOK VIRAL PANSIT CANTON GIRL PROJECTION Projection is a psychological defense mechanism which an put the individuals’ attributes unwanted ≈ thoughts, feelings and motives onto another person. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/homophobes-might-be-hidden- homosexuals/ RATIONALIZATION Rationalization is a defense mechanism involving a cognitive distortion of "the facts" to make an event or an impulse less threatening. ≈ We do it often enough on a conscious level when we provide ourselves with excuses.  Criticisms of Freud’s Psychoanalysis 1. Freud's theory is good at explaining but not at predicting behavior (which is one of the goals of science). 2. Freud may also have shown research bias in his interpretations - he may have only paid attention to information which supported his theories and ignored ≈ information and other explanations that did not fit them. 3. The theory is focused almost entirely on male development with little mention of female psychosexual development. 4. Freud's theory is based upon case studies and not empirical research. Also, Freud based his theory on the recollections of his adult patients, not on actual observation and study of children. 5. The theory focuses primarily on heterosexual development, and largely ignores homosexual development - Freud's theory implied that homosexuality was a deviation in normal psychosexual development,  “ All failure are so because they ≈ lack social interest. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY  Alfred Adler (/ˈædlər/ AD-lər, German) Born: February 7, 1870, in Vienna, Austria. Education: Earned a medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1895. Early Career: Began as an ophthalmologist before transitioning to general medicine and psychiatry. Collaboration with Freud: Initially part of Freud's inner circle, but later broke away due to differing views. Founded: The school of Individual Psychology in 1911. Died: May 28, 1937, in Aberdeen, Scotland  Alfred Adler (/ˈædlər/ AD-lər, German) Health Challenges: As a child, Adler suffered from rickets and almost died from pneumonia, experiences that fueled his interest in overcoming adversity and later influenced his theories on inferiority and striving for superiority. Influence on Education: Adler believed in the importance of education and was a strong advocate for child guidance and parenting programs, which he saw as crucial for developing healthy, socially- minded individuals. Break with Freud: Adler was one of the first prominent figures to break away from Freud's circle, leading to significant tension. His departure marked the first major split in the psychoanalytic movement.  Alfred Adler (/ˈædlər/ AD-lər, German) Sibling Rivalry: Adler was the second of seven children. He felt overshadowed by his older brother, Sigmund, which may have contributed to his later interest in the effects of birth order on personality. Interest in Medicine: After witnessing the death of a younger brother, Adler decided to become a doctor. This experience deeply impacted him and shaped his future career in medicine and psychology. Love of Learning: Adler's early academic performance was poor, and he struggled with school in his early years. However, he was determined to improve and eventually excelled in his studies, particularly in mathematics.  Alfred Adler (/ˈædlər/ AD-lər, German) Individual Psychology Striving for Superiority Inferiority Complex Social Interest Birth Order Theory Holistic Approach Comparison between Freud and Adler FREUD ADLER Main motivations are biological Main motivation is the inferiority drives. complex. Focus is within the individual mind. Focus is on interactions between people. Relationship with same-sex parent of ≈ Wider family relationships including with primary importance. siblings of primary importance. The Oedipus complex expresses The Oedipus complex is the result of instinctive sexual and aggressive spoiling by the opposite-sex parent. drives. Dreams facilitate problem solving. Dreams express instinctive wishes. Personality is the result of goal Personality is the product of id, ego orientation. and superego. STRIVING FOR SUCCESS OR SUPERIORITY The Final Goal o The final goal of success or superiority toward which all people strive unifies personality and makes all behavior meaningful ≈ The Striving Force as Compensation o People strive for superiority or success as a means of compensation for feelings of inferiority or weaknesses Striving for Personal Superiority o Psychologically unhealthy individuals strive for personal superiority with little concern for other people Striving for Success Psychologically healthy people strive for the success of all humanity, but they do so without losing their personal identity Adler’s POV on Personality Adler believed that personality was formed early in life. He thought positive and negative experiences early in ≈ childhood could lead to reactions that would establish lifelong personality orientations or goals.  Alfred Adler’s STYLE OF LIFE The manner of a person’s striving. The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life. The Adlerian lifestyle refers Includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feeling for others to the collection of convictions that the person and attitude toward the world. has developed and uses to Product of the ≈ interaction between heredity, environment navigate life. and creative power. Adler believed that healthy individuals are marked by These convictions serve many flexible behavior and that they have some limited ability to purposes including giving the person a sense of identity, it change their style of life. helps you understand the world, helps you maintain control in your life.  Alfred Adler’s FOUR BASIC STYLES OF Dominant type - displays a dominant or ruling attitude with little social awareness. LIFE Getting type - expects to receive satisfaction from other The manner of a person’s striving. people and so becomes dependent on them. Avoiding type≈- makes no attempt to face life’s problems. Socially useful type - cooperates with others and acts in accordance with their needs.  Alfred Adler’s CREATIVE POWER Molder of style of life It provides the uniqueness Style of life is molded by people’s creative and self-consistency of movement toward an power. imagined ideal completion, Places people ≈ in control of their own lives the creative compensation for felt deficiency, and an Ability to freely choose a course of action. unfolding of all capabilities toward a totality.  Alfred Adler’s SOCIAL INTEREST Origin of Social Interest o Although social interest exists as potentiality This is the urge in human nature to in all people, it must be fostered in a social adapt oneself to the conditions of environment social environment. Hence, it refers to an individual’s attitude towards o Adler believed originates from the mother and awareness of being part of the and child relationship ≈ human community. Importance of Social Interest Example: Finding meaning and purpose in life by participating in o The sole criterion of human values endeavors beyond oneself is a key aspect of social interest. Belonging o Worthiness of all one’s actions must be seen to groups also reduces a sense of by this standard isolation and loneliness that can be a part of the human condition. o Without social interest, societies could not exist  ≈ Gemeinschaftsgefühl “community feeling” or “social interest”. EXTERNAL FACTORS OF MALADJUSTMENT 1. EXAGGERATED PHYSICAL DEFECTS Subjective and exaggerated feelings of inferiority because they overcompensate for their inadequacy. 2. PAMPERED STYLE OF LIFE Weak social interest but a strong desire to perpetuate the pampered, establish a permanent parasitic relationship with the mother or mother substitute. 3. NEGLECTED STYLE OF LIFE Children who feel unloved and unwanted are likely to develop this feeling. Abused and mistreated children develop little social interest and tend to create a neglected style of life. They learn inferiority because they are told and shown every day that they are no value. They learn selfishness because they are taught to trust no one.  STYLE OF LIFE CONTEXTUALIZED IN MODERN ERA NEGLECTED STYLE OF LIFE PAMPERED STYLE OF LIFE  Alfred Adler’s SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES These enable people to hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life. Protective devices against anxiety. Excuses People create patterns of Aggression behavior to protect their Withdrawal≈ exaggerated sense of self- esteem against public Are safeguarding disgrace. tendencies the same with defense mechanisms?  Alfred Adler’s SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES Both concepts explicated that the symptoms are formed as a protection against anxiety. Protective devices against anxiety. Freudian defense mechanisms operate unconsciously, People create patterns of whereas safeguarding tendencies are largely conscious behavior to protect their and shield a≈ person’s fragile self-esteem from public exaggerated sense of self- disgrace. esteem against public Defense mechanisms are common to everyone, disgrace. safeguarding tendencies only with reference to the construction of neurotic symptoms. EXCUSES Most common of the “Yes, I would like to go to the party, but my parents are very safeguarding tendencies. strict." Typically expressed in the “Yes, but” or “If only” format. “If only I did≈ not have this physical deficiency, I could compete successfully for a job.” People first state what they claim they would like to do— something that sounds good to others—then they follow with an excuse. AGGRESSION Depreciation - the tendency to undervalue other people’s Some people use aggression to protect their fragile self- achievements and to overvalue one’s own. esteem. Accusation - is the tendency to blame others for one’s failures and to≈ seek revenge, thereby safeguarding one’s own tenuous self-esteem. Self-Accusation - marked by self-torture and guilt. Some people use self-torture, including masochism, depression, and suicide, as means of hurting people who are close to them.  Moving backward - is the tendency to safeguard one’s WITHDRAWAL fictional goal of superiority by psychologically reverting to a more secure period of life. Safeguarding through distance. Standing still - similar to moving backward but, in general, it is not as severe. People who stand still avoid all responsibility by ensuring themselves against any threat of failure. ≈ Hesitating - Some people hesitate or vacillate when faced with difficult problems. Their procrastinations eventually give them the excuse “It’s too late now.” Constructing obstacles - by overcoming the obstacle, they protect their self-esteem and their prestige. The Inferiority Complex In infancy we all have a state of inferiority. Our main motivator is to escape this feeling of inferiority. This manifests in many ways, positive and negative: Negative expressions Positive expressions Arrogance results when we try to Accomplishment in a work or artistic assert our superiority. setting. ≈ Agoraphobia results when we feel Compensation for a weakness by too inferior to cope with the developing a corresponding outside world. strength. Domestic abuse results when we express a need to control some aspect of the world.  Adler’s Interpretation of Dreams Adler’s murder dream Adler saw dreams as a mechanism for problem solving, in which our Adler was deciding whether to unconscious mind works on return a soldier to the First problems with which our World War front line. He waking mind has struggled. dreamt that he had murdered someone. On ≈ waking he Adler believed that it is not realized this was his attempt to so much the dream narrative that gives us the answer to solve the problem and decided our problem but the not to send the soldier back. emotional residue that guides us towards a correct decision. PANAGINIP BY SASA GURL Application of Individual Psychology Birth Order Not generalizing, but the common trend. Adler saw family dynamics as very important in a child’s ≈ development. One important aspect of family dynamics is birth order. A child’s place in birth order can impact on their personality.  Criticisms of Adler’s Individual Psychology Lack of Empirical Support. Adler's theories, such as the concepts of striving for superiority and social interest, have been criticized for lacking rigorous empirical evidence. Critics argue that these ideas are difficult to test scientifically and rely heavily on subjective interpretation. Overemphasis on Social Factors. Some psychologists ≈ believe Adler placed too much emphasis on social and community influences at the expense of biological and unconscious factors. Simplification of Complex Behaviors. Adler's theory has been criticized for oversimplifying human behavior, particularly through the concept of the inferiority complex. Inconsistencies and Vagueness. Some aspects of Adler's theory, such as his ideas on birth order, have been criticized for being vague or inconsistent. Researchers have found mixed results when testing the effects of birth order on personality, leading to questions about the validity of Adler’s claims. Thank you End of discussion QUESTIONS? for listening Reference/s: Feist, J, Feist, G F., Roberts, T. (2018). Theories of Personality, 9th ed (9). : McGraw-Hill International Editions.