Lecture 3: Carl Jung and Harry Sullivan PDF

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES: Jung and Sullivan Lecture 3 Lecture by: Khymberly Whey P. Mercado, RPm Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical Theory 2 Carl Jung: Analytical Theory Carl Jung believed in the “complex,” or emotionally charged associations. He collaborated with...

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES: Jung and Sullivan Lecture 3 Lecture by: Khymberly Whey P. Mercado, RPm Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical Theory 2 Carl Jung: Analytical Theory Carl Jung believed in the “complex,” or emotionally charged associations. He collaborated with Sigmund Freud, but disagreed with him about the sexual basis of neuroses. Born July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, Switzerland. The only son of a Protestant clergyman Paul and wife Emilie. He and Freud work for almost 6 year (1906 to 1913). Hailed to be Freud’ heir; “my successor and crown prince;” “spirit of my spirit.” BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 3 PSYCH005X – Theories of Personality Relationship: Freud and Jung Father and son relationship (Jung is 32 years old while Freud is almost 51 years old). Jung is fascinated to Freud’s study of the unconscious. Freud is fascinated to his work – word association (gives him the scientific evidence for his theory). First meeting: talked for almost 13hours in Freud’s apartment Unfortunately, their relationship ended due to: intellectual, professional and personal reasons. BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY PSYCH005X – Theories of Personality 4  One to many letter of Freud TRANSLATION: “Your allegation that I treat my followers as patients is demonstrably untrue.... It is a convention among us analysts that none of us need feel ashamed of his own neurosis. But one [meaning Jung] who while behaving abnormally keeps shouting that he is normal gives ground for the suspicion that he lacks insight into his illness. Accordingly, I propose that we abandon our personal relations entirely.” Sigmund Freud, 1913. BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY PSYCH005X – Theories of Personality 5  In 1904 a Russian woman named Sabina Spielrein (Keira Knightley) arrives at Carl Jung's (Michael Fassbender) clinic, seeking treatment for hysteria. Jung is eager to test Sigmund Freud's (Viggo Mortensen) theories on Sabina and, in fact, successfully treats her. Two years later Jung and Sabina meet Freud in person, and Jung takes over the treatment of Otto Gross, whose influence leads Jung to begin an affair with Sabina, contributing to a rift with Freud. This movie tells the fictionalized story of the ambiguous six-year relationship between Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung and the patient who ties them together. BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY PSYCH005X – Theories of Personality 6 Carl Gustav Jung define… PERSONALITY He was the first to distinguish the two major attitudes or orientations of personality – extroversion and introversion (Jung, 1923). He also identified four basic functions (thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting) which in a cross-classification yield eight pure personality types.  LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE Jung saw the human psyche as being divided into a conscious and an unconscious level, with the latter further subdivided into a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious. The personal unconscious contains the Conscious things suppressed from the conscious Images sensed by the ego are (contents are called “complexes”). On the other hand, collective unconscious said to be conscious. contains things that are shared with other human beings from our pasts (contents are called “archetypes”). Example: Personal and Collective Unconscious The personal unconscious contains the things suppressed from the conscious. memories that have been forgotten or repressed - Memories of bitterness, hatred, embarrassing moments, pain, and forbidden urges The collective unconscious refers to the unconscious mind and shared mental concepts. if we dream of an old man talking to us, we can decide it is a sign we are on the right track in life and approaching our personal inner wisdom  ARCHETYPES - Contents of the collective unconscious Refers to the universal, inborn models of people, behaviors, or personalities that play a role in influencing human behavior. These are names given to the kind of image from his collective unconscious that man uses frequently. - 4 Famous archetypes: the persona, the shadow, the anima or animus, and the self. Archetypes of Jung Persona Shadow Anima The self is an archetype that represents the unified the side of our the dark side of feminine side of men unconsciousness and personality that we personality. Animus consciousness of an individual. Represented by circle or mandala show to others. the masculine side of women Archetypes of Jung Great mother Wise old man Hero the archetype of nourishment and the archetype of wisdom the image we have of a conqueror who vanquishes evil but who has a single fatal flaw. destruction (also depicted as the and meaning witch). The Self: Perfection Self- the image we have of fulfillment, completion, or perfection. The most comprehensive of all archetypes, because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them. Symbol: the mandala, which is depicted as a circle within a square, a square within a circle, or any other concentric figure. self-realization – developmental process (part of development of personality, achieve through the old stage), that involves the differentiation and integration of such personality components as: ego, shadow, persona and animus/anima. Dynamics of Personality 14 PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES Jung recognized various psychological types that grow out of a union of two basic attitudes- introversion and extraversion- and four separate functions- thinking, feeling, seeing, and intuiting. Attitude- readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way". Attitudes often come in pairs, one conscious and the other unconscious. Introverts are described as Extraverts preferring to being more focused on the engage with the outside internal world of reflection. world of objects, sensory They are also described as perception, and action thoughtful and insightful. PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES Functions – cognitive or psychological functions; are particular mental processes within a person's psyche that are present regardless of common circumstance. Attitudes can combine with any one or more of four functions, forming eight possible orientations, or types. The four functions are all necessary for man’s mind to perform if he is to know and live in this world. 4 Functions Intuition - perception Sensation - receives physical Feeling - evaluating an Thinking - logical beyond the working of stimuli and transmits them to idea or event. intellectual activity that consciousness perceptual consciousness produces a chain of ideas. Jung’s Dichotomies Jung’s 8 Personality Types THINKING FEELING SENSATION INTUITION Analytical, Sociable, Adventurous, Practical, strategic, sentimental, innovative, hands-on, plans, seeks seeks pleasure implements, personal and novelty, seeking, organizes social proposes hardheaded others success changes Contemplati Inaccessible, Intense, Idealistic, ve, enigmatic, obsessive, visionary, discovering, self- detached, esoteric, theoretical, contained, connoisseur, mystical, seeks self- seeks inner expert aloof knowledge intensity DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY Stages of Development 1. Childhood- the early morning sun, full of potential but still lacking in brilliance (consciousness). Substages a. Anarchic phase- characterized by chaotic and sporadic consciousness. b. Monarchic phase- characterized by the development of the ego and by the beginning of logical and verbal thinking. c. Dualistic phase- the ego is divided into the objective and subjective. DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY 3. Middle life- early afternoon sun, 4. Old age- the evening sun, its once bright 2. Youth- the morning sun, brilliant like the late morning sun, but climbing toward the zenith, but consciousness now markedly dimmed. As the obviously headed for the sunset. evening of life approaches, people experience a unaware of the impending Jung believed that middle life begins at diminution of consciousness just as the light and decline. approximately age 35 or 40, by which warmth of the sun diminish at dusk time the sun has passed its zenith and begins its downward descent JUNG’S METHOD OF INVESTIGATION 1. Word Association Test- this is the oldest method in which the subject is asked to respond to some stimulus words with the first word that comes to his mind. 2. Dream Analysis- The purpose of Jungian dream interpretation is to uncover elements from the personal and collective unconscious and to integrate them into consciousness to facilitate the process of self- realization. 3. Active Imagination- this method requires a person to begin with any impression- a dream image, vision, picture, or fantasy- and to concentrate until the impression begins to “move”. 4. Psychotherapy- the ultimate purpose of Jungian therapy is to help neurotic patients become healthy and to encourage healthy people to work independently toward self-realization. TRY THIS! Word Association Test- Jung typically used a list of about 100 stimulus words chosen and arranged to elicit an emotional reaction. Write down your responses to this stimulus and how long it took for you to answer (per word). Example: How school teacher use WAT Harry Stack Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory 24 Harry Stack Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory Harry Stack Sullivan was born (February 21, 1892) and trained in America. He was born in a small town of Norwich, New York. When Sullivan was 8 years old, he formed a close relationship with a 13 year old boy named Clarence Bellinger. Although, they are not peers chronologically, they had much in common socially and intellectually. Both of them later became a Psychiatrist. This relationship transforms Sullivan’s life. It awakened in him the so called intimacy, in which, it is the ability to love another who was more or like himself. BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY 25 PSYCH005X – Theories of Personality Sullivan: Core Ideas Personality is shaped from our relationships with others. It can never be isolated from the complex of interpersonal relations in which the person lives. - i.e., Personality cannot be separated from our social worlds Emphasizes childhood friendships in the formation of personality - Chumship, intimacy, & Security TENSION : Needs & Anxiety TENSION refers to potentially for action or actions themselves (i.e., energy transformations) that may not be experienced in awareness. It arises from two sources: needs and anxiety. EXAMPLE: What is your indication that you are hungry? Answer: growling of stomach  this is tension! When your stomach grumble, this will make you to move – to eat. TENSION : Needs - Tensions brought on by a biological imbalance between the person and the physiochemical environment, both inside and outside the organism. - Can be general needs(basic needs) or zonal need (arise from a particular area of the body). - The most basic interpersonal need is that of tenderness -a general need because it is concerned with the overall wellbeing of a person - **we tend to have an excess energy while satisfying our general needs. This excess energy then converted to a consistent behavior called dynamism. TENSION : Anxiety - A second type of tension, anxiety. - is disjunctive and calls for no consistent actions for its relief. - Considered as is the chief disruptive force blocking our development of good interpersonal relations. - the presence of anxiety is much worse than its absence” - Sullivan (1945, p100) - Example: If infants lack food (a need), their course of action is clear; but if they are anxious, they can do little to escape from that anxiety. Energy Transformation & Dynamisms Refers to tensions that are transformed into actions, DYNAMISMS either overt or covert. Disjunctive/ simply refers to our patterns of behaviors that are aimed malevolent at satisfying needs and reducing anxiety – negative Dynamisms interpersonal Conjunctive/ - Energy transformations become organized as typical behavior patterns behavior intimacy that characterize a person throughout a lifetime. Same as traits or – positive habit patterns. interpersonal - Has three (3) categories: disjunctive, isolating and conjunctive. behavior Isolating/ Lust – unrelated to interpersonal Malevolence, Intimacy, & Isolating MALEVOLENCE Disjunctive destructive patterns of behavior wishing evil to others.. INTIMACY Conjunctive beneficial patterns of behavior Grows out of early needs for tenderness. LUST Isolating patterns of behavior that are unrelated to interpersonal behavior. Requiring no other person for its satisfaction. Personifications the pattern of feelings and attitudes toward another person that arises out of interpersonal relations with him or her. PERSONIFICATIONS Mental images that we acquire during development to help us understand ourselves and the world. Bad/Good Mother Personifications help maintain emotional equilibrium and reduce anxiety (Separation of the good vs. bad) Me Personification Eidetic Personification 1. Bad-mother , Good-mother the bad-mother personification, in fact, grows out of the infant’s experiences with the bad-nipple: that is, the nipple that does not satisfy hunger needs. Afterwards, an infant will acquire a goodmother personification based on the tender and cooperative behaviors of the mothering one. 2. Me personification a. Good Me: represents what people like about themselves and is willing to share with others b. Bad Me: what people don’t like about themselves and are not willing to share. Develops in response to negative feedback with feelings of discomfort, displeasure, and distress. The “Bad Me” creates anxiety. c. Not Me: the aspects of self that are so anxiety-provoking that the person does not consider them a part of the person. It contains feelings of horror, dread, dread. This part of the self is primarily unconscious (dissociative coping). 3. Eidetic Personification Not all interpersonal relations are with real people; some are eidetic personifications: that is, unrealistic traits or imaginary friends that many children invent in order to protect their self-esteem. Sullivan (1964) believed that these imaginary friends may be as significant to a child’s development as real playmates.  7 Personality developmentDevelopmental Stages  Each stage involves specific interpersonal Infancy challenges or tasks, and specific types of interpersonal relationships. Childhood  Personality change is most likely during Juvenile Era the transitions between stages Preadolescence  Personality continues to evolve from Early Adolescence infancy through adulthood Late Adolescence Adulthood  Personality development Infancy Childhood Juvenile - Tenderness from - Imaginary playmate (i.e., eidetic - Need for peers of equal status mothering one personification) (Children learn how to compete, - Learns anxiety from the - Practice social relations/ rehearsal compromise, and cooperate). mother through empathy - Safe, secure relationships to practice with no threat of negative consequences  Personality development Late Adolescence Adulthood Feel both intimacy and lust toward the same person Person establishes a stable relationship with a - Learn how to live in the adult world significant other person. - Discovery of self REFERENCE Feist, J, Feist, G F., Roberts, T. (2021). Theories of Personality, 10th ed (10). : McGraw-Hill International Editions. THANK YOU END OF LECTURE 3