Range Of Variables for Agricultural Crops PDF

RANGE OF VARIABLES VARIABLE SCOPE 1. Tools, farm implements and Include the following but not limited to: simple equipment 1.1. Tools: 1.1.1. Digging tools 1.1...

RANGE OF VARIABLES VARIABLE SCOPE 1. Tools, farm implements and Include the following but not limited to: simple equipment 1.1. Tools: 1.1.1. Digging tools 1.1.2. Propagation tools 1.1.3. Harvesting tools 1.1.4. Measuring tools 1.2. Farm implements and simple equipment: 1.2.1. Water pumps 1.2.2. Hand tractor 1.2.3. Plow 1.2.4. Harrow 1.2.5. Sprayer 2. Planting materials Include the following but not limited to: 2.1. Seeds 2.2. Suckers 2.3. Tissue cultured plantlets 2.4. Cuttings 2.5. Rhizome 2.6. Corm 2.7. Grafted material 2.8. Tuber 2.9. Runner/Stolon 2.10. Bulb 3. Quality seeds Characteristics of quality seeds include the following: 3.1. Damage free 3.2. Viability 3.3. Free from mixture 4. Seed Testing Seed testing methods include the following but not limited to: 4.1. Rag doll method 4.2. Petri dish 4.3. Seed bed/seedbox 5. Seed scarification Seed scarification include the following: 5.1. Physical 5.2. Chemical 6. Growing media Include but not limited to the following: 6.1. Garden soil 6.2. Peat moss 6.3. Saw dust 6.4. Coco coir 6.5. Rice hull/carbonized rice hull 6.6. Compost 6.7. River sand 6.8. Animal manure  6.9. Wood cuttings 6.10. Fern slabs 6.11. Drift wood 7. Containers Include but not limited to the following: 7.1. Polyethylene bags 7.2. Clay pots 7.3. Plastic containers 7.4. Seed tray 7.5. Seed box 7.6. Coconut husk 7.7. Wired basket 8. Quality seedlings Include but not limited to the following: 8.1. Healthy 8.2. Vigorous growth 8.3. Height 8.4. Age 8.5. Number of leaves 9. Plant propagation Include but not limited to the following: techniques 9.1. Sexual (Seeds) 9.2. Asexual 9.2.1 Grafting (cleft, side, saddle) 9.2.2 Budding 9.2.3 Marcotting/ air layering 9.2.4 Inarching/approached grafting 9.2.5 Cuttings 9.2.6 Division 1. PLANT CROPS  This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to conduct activities related to land preparation and planting of agricultural crops. This unit also includes proper handling of seeds/seedlings/saplings for planting and transplanting, proper use of tools and equipment, conduct land preparation and lay-out. 1. Prepare land for planting 1.1 Tools, materials and equipment a. Bolo b. Scythe b. Spade or shovel c. Garden hoe d. Rake e. Grasscutter f. Compost g. Hand tractors and attachment 1.2 Land is cleared according to prescribed methods of land preparation 1.3 Debris are removed and disposed according to waste management standards a. Stones b. Sticks c. Unwanted vegetation d. Other garbage 1.4 Soil samples are collected for analysis based on standard procedure. SOIL SAMPLING  The main objective of soil sampling is to collect small amount of soil sample weighing about one kilogram that will represent the soil in a large area, e.g. one hectare furrow slice that weight about 2 million kg, Since only a small amount of soil sample is used in chemical analysis, the accuracy of soil depends largely on proper soil sampling. Soil sampling technique and handling of samples  To determine the quantity of certain nutrients in the soil, and the quantity to add, so that the total supply of nutrients will become sufficient to grow crops, a soil test need to be done. Normally , a composite sample is taken to represent only one field of relative uniformity (e.g., one soil type, profile level, or depth, topographic features, etc.) Moreover proper sample preparation and storage should be done to avoid contamination that will lead to misleading information and result to inaccurate soil test values and recommendations. Procedures in field and soil sampling with emphasis on care sample collection and preparations. 1. Selection of area to be sampled As a rule of thumb, (a) samples should not be taken from unusual areas as spilled and in place very close to the roads, dikes or houses; (b) sample separately, fields which vary in topography, slope, texture, drainage management practices and cropping pattern. 2. Number and distribution of borings The composite samples should be consist of 8 to 10 (minimum) individually taken boring (cores or slice) done in a zigzag fashion, properly spaced and will distributed over the fields Steps on proper soil sampling technique. Sample depth (a) for cultivated soils, soil samples are taken from the plow layer ( or to a depth of 6 inches) (b) for deep-rooted crops, such as tobacco, soil sampling may be done to a depth of 12 inches Soil sampling tools Most common farm tools and materials such as shovel or spade, knife or trowel, bolo, small pail, and plastic bag 1. Soil tube or core sampler 2. Spade 3. Post hole digger 1. Auger 5. Trowel  Other needed materials  Clean knife  Clean plastic pail or rust free bucket  Plastic bags If using the spade 1. Dig the soil to plow layer and throw soil aside. 2. Dig i-inch slice in the soil and cut 1-inch middle core from top to bottom using a knife. 3. Place in a clean bucket or plastic pail. 4. Repeat to make 8-10 borings. 5. Mix soil from all borings, halve or quarter as necessary to obtain 1 kg composite sample..6. Store in clean plastic bag, seal and label. Submit samples in the laboratory immediately. If using an auger: 1. Place the auger pointed vertically down the soil surface. 2. With twisting motion, push down the desired depth. 3. Collect the soil that accumulates in the groves of the auger and place in plastic Pail/ 4. Make 8-10 borings.  5. Mix soil from all borings, halve or quarter as necessary to obtain 1 kg composite sample 6. Store in clean plastic bag, seal and label. Submit samples in the laboratory immediately. Labeling of sample  Label must be indicate the exact location where the sample was taken.  Name and address of the farmer tilling the land  Date of sampling  Crop to be planted Soil Test Kit Tests for : Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Soil pH MOET Kit :Minus-one Element for Nutrient deficiency test for lowland rice Soil Tester Test for : a. pH b. Soil moisture Soil Survey Instrument Measures; Moisture pH value Soil Temperature Soil Sampling and Analysis Fig. 1. Collecting soil sample Fig 2. Air drying Fig. 3. Composite sample Soil Analysis: 1.5 Land Preparation is conducted according to crop requirement. a. Plowing b. Harrowing c. Levelling d. Furrowing  1.6 Basal fertilizer is applied based on crop requirement - Fertilizer include the following:  a. Organic fertilizers- are produced from animal manure and crop residues. They have low nutrient composition and are bulky but improve the physical, chemical, and microbiological status of the soil. Vermicomposting Fig. ____ Vermicomposting Fig. ___ Vermicast Classification of Organic fertilizer PURE ORGANIC – decomposed plant or animal materials to which decomposing activators may have been added to hasten decomposition and to which chemical nor inorganic fertilizer material has been added to finished product to affect the nutrient content FORTIFIED/ENRICHED ORGANIC FERTILIZER - an organic fertilizer material which has been enriched with microbial inoculants, hormones, and or chemical additives to increase its nutrient contents Inorganic – most of the commercial fertilizer in the market today are inorganic fertilizer, which are usually synthesized and often called chemical or mineral fertilizers. These carry either pure nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. Or a mixture of two or more nutrients. Chemical fertilizers have high nutrient contents, as expressed in the % N - %P205-%K20 composition. Commonly available chemical fertilizers and their grades in the Philippines Guaranteed Analysis % N - %P205 - %K20 Single Nutrient Ammonium sulfate 21 – 0 – 0 Urea 46 – 0 – 0 Superphosphate 0 – 18 – 0 Muriate of potash 0 – 0 – 60 Compound Fertilizers Ammonium phosphate 16 – 20 – 0 Di-ammonium phosphate 18 – 46 – 0 Complete Fertilizer Complete fertilizer 5-10-15 14-14-14 FERTILIZER COMPUTATION Fertilizer Grade/Guaranteed Analysis = 14% N; 14% P205;; 14%K2O Weight of Fertilizer Material per bag = 50 kg. Formula 1 To calculate the weight of fertilizer, divide the weight of nutrient required by the nutrient content ( percent of the fertilizer material) Weight of Fertilizer Material = Weight of Nutrient % Nutrient Example 1. A fertilizer recommendation calls for the application of 60 kg N/ha. Nitrogen can be supplied by either ammonium sulfate (21 - 0 - 0 ) or Urea (45 - 0 - 0 ) a. Weight of Fertilizer Material (21-0-0) = Weight of Nutrient % Nutrient = 60 0.21 = 285.71 kg kg/ha  b. Weight of Fertilizer Material (46-0-0) = Weight of Nutrient % Nutrient = 60 0.46 = 130.43 kg kg/ha Formula 2 To get the number of bags of fertilizer divide the weight of nutrients required by the weight of nutrients per bag. Weight of Nutrient (21-0-0) = Weight of Fertilizer Material x % Nutrient = 285.71 kg x 0.21 = 60 kg Weight of Nutrient (46-0-0) = Weight of Fertilizer Material x % Nutrient = 130.43 kg x 0.46 = 60 kg Formula 3 To get the number % Nutrient (Element)of fertilizer divide the weight of nutrients required by the weight of Fertilizer Material. % Nutrient (21-0-0) = Weight of Nutrient Weight of Fertilizer Material X 100 = 60 X 100 285.71 = 21 % Nutrient (46-0-0) = Weight of Nutrient X 100 Weight of Fertilizer Material = 60 X 100 130.43  = 46 2. Conduct field lay-out 2.1 Tools and materials are prepared for field lay-out. 2.2 Interpret field lay-out plan according to the recommended planting system. 2.3 Field lay-out according to recommended planting system 2.3.1. Open Field a. Raised bed b. Square c. Quincunx or diagonal d. Hexagonal or diagonal e. Contour system f. Single row g. Double row h. Broadcast ` Lay-out Fig. __ Raise bed Fig. __ Mulching  Planting System Fig. ___Single row - ridging Fig 2. Double row – raise bed 2.3.2 Green house a. Raised bed b. Potted 3. Dig holes  Digging of holes are performed based on crop requirement  Top soil is separated to be used as covering the hole after planting  Basal fertilizer application is performed based on recommended amount 4.Perform direct seeding  Seeds are planted according to recommended rate, distance and depth.  Replanting are timely done according to recommended practices for a particular crop  Fig.____ Direct seeding (corn seed planting) 5.Transplanting  Handling of seedlings from nursery is performed based on prescribed practices.  Transplanting of seedlings is done best on crop practices.  Re-bagging is done for a particular crop requirement.  Replanting is timely done based on planting protocol. RANGE OF VARIABLES VARIABLE SCOPE 1. Tools, materials and Include but not limited to the following: equipment 1.1. Bolo 1.2. Scythe 1.3. Spade or shovel 1.4. Garden hoe 1.5. Rake 1.6. Grasscutter 1.7. Compost 1.8. Hand tractors and attachments 2. Debris Include but not limited to the following: 2.1. Stones 2.2. Sticks 2.3. Unwanted vegetation 2.4. Other garbage 3. Land preparation Include but not limited to the following: 3.1. Plowing 3.2. Harrowing 3.3. Leveling 3.4. Furrowing 4. Crop May include the following: 4.1. Ornamental plants 4.2. Plantation crops 4.3. Fruit crops 4.4. Vegetables 4.5. Root crops 4.6. Forage crops 4.7. Cereals 4.8. Herbs and spices 5. Fertilizer Include the following: 5.1. Organic 5.2. Inorganic 6. Planting system May include but not limited to the following: 6.1 Open Field 6.1.1. Raised bed 6.1.2. Square 6.1.3. Quincunx or diagonal 6.1.4. Hexagonal or triangular 6.1.5. Contour system 6.1.6. Single row 6.1.7. Double row 6.1.8. Broadcast method 6.2 Green house 6.2.1. Raised bed 6.2.2. Potted Name: _____________________________________________ Date:________________________ School: ____________________________________________ Year: _______________________ PLANT CROPS 1. What are the debris being removed and disposed according to waste management standard. a. _________________________________ b. _________________________________ c. _________________________________ 2. Samples are collected for analysis based on standard procedure ________________________________ 3. Land Preparation is conducted according to crop requirement. a. ________________________________ b. ________________________________ c. ________________________________ d. ________________________________ 4. Field lay-out according to recommended planting system on open field a. ________________________________ b. ________________________________ c. ________________________________ ANSWER 1. What are the Debris being removed and disposed according to waste management Standard. Ans: 1. Stones 2. Sticks 3. Unwanted vegetation 4. Other garbage 2. Samples are collected for analysis based on standard procedure Ans: Soil sample 3. Land Preparation is conducted according to crop requirement. Ans: 1. Plowing 2. Harrowing 3. Levelling 4.Furrowing 4. Field lay-out according to recommended planting system on open field Ans: 1. Raise bed 2. Square 3. Diagonal/Quincunx 4. Broadcast 5. Single row 6.Double row Sector: AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES Qualification Title: AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION NC II Unit of Competency: PLANT CROPS Module Title: PLANTING CROPS Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 1 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Carry-out Land Clearing Learning Objectives: After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to: 1. Identify factors in selecting the site for planting vegetable crops 2. Carry out land clearing 3. Explain the importance of proper land preparation Land preparation is one of the basic, but most important, cultural practices in lowland and upland vegetable production. Most of our direct- seeded and transplanted vegetable crops give the best yields when the land for planting is well prepared. Land clearing is the process of removing trees, stumps, brush, stones and other obstacles from an area as required to increase the size of the crop producing land base of an existing farm or to provide land for a new farm operation. Factors to consider in selecting the site for planting vegetable crops Minimizing potential production problems is essential to all farming operations. This is especially true for vegetable producers. One of the most effective means of reducing potential problems is through proper site selection. 1. Sunlight The more sunlight the site receives the better for a vegetable garden because sunlight is the most important factor for growing healthy vegetables. Most vegetables need full sun (at least six hours of direct sunlight per day) to grow to their maximum potential, so avoid spots that are shaded by trees or buildings during the heat of the day. Use the traditional planting arrangement of rows running north to south to provide a maximum and even quantity of sunlight throughout the day. To determine if your site has the right light conditions, stand facing the south with your left hand pointing east (in the direction the sun rises) and your right hand pointing west (in the direction the sun sets). Now take your east-facing finger and follow it to the southern sky and then down behind the western horizon. This is the course the sun will take throughout the day. If there are no major obstructions then you have a sunny spot. 2. Water and drainage Water is the life-blood of vegetable production. Vegetable crops generally require more total water and more frequent irrigation than most Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 2 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga other horticultural crops. The water source should have the capability to provide the volume required for the maximum needs of the highest water- using crop to be planted. (https://aggie- horticulture.tamu.edu/vegetable/guidesorganic-vegetable-production- guide/key-factors-in-vegetable-production. Vegetable crops develop water requirements which are specific to their variety, maturity, and the surrounding atmospheric and soil characteristics. With respect to drainage, it is the physical topography of a particular site which assumes the most significant role. The immediate elevation, slope, and soil structure need to be carefully assessed before establishing the vegetable garden. The most suitable types of location have gentle surface slopes and contain deep and well drained soils. Many vegetable growers prefer a moderately heavy loam with at least several feet of topsoil. (www.organicguide.com.) 3. Topography of the land Topography refers to the physical characteristics of the overall field site and includes conditions such as the contour, soil depth, water, air drainage, and the presence of rock. These characteristics can have a significant influence on crop production and management. Poorly drained fields or those with low areas can become water logged during periods of excessive rain. Such conditions can enhance the incidence of diseases, reduce plant vigor and yield, and, under excessive conditions, cause plant death. An ideal topography for vegetable production is one that is nearly flat to slightly sloping, well drained, and free of trees, rocks, and low areas. Efficiency of crop maintenance, irrigation, and harvest operations are greatly enhanced in fields with this type of topography. (https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/vegetable/guidesorganic-vegetable- production-guide/key-factors-in-vegetable-production.) 4. Types of soil Soil type refers to the physical composition or properties of the soil. Soil basically consists of decomposed mineral matter (sand, silt, and clay) and decomposed organic matter. Optimum vegetable production is achieved on well-drained sandy loam soils. Although vegetables can be grown on a wide range of soil types, most vegetables are not well adapted to heavy clay soil types. Soils of this type tend to have poor aeration and drainage and can restrict root growth. Consequently, these soils should be avoided. Soil is the fundamental resource base for all agricultural production systems. (https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/vegetable/guidesorganic-vegetable- production-guide/key-factors-in-vegetable-production) Most vegetables require a mildly acidic or neutral soil with a pH reading between six and seven. (www.organicguide.com) Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 3 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga 5. Accessibility to road and transportation Vegetables are highly perishable. They are best liked when they are fresh and of good quality. If the site is accessible to all forms of transportation, vegetable products are easily transported without much damage. 6. Climatic requirements The climate is mainly governed by (a) temperature, (b) water, and (c) light. Temperature affects some vital processes of the plant like photosynthesis, respiration, absorption of water and minerals, and in the germination of seeds. There are three basic temperatures necessary for the germination and growth of each plant species. First, the minimum temperature limits of the growth of plants. If the temperature goes below the minimum temperature, the plant will not grow or will be stunted. Second, the maximum temperature the plants can still survive. Third, the moderate temperature which is between the maximum and the minimum temperature will make the plants grow fast. Plants which require cool temperature like cabbage, lettuce, cauliflower, broccoli, carrots, snap beans, peas, and many others, should be planted during the cool season and in mountainous or high places like Baguio and Benguet. However, crops like okra, eggplant, tomato, and pepper require a high temperature. Water serves as a solvent. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrient elements cannot be absorbed by the plant unless there is water in the soil. It serves as a solvent for the plant nutrient which is in the form of a solution absorbed by the roots. Light affects the growth of crop plants mainly through affecting (1) their structural development, (2) their food production, and (3) the time required of certain species of varieties to produce seeds. Light is necessary for photosynthesis and is therefore required by green plants for the manufacturing of food. Many plants are influenced by the length of day especially with regards to flowering, fruiting, and production of seeds. This effect of light is known as photoperiodism. Some plants are known as long day plants and others as short day plants. The long day plants need a comparatively long day for flowering and their vegetative growth increases when the days are short. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 4 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga 7. Socio-economic condition. Socio-economic factors such as the peace and order condition in the area and cost of labor should be considered because this will determine the profitability of the project Know Your N-P-K Plants’ primary nutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). These are available in chemical/synthetic (non-organic) fertilizers or in the organic additives suggested here. On the package of a fertilizer, you’ll see these three values separated by dashes (N-P-K); the numbers of each nutrient indicate the percentage of net weight contained.  Nitrogen (N) promotes strong leaf and stem growth and a dark green color, such as desired in broccoli, cabbage, greens and lettuce, and herbs. Add aged manure to the soil and apply alfalfa meal or seaweed, fish, or blood meal to increase available nitrogen.  Phosphorus (P) promotes root and early plant growth, including setting blossoms and developing fruit, and seed formation; it’s important for cucumbers, peppers, squash, tomatoes—any edible that develops after a flower has been pollinated. Add (fast-acting) bonemeal or (slow-release) rock phosphate to increase phosphorus.  Potassium (K) promotes plant root vigor, disease and stress resistance, and enhances flavor; it’s vital for carrots, radishes, turnips, and onions and garlic. Add greensand, wood ashes, gypsum, or kelp to increase potassium. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 5 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Self- Check 3.1-1 Identification: Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer in your quiz notebook. 1. Which of the following factors in selecting the site is considered as the life – blood of vegetable production? a. Topography c. Sunlight b. Water d. Soil 2. Access to sunlight plays a significant role in producing vegetable crops. How long the crops should be exposed to direct sunlight every day? a. 3 – 5 hours c. 4 – 6 hours b. 2 – 4 hours d. 6 – 7 hours 3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good soil? a. Has good aeration b. Has plenty of minerals c. Has high water holding capacity d. Contains large amount of clay making the soil compact 4. What is the best topography suited for vegetable production? a. Hilly b. Level c. Sloping d. Slightly Sloping 5. Which of the following refers to the proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles that comprise a particular soil sample? a. Soil b. Soil profile c. Soil texture d. Soil structure 6. The type of soil directly affects the growth and development of vegetable crops. What types of soil are best for growing vegetables? a. Clay – loam b. Sandy – loam Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 6 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  c. Silty – clay d. Sandy – clay 7. Which of the following is not a reason why we consider accessibility to road and transportation as one of the important factors in selecting the site? a. Vegetables are harvested anytime b. Vegetables are highly perishable c. Vegetables are best liked when they are fresh d. Products are transported without much damage 8. Which nutrients promotes strong leaf and stem growth and a dark green color, such as desired in broccoli, cabbage, greens and lettuce, and herbs. a. Nitrogen b.Potassium c. Phosphorus 9. Which promotes root and early plant growth, including setting blossoms and developing fruit, and seed formation? a. Nitrogen b.Potassium c. Phosphorus 10. Whichpromotes plant root vigor, disease and stress resistance, and enhances flavor? a. Nitrogen b.Potassium c. Phosphorus Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 7 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Conduct proper soil sampling/collection Learning Objectives: After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to: 1. Explain the importance of Soil Sampling 2. Collect soil samples and discuss the importance of soil sampling. 3. Identify tools and demonstrate soil sample collection SOIL According to World Education (INGO) Philippines Inc. (2005), soil is defined as the loose and friable material of the earth’s surface for plants to grow. In certain places and under certain conditions, soil consists of two principal layers: a more productive top or surface layer known as surface soil or top soil and a less productive under layer known as the sub-soil. The soil is composed of mineral matter of different sizes of particles known as soil texture with a small proportion of microorganisms and mixed with decayed animal and crop residues. The soil particles are arranged from the surface soil to the parent rock. Such arrangement is called soil profile. Soil structure refers to the physical arrangement of the soil particles in relation to each other. Unlike texture, farmers can modify soil structure through their activities like tillage and water management. The action of worms, microbes, and insects also affect soil structure. Soil Structure and Drainage The structure and consistency of your soil plays a big factor in the success of your garden, too. Soil that hold too much water can promote fungal infections such as root rot, while soil that holds too little water can lead to malnourished and dehydrated plants.  If you have clay soil, add coarse sand (not fine beach sand), compost, and peat moss to add texture and drainage to the soil.  If you have sandy soil, add humus or aged manure, peat moss, or sawdust with some extra nitrogen. Heavy, clay-rich soil can also be added to improve the soil. If you have silt soil, add coarse sand (not fine beach sand), pea gravel and compost, or well-rotted horse manure mixed with fresh straw. Soil texture, as defined by soil scientists, refers to the proportion of sand, silt and clay particles that comprise a particular soil sample as described in Table 1. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 8 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Table 1.Types of soil and its characteristics A Guide to Collecting Soil Samples for Farms and Gardens Without a soil analysis, it’s nearly impossible to tell what your soil needs to help your crop grow. A laboratory soil analysis, or a soil test, provides information on the capacity of your soil to supply adequate nutrients. This helps you select the correct mix of fertilizer and liming materials, which can help you to develop and maintain your soil and increase crop production. The following recommendations are based on fertilizer experiments, soil surveys, and results obtained from on-farm trials. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 9 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga Why should I collect a soil sample? A soil sample can help:  Establish baseline soil nutrient status for new landowners  Determine nutrient application recommendations  Assess pH and the need for liming  Measure change in soil nutrient status over time  Document soil nutrient management for certification requirements  Avoid excessive nutrient applications or soluble salt accumulation  Develop a plan for possible variable-rate fertilizing within a field Soil Sampling and Soil Analysis The accuracy of the fertilizer recommendation depends to a large degree on the correctness of collecting representative soil samples. The composite sample is sent to the laboratory for analysis. It should be noted that out of the one kilogram soil sample representing an area of as much as 10 hectares, only a few grams are used in the actual analysis. Soil analysis can be done using a simple tool or Soil Testing Kit (STK) for qualitative analysis for soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium or by running a complete chemical analysis in the soil laboratories. Results of both tests will serve as the basis for the farmers in making fertilizer recommendation on the amount of fertilizer materials to be applied to satisfy the nutrient requirement of the crop. Steps in Soil Sampling Using the most common farm tools and materials such as shovel or spade, knife or trowel, small pail and plastic bags, the following are the steps for a proper soil sampling technique. 1. Make a map of the farm showing sampling areas (SA). Divide the farm into sampling areas. Each sampling area should be more or less uniform in cropping history, past lime and fertilizer treatments, slope, degree of erosion, soil texture, and color. Each SA should not be more than 5 hectares. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Page 10 of Production NC II Developed by: 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga 2. Collect composite soil samples from each sampling area. In each sampling area, dig from 5 to 10 pits and collect a sample from each pit. The number of spot soil samples depends on the size of the sample. A spot sample is taken in the following way: a. Before digging the pit, clear the soil surface of litter and vegetation. b. Using spade or shovel, dig a pit to a depth of 20-30 centimeters. 3. From one vertical side of the pit, take a slice of soil 2-3 cm thick with a single downward thrust of the spade. Using a knife or a trowel, trim the slice of soil on both sides to a bar 3-4 cm in width. 4. Place the bar of soil (representing a one spot soil sample) in a pail or any suitable clean container. 5. If subsoil sample is needed, take a bar of soil from the succeeding 20 to 30 cm soil depth. The subsoil and surface sample should be placed in separate containers. 6. Cover the pit and move to another spot. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Page 11 of Production NC II Developed by: 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  TASK SHEET Title: How to conduct Soil Sampling Performance Objective: Given the necessary material like shovel, knife, trowel, small pail and plastic bag, you should be able to conduct soil sampling following the proper steps/procedure. Supplies/Materials : Shovel, knife, trowel, small pail and plastic bag Steps/Procedure: Using the most common farm tools and materials such as shovel or spade, knife or trowel, small pail and plastic bags, the following are the steps for a proper soil sampling technique. 1. Make a map of the farm showing sampling areas (SA). Divide the farm into sampling areas. Each sampling area should be more or less uniform in cropping history, past lime and fertilizer treatments, slope, degree of erosion, soil texture, and color. Each SA should not be more than 5 hectares. 2. Collect composite soil samples from each sampling area. In each sampling area, dig from 5 to 10 pits and collect a sample from each pit. The number of spot soil samples depends on the size of the sample. A spot sample is taken in the following way: a. Before digging the pit, clear the soil surface of litter and vegetation. b. Using spade or shovel, dig a pit to a depth of 20-30 centimeters. c. From one vertical side of the pit, take a slice of soil 2-3 cm thick with a single downward thrust of the spade. Using a knife or a trowel, trim the slice of soil on both sides to a bar 3-4 cm in width. 3. Place the bar of soil (representing a one spot soil sample) in a pail or any suitable clean container. 4. If subsoil sample is needed, take a bar of soil from the succeeding 20 to 30 cm soil depth. The subsoil and surface sample should be placed in separate containers. 5. Cover the pit and move to another spot. Assessment Method: Checklist and observation Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 12 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Performance Criteria Checklist 3.1-2 CRITERIA YES NO Did you…. 1. Make a map of the farm showing sampling areas? 2. Collect composite soil samples from each sampling area? 3. Place the bar of soil (representing a one spot soil sample) in a pail or any suitable clean container. 4. If subsoil sample is needed, take a bar of soil from the succeeding 20 to 30 cm soil depth. The subsoil and surface sample should be placed in separate containers. 5. Cover the pit and move to another spot. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 13 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Perform Appropriate Land Preparation Learning Objectives: After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to: 1. Explain the importance of Soil Sampling 2. Collect soil samples and discuss the importance of soil sampling. 3. Identify tools and demonstrate each appropriate usage Importance of Soil Preparation Were you able to experience planting root crops such as sweet potato, cassava, ube, carrots, or radish wherein its storage roots were not fully developed as expected? Have you seen leafy vegetables such as pechay and mustard whose leaf petioles turn violet and became stunted? What about the eggplants and pepper whose fruits were too small compared to those you have seen in your local market? Do you know the causes why it happened? Surely, it is because of poor soil preparation. Remember that soil is an important medium in crop production because mineral elements are deposited into the soil and absorbed by plant roots. These elements are called soil nutrients. These nutrients are absorbed by the roots and transported to the different parts of the plant to develop flowers, fresh leaves, new shoots and fruits. It is therefore advisable to prepare the soil thoroughly, so that plants could maximize its use. Activity 1 Answer these questions: 1. Which of the following plants reached the depth of 3 m beneath the soil surface? 2. Which of the illustrated plants has the ability to penetrate only a shallow part of the soil? 3. Which plant needs more thorough and deep land preparation? Why? Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 14 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Why is it important to prepare the land thoroughly before planting? 1. To promote good soil condition. Soil must be tilled to a depth of about 10 to 12 inches if planting vegetable and ornamental plants. Before working the soil, spread organic materials such as compost or manure one to four inches thick. This will improve the condition of the soil that is beneficial to plants. Remember to work on the soil when it is not too wet nor too dry. How do you do this? Pick up a clump of soil and roll it into a ball. If the ball is sticky, it is too wet to work. Wait a few days until it dries out a bit more. If the soil is too fine or dry to roll into a ball, water the area evenly and wait a day or two. If your garden area has never been worked before, remove all humps, rocks, and weeds either mechanically or manually. 2. To control the growth of weeds. When soil is being tilled, weeds growing in the area are disturbed. Their roots are exposed to sunlight and may die. If deep tillage is done, there will be a significant reduction in the growth of weeds. 3. To control the growth of disease causing organisms present in the soil. Nematodes and other microorganisms present in the soil are exposed to adverse climatic condition when soil is plowed. These microorganisms create a problem to crops most of the time if not controlled. By working thoroughly the soil, it will prevent the attack of disease causing organisms to plants in a natural way 4. To improve the water holding capacity. A well-prepared soil prior to planting has its great advantage. Aside from the fact that it is easy to work on soil, surface may be well- drained yet able to retain moisture as it is needed. This becomes very productive. 5. To promote soil aeration. Plant roots need oxygen underneath. When soil is well-prepared, this promotes soil aeration. This is very evident when plants are cultivated in the garden. After the practice, plants respond by forming new shoots, a result of oxygen passing through the particles of the soil where the roots of the plants are benefited. 6. To take advantage of the soil nutrients present in the soil. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 15 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Soil nutrients under subsurface should be absorbed by the plant roots. This is especially true to those plants which are deeply rooted, like tomatoes, pepper, okra, trees, shrubs and others. When soil is not properly tilled, only a particular portion of the soil surface is useful to plants thereby nutrients present underneath become useless. 7. To allow water to move downward. If soil is loose because of thorough preparation water could easily pass through it. This promotes the development of roots in plant deeper, taking advantage of the soil nutrients present. Proper Method of Preparing the Soil for Planting Suppose you are given an area to prepare for crop production, what are the things you should do to gain a successful project later on. Are you aware of it? Here are some questions which will guide you in starting the project. 1. What kind of soil do you have? Is it wet or dry? 2. What type of crops do you want to plant? 3. Is it appropriate to the soil condition that you have? This lesson will help you answer the questions above. Lowland or low soil needs to be well-prepared. This means that the soil surface is weed-free, porous, and leveled to make planting easier. Proper soil preparation serves to level the field for uniform distribution of irrigation water, fertilizer, and pesticides. It also prevents or minimizes water to overflow from the land area. Land or soil preparation may be divided into two stages: 1. Primary tillage or plowing - this is the process of breaking up the soil. It can be accomplished by using a power tiller or moldboard plow hitched to a carabao or in some areas, they use cow as substitute. 2. Harrowing - the easiest way to harrow a field is leaving just enough water in the field to expose the high and low spots. But in some areas, it uses a native spike-toothed wooden harrow commonly drawn by an animal like plowing. This farm implement is good for bringing clods of soil to the surface and is effective in breaking soil into smaller bits. It could also destroy weeds at the same time. However, if you are planning to start a garden in your school or backyard, here are simple ways to follow on how to prepare the soil before planting. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 16 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  1. Remove all the unimportant things that can stop the growth of your crops or plants. This might be tree branches that can hinder sunlight, humps, and rocks. 2. Measure and place 4 markers to have a bed soil for planting. 3. Tie the 4 markers together to encircle the bed or area for planting. 4. Using a grab hoe or a fork tip hoe, dig or till the soil properly. Pulverized it by using a fork. 5. Place fertilizer on top of the soil. If it is compost, incorporate it well through harrowing or pulverizing. 6. Use a rake in leveling the soil. Water the prepared bed soil. 7. Repeat the same procedure if the area is big enough for other crops to be planted. Remember that the number of your prepared bed soil depends on the wideness of the space you have for planting. A one foot distance between beds is enough for you to move freely and comfortably while working in your Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 17 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga area. See to it that there is right water canal around each bed soil for it helps the plants grow fast and healthy. How to determine when the soil is in a workable condition? Get a handful of soil and press it to form a ball of soil. When the fingers are relaxed and the mass is formed into a compressed mud ball, the soil is too wet and sticky to work on. Working or plowing the soil in this condition makes it cloddy and hard to work on. On the other hand, if the soil crumbles easily in your hand, the soil is said to be friable or very dry. This kind of soil is also not ideal to work on. Therefore, the soil is in a workable condition when there are no droplets of water and does not crumble as you take it in one hand and press it into a ball. Method of Soil Preparation Appropriate for a Particular Crop and Season You have already learned how to start a garden, to prepare the soil and its importance and proper tools in planting. I am sure you are now ready to plant your desired crops or vegetables. This lesson will provide you the important ways of soil preparation appropriate in a particular crop and season. Let us take for example the sweet pepper. This crop is important to our body because it contains vitamins A and C. It can be a money-maker for it is in demand at home and in pizza restaurants where sweet pepper is used as condiments. Do you want to try planting this in your available planting area? Here are the proper steps to produce good quality sweet pepper. 1. Select a well-drained sandy dry to clay wet soil. 2. Plow and harrow the land area 2 to 3 times until the soil is well- pulverized. 3. Set furrows at 0.75 cm to 1 meter apart. 4. Start planting the seeds or seedlings. 5. Water the seedbed thoroughly. Can you now grow sweet pepper and be a top producer of this in famous pizza restaurants? Do you want another example of vegetable that you can produce in your area? Aside from sweet pepper, what other vegetable is profitable and is used in several food establishments. This is most seen as seasoning in soup, lomi, mami, congee or goto. This spice crop is used in salads and vegetable dishes. It has medicinal value to correct physiological disorders such as cough, obesity, insomnia, hemorrhoids, constipation, and menstrual discomfort. Do you have an idea what is this vegetable? Yes, it is the bunching onion. Here is how to plant it. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 18 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  1. Prepare the land by plowing and harrowing. It requires 1 to 2 times depending on the condition of the soil. You may apply animal manure prior to bed preparation. 2. Raise beds up to 50 - 100 cm apart but if the soil is well-drained, these are not necessary. 3. Trim top portion of the leaves prior to transplanting to reduce transpiration and increase plant survival. 4. Transplant in seedbeds at a distance of 10 cm × 15 cm. Use markers to provide proper spacing and to facilitate transplanting. Dibbles may be used to make holes. Plant deep enough. Care must be taken so as not to damage the basal portion of the plant. 5. Press the soil lightly around the basal portion. Make sure that the roots are in full contact with the soil. 6. Irrigate the field before and after transplanting. Another popular vegetable among root crops is radish. It can be grown on silt loam or sandy loam type of soil that is friable, well-drained and rich in organic matter. Here is how it is planted. 1. Plow the soil 2-3 times at 30-40 cm deep and harrow to obtain a fine tilt. 2. Construct a seedbed 1 meter wide and 10-15 cm high. 3. Make thin shallow on the bed at about 25 cm apart and 2 cm deep. 4. Plant the seeds either broadcast or drill. When drill method is preferred: a. Drill the seeds thinly 12.14 cm deep in furrows of 20-25 cm apart. b. Cover the seeds thinly with fine soil. c. Thin the seedlings at 10 cm apart as soon as they developed true leaves. If broadcasting method is used: a. Broadcast the seed directly into the soil. b. Cover with thin layer of soil afterwards. c. As soon as the plants developed true leaves, thin out and transplant them at 1.5 cm deep and 20 × 25 cm planting distances. Now that you are through with bunching onion, radish and sweet pepper, is it not exciting to plant other vegetable crops with economic value? There are more to learn while you are going through other modules. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 19 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  JOB SHEET 3.1-3 Title: How to Perform Land Preparation Performance Objective: Given the area in the demo-laboratory far and tools needed, you should be able to prepare land for your vegetable crop following procedure given. Supplies/Materials : measuring tools, cutting tools, digging Cultivation tools and marker. Steps/Procedure: 1. Remove all the unimportant things that can stop the growth of your crops or plants. This might be tree branches that can hinder sunlight, humps, and rocks. 2. Measure and place 4 markers to have a bed soil for planting. 3. Tie the 4 markers together to encircle the bed or area for planting. 4. Using a grab hoe or a fork tip hoe, dig or till the soil properly, pulverized it by using a fork. 5. Place fertilizer on top of the soil. If it is compost, incorporate it well through harrowing or pulverizing. 6. Use a rake in leveling the soil. Water the prepared bed soil. 7. Repeat the same procedure if the area is big enough for other crops to be planted. Assessment Method: demonstration and observation Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 20 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Performance Criteria Checklist 3.1-3 CRITERIA YES NO Did you…. 1. Remove all the unimportant things that can stop the growth of your crops or plants. This might be tree branches that can hinder sunlight, humps, and rocks. 2. Measure and place 4 markers to have a bed soil for planting. 3. Tie the 4 markers together to encircle the bed or area for planting. 4. Using a grab hoe or a fork tip hoe, dig or till the soil properly, pulverized it by using a fork. 5. Place fertilizer on top of the soil. If it is compost, incorporate it well through harrowing or pulverizing. 6. Use a rake in leveling the soil. Water the prepared bed soil. 7. Repeat the same procedure if the area is big enough for other crops to be planted. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 21 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Proper use and maintenance of cutting, digging, cultivation and tillage tools Learning Objectives: After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to: 1. Explain the importance of proper usage and maintenance of tools 2. Name and identify usage of farm tools 3. Demonstrate proper maintenance of tools When I perform garden tool maintenance for winter, I clean them off but I don’t think about them again until spring rolls around. Today I vow to take better care of them! Won’t you join me? Garden Tool Maintenance: Care for Your Tools Here are some ideas to keep your garden tools in great working order: Cleaning Tools 1. Clean your tools well. Allowing your tools to remain dirty can invite rust and parasites. 2. Clean your tools after they have been used near chemicals, even natural pesticides and such. Latest Videos 3. Clean your tools if you have been near poison ivy. The oil can get on you or others if a tool is touched that has been in contact with poison ivy. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 22 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga 4. Got rust? Soak the tool in a bucket of cola overnight. The myth is true! Cola will remove rust. Just be sure to clean your tool off well to remove all of the sugar that remains. 5. To clean chains on chainsaws and other hard to reach places, use canned air like you use for computer keyboards. For larger ares, use an air compressor hose. 6. Hose off the under side of your lawnmower. I always forget this and end up with hard clumps of grass later that shoot out everywhere. 7. Use saddle soap on anything leather and use a leather conditioner on it after cleaning. 8. Don’t forget to clean your toolbox too! Sharpen Tools 1. Sharpen garden shears by cutting through aluminum foil a few times. 2. Sharpen shovels with a fine toothed rasp. You may not think a shovel should be sharp, but you’ll thank me when you hit roots while digging! 3. Keep mower blades sharp. Dull blades have to work harder and fray the ends of the grass, making it more susceptible to disease and insect damage. 4. Take pruners and anything else that may be complicated to a professional sharpener. It’s worth the few dollars most places charge to be sure the job is done correctly. This is especially true with serrated edges on some garden shears and most saws. Store Tools Wisely 1. Hang tools up. They will be up off the floor so you don’t trip on them and bang them up. 2. Store smaller tools on a pegboard for easy access. 3. Use silica gel packets when you store tools in cases. They will help keep moisture out. Don’t have any packets? Get some crystal kitty litter. It’s made from silica. Place some in an old bandanna and tie the ends together tightly so that none falls out. When it seems damp, take it out and spread it in the sun. The heat will “recharge” the silica so that you can use it again. Be careful not to breathe the dust. 4. At the end of the season, spray your tools with oil before storing. Don’t use cooking oil – it can turn rancid and get sticky. Use a lubricating oil (like this) – it will help keep moisture off tools. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 23 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga 5. Go a step further and fill a bucket with sand, then pour some mineral oil over the top. Store tools with the metal side in the sand. The sand will help keep the edges from getting nicked while the oil keeps moisture away. 6. Dry off wet tools before storing. Storing tools wet will almost always cause rust. 7. Put your tools away at the end of your day. It may seem obvious, but this will eliminate exposure to sudden storms, frost, hail, and even dew from being outside overnight. 8. Drain the gas from mowers and other gas powered tools at the end of the season. Over winter, gas will become gooey and it will be hard for the engine to work with it. It could also clog fuel filters. Maintain Handles on Tools 1. Check your handles each season. Replace broken handles or use wedges to tighten them up. Wedges come in steel and wood and can be pounded into the wood at the head of an axe or any other tool built in a similar way. 2. If you get splinters from your handles, lightly sand them down. 3. Coat handles with rubberized coating to help you grip better and keep your hands free from splinters on wood handled tools. You can get rubberized coating at any hardware store or online here. 4. Protect your wooden handles with a light coating of tung oil, linseed oil, or Danish oil every spring and fall. General Upkeep and Miscellaneous Tips 1. Check the action on shears, pruners or anything else that has joints. A little 3-in-One oil and you’re set. 2. Paint a ring of bright orange or yellow to help you locate tools that fall into the grass. 3. Change your fuel and oil filters every spring. This will help avoid having one clog in the middle of a project. 4. Spray your snow shovel with cooking oil before shoveling. Snow won’t stick to the oil. Towel it off when you’re done. 5. When buying tools, opt for the best you can afford. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 24 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Self- Check Identification: Directions: Identify the farm tool described in each statement. ________ 1. These tools have different designs, weights, and sizes which are used for clearing weeds. ________ 2. It is pulled by the animal and passed over the field several times until the weeds are removed. ________ 3. It is used for tilling thick soil. ________ 4. It is used for making canal along bed soil. ________ 5. It is used for cutting branches of trees. II. True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is not correct. 1. Plowing and harrowing can be done two to three times at 15 day intervals. 2. The scythe is use for pruning unnecessary branches and cutting planting materials. 3. The hand cultivator is used for cultivating garden plots by loosening the soil and removing tall weeds around the plants. 4. Farm implements are accessories either being pulled by animals or mounted on machinery. 5. A well-prepared land ensures the growth and development of vegetable crops. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 25 of 25 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga Pre-test : AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II ( ENUMERATION) PERFORM NURSERY OPERATIONS 1. Planting materials are determined according to kinds and varieties to include but not limited to: Answer: 1. Seeds, suckers 2. Tissue cultured plantlet 3 cuttings 4 rhizome 5.corm, 6. Grafted material 7. Tuber 8.bulb 2. Growing media include but not limited to: Answer: 1. garden soil 2. Peat moss 3. Saw dust 4. Coco coir 5. Rice hull/Carbonized rice hull 6. Compost 7. River sand 8. Animal manure 9. wood cuttings 10. Fern slab 11. Drift wood 3. Characteristics of a Quality seedlings. Answer: 1. Healthy 2. Vigorous growth 3. Height 4. Age 5. Number of leaves 4. Plant propagation techniques are performed based on recommended practices. Answer 1. Sexual (seeds) 2. Asexual PLANT CROPS 1. Debris are removed and disposed according to waste management standards Answer: 1. Stone 2. Sticks 3. Unwanted vegetation 4. Other garbage 2. Samples are collected for analysis based on standard procedure Answer: Soil sample 3. Land Preparation is conducted according to crop requirement. Answer: 1. Plowing 2. Harrowing 3. Levelling 4. Furrowing 4. Field lay-out according to recommended planting system on open field Answer: 1. Raised bed 2. Square 3. Quincunx or diagonal 4. Hexagonal or diagonal 5. Contour system 6. Single row 7. Double row 8. Broadcast CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS 1. Pests incidence is monitored based on prescribed procedure Answer: 1. Weeds 2. Insects 3. Disease 4. Mites 5. Rodents 6. Other pests 1. Appropriate method of fertilizer application is employed based on crop requirement. Answer/s: 1. Basal 2. Sidedress 3. Topdress 3. Localized 4. Band 5. Foliar/Spray 6.Broadcast 3. Watering performed following the prescribed method and schedule. Answer/s: 1. Drip 2. Furrow 3. Sprinkler 4. Growth training technique Answer/s: 1. Hardening 2. Pricking 3. Thinning CARRY-OUT HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST OPERATIONS 1. Crop maturity is identified according to parameters affecting physiological growth Answer/s: 1. Days flower induction 2. Days after fruit setting 2. Crop maturity is identified according to parameters affecting physical indicator Answer/s: 1. Change in color 2. Change in size 3. Change in texture 3. Obstruction from the field are removed for efficient harvesting Answer/s: a. Weeds b. Dead branches c. Stakes and wedges 4 Give an example of A. fruit crop Answer/s: 1. Mangoes 2. Papayas 3. Pineapple 4. Banana 5. Citrus B. Plantation crop Answer/s: 1. Coffee 2. Caca0 3. Abaca 4. Coconut 5. Sugarcane C. Cereals Answer/s: 1. Rice 2. Corn D. Vegetables Answer/s: 1. Leafy 2. Fruit Vegetables 3. Legumes 4. Bulbs Prepared by: ZORAIDA S. MADARANG