Thermal Processing Options - Case Studies Under Indian Conditions

Municipal Solid Waste Management Unit –IV: Collection and Transfer: Objectives of waste processing – Physical processing techniques and Equipments; Resource recovery, Composting and biomethanation, thermal processing options – case studies THERMAL PROCESSING OF MSW Incinerati...

Municipal Solid Waste Management Unit –IV: Collection and Transfer: Objectives of waste processing – Physical processing techniques and Equipments; Resource recovery, Composting and biomethanation, thermal processing options – case studies THERMAL PROCESSING OF MSW Incineration process Gasification  Advantages of Pyrolysis  It is a simple, in expensive technology for processing a wide variety of feed stocks.  It reduces waste going to landfill and greenhouse gas emissions.  It reduces the risk of water pollution. It has the potential to reduce the country’s dependence on imported energy resources by generating energy from domestic resources. Waste management with the help of modern pyrolysis technology is inexpensive than disposal to landfills.  The construction of a pyrolysis power plant is a relatively rapid process. It creates several new jobs for low-income people based on the quantities of waste generated in the region, which in turn provides public health benefits through waste clean up.  Disadvantages of Pyrolysis Pyrolysis is a difficult technology to achieve in the real world treating very variable feed materials such as MSW, judging from the low adoption of the process globally.  Sophisticated monitoring with auto-adjusting systems to maintain just the right grate is required Damaging chemicals produced during pyrolysis can be a significant disadvantage of the process. The unwanted products from thermal decomposition must be removed from the flue gas, and in pyrolysis and gasification plants the necessary flue gas clean-up, can be technically demanding to comply with EU clean air regulations requirements, and very expensive.  Waste-To Energy technology in India Power Generation Remarks and waste intake States Plant Location (MW) 10 Numbers (7 numbers received CFE from Board) 63 – Elikkta (Nonoperational) 6.6 200 Mt./day (RDF) Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada (Nonoperational) 6 225 Mt./day (incineration) Rajahmundry (Nonoperational) 13 1075 Mt./day (incineration) 01 (M/s Jaiprakash Associates Ltd. Green-tech Fuel RDF generated utilised in their Operational RDF production: 175 MT/day (Optimum), Chandigarh Processing plant, open dumping ground, Dadumajra, hot air generator, rest supplied Approx 60MT/day (present production) sector-25 West Chandigarh) to nearby industries. Okhla (operational) 16 2000 Mt./day (RDF) Delhi Ghazipur (operational) 12 1300 Mt./day (RDF) Narela-Bawana (operational) 24 1300 Mt./day (RDF) 01 (Hindustan Waste treatment plant at Saligao, Bardez Goa 0.4 In Operation Goa) In this plant, heterogeneous SW 70–100 t converted to Himachal Pradesh 01 (Shimla-under construction) 2.5 bio-briquets in the drum drier and further producer gas used for power generation through gasification.  States Plant Location Power Generation Remarks and waste intake (MW) Madhya Pradesh 01 (Jabalpur MSW Pvt. Ltd., village. Kathonda 11.5 MW waste utilised 300–320 TPD. Pune (Partially Operational) 11 MW 700 Mt./day (Gasification/pyrolysis) Maharashtra Solapur (In Operational) 3 MW 400 Mt./day (Anaerobic digestion) NA Kolahapur (Proposed) 2 MW Orissa 01 (Bhubaneswar MC) 11.5 Yet to commissioned 08 (Bathinda, Ludhiana, GMADA, Patiala, 1 plant at Nakodar for Ludhiana Cluster is Punjab – Ferozepur, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Pathankot) already installed but yet not operational Under Construction: Based on Nisargruna Pondicherry Kurumbapet waste processing facility 120 KVA Technology (by BARC) Greater Chennai Corporation Under Operation Pulianthope 12KWH, Velankadu 4.8KWH Biomethanation Otteri 7.5 KWH Biomethanation Trichy Corporation 0.45 MW Biomethanation/ Power plant Erode Municipal Corporation (Vendipalayam) 500 M3/day Biomethanization Plant Tamil Nadu Parambalpur Municipality 300 units/day BioMethanation Plant Nagapattinum Municipality 0.5 MW/day Biomethanation Plant Namakkal Municipality SWM site 200 units/day Tiruchengode Municipality 117 units/day Pallipalayam Municipality 98 units/day Karur Municipality 400 units/day Biogas Plant Telangana Karimnagar (Operational) 12 1100 Mt./day (RDF) 4 42 NA Uttar Pradesh Kanpur (nonoperational) 15 1500 Mt./day (RDF) West Bengal 01 (Barasat Municipality) NA Ongoing 29 numbers include plants in operation/partial These Waste to Energy plants includes RDF Total  MAHARASHTRA'S SOLAPUR, waste-to-energy plant has daily generated 3 MW of eco-friendly power for the last two years, boasts of this success. This plant has converted the dumped garbage into electricity, organic compost and plastics to be used for paving roads.  one of India's four functional waste-to-energy plants, Okhla plant in Delhi is one of India's four functional waste-to-energy plants, but people in nearby areas have moved court saying the stench is unbearable  Reason for failure Lack of cooperation from municipalities is a major factor in sluggish growth of waste-to- energy sector in India. Lack of skilled personnel's Poor public support and awareness It has been observed that sometimes municipal officials connive with local politicians and ‘garbage mafia’ to create hurdles in waste collection and waste transport. Supply of poor quality feedstock to waste-to-energy plants by municipal bodies has led to failure of several high-profile projects, such as 6 MW MSW-to-biogas project in Lucknow, which was shut down within a year of commissioning due to waste quality issues. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING OF MSW  Resource recovery from solid waste composting and biomethanation Composting Composting is the natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms conditions. under controlled  Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment.  Mechanism of Composting  Composting is a biochemical process in which aerobic and anaerobic microorganism decomposes organic matter into valuable manure called as compost.  Bangalore method  This method saves labour cost because there is no need of turning and regular sprinkling of water. Method of Filling the Composting Pits  Spread the moist farm refuse at the bottom of the pit up to one inch.  Then, spread two inch of cattle dung and urinated mud followed by 1 or 2 inch layer of soil.  This heap is made up to 1.5-2.0 feet above the ground level following above process.  Finally the heap is covered with 1 inch thick mud.  After 8-9 months all material decomposes and compost becomes ready for the application.  NADEP Method This method facilitates a lot of composting through minimum use of cattle dung. In this method, the decomposition process takes place aerobically.  Types of composting  Onsite Composting  Vermicomposting  Aerated (Turned) Windrow Composting  Aerated Static Pile Composting  In-Vessel Composting  Onsite Composting  Organizations that are going to compost small amounts of wasted food can compost onsite. Composting can significantly reduce the amount of wasted food that is thrown away.  Yard trimmings and small quantities of food scraps can be composted onsite.  Animal products and large quantities of food scraps are not appropriate for onsite composting.  Vermicomposting  Red worms in bins feed on food scraps, yard trimmings, and other organic matter to create compost.  The worms break down this material into high quality compost called castings. Worm bins are easy to construct and are also available for purchase.  One pound of mature worms (approximately 800-1,000 worms) can eat up to half a pound of organic material per day.  The bins can be sized to match the volume of food scraps that will be turned into castings. It typically takes three to four months to produce usable castings. The castings can be used as potting soil.  Aerated (Turned) Windrow Composting  Aerated or turned windrow composting is suited for large volumes such as that generated by entire communities and collected by local governments, and high volume food-processing businesses (e.g., restaurants, cafeterias, packing plants).  This type of composting involves forming organic waste into rows of long piles called "windrows" and aerating them periodically by either manually or mechanically turning the piles.  The ideal pile height is between four and eight feet with a width of 14 to 16 feet. This size pile is large enough to generate enough heat and maintain temperatures. It is small enough to allow oxygen flow to the windrow's core. Large volumes of diverse wastes such as yard trimmings, grease, liquids, and animal by products (such as fish and poultry wastes) can be composted through this method.  Aerated Static Pile Composting Aerated static pile composting produces compost relatively quickly (within three to six months).  It is suitable for a relatively homogenous mix of organic waste and work well for larger quantity generators of yard trimmings and compostable municipal solid waste (e.g., food scraps, paper products), such as local governments, landscapers, or farms.  This method, however, does not work well for composting animal byproducts or grease from food processing industries.  In aerated static pile composting, organic waste mixed in a large pile. To aerate the pile, layers of loosely piled bulking agents (e.g., wood chips, shredded newspaper) are added so that air can pass from the bottom to the top of the pile.  In-Vessel Composting  In-vessel composting can process large amounts of waste without taking up as much space as the windrow method and it can accommodate virtually any type of organic waste (e.g., meat, animal manure, bio solids, food scraps).  This method involves feeding organic materials into a drum, silo, concrete-lined trench, or similar equipment. This allows good control of the environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, and airflow. The material is mechanically turned or mixed to make sure the material is aerated. The size of the vessel can vary in size and capacity.  This method produces compost in just a few weeks. It takes a few more weeks or months until it is ready to use because the microbial activity needs to balance and the pile needs to cool. The components of the engineered landfill are  Liner system  Leachate collection and treatment facility  Gas collection and treatment facility  Final cover system  Surface water drainage system  An environmental monitoring system  A closure and post closure plan  Location of the study:  Type of population:  Existing Scenario:  Advantage and disadvantage in the existing system:  Proposed new alternative:  Advantage of the new management system:  Success rate: PUNE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: IN PUNE  Chandigarh – A Case Study Chandigarh, India’s first planned city–known for wide roads laid out in geometrical precision and large, green spaces that adorn neatly arranged rectangular neighbour-hoods, called sectors–faces an unlikely problem: How to collect, segregate and dispose its 25 truckloads of solid waste. Chandigarh’s 1.05 million people generate 370 tonnes of solid waste every day. The city employs 4,085 sweepers, which is 2.65 sweepers per km of road. Sehajsafai Kendra Waste collection  DELHI Recycling of the municipal solid waste (MSW) was investigated and analyzed in the Indian capital city of Delhi. It was found that an informal sector comprising waste recyclists and a hierarchy of recyclable dealers play an important role in the management of solid waste.  The associated activity transports nearly 17% of the waste to the recycling units (RU). It was concluded that it is possible to organize the sector, but this would leave more than 66,000 recyclists without employment, a consequence of organizing an activity that presently provides employment  Daily living to nearly 89,600 recyclists who belong to the poorest strata of the society  ANDHRA PRADESH Eluru: In this study, household surveys were done in six divisions of Eluru Municipal Corporation, A.P.  It was estimated that 59 – 65 tons of wet waste is generated in Eluru per day and if this wet waste is converted to quality compost 12.30 tons of Vermi compost could be generated. Municipal Corporation of Eluru (MCE) manages this wet waste an income of over rupees 0.89 crores per annum could be earned by MC to public. The study concluded that the municipal corporations had not been very effective as far as MSW services are concerned  Karnataka : Mysore According to MCC, around 259.14 TPD solid wastes are generated every day (0.35 kg per capita per day). Out of 65 wards, MCC is responsible for transportation of about 50- 55 % of solid waste generated, while private contractor are responsible for the rest 40- 45 % of the waste in the city.  Considering quantity and composition of Municipal solid waste generation in Mysore city, a composting plant was set up at Vidayranyapuram to generate compost from the city refuse. The remaining waste is being dumped besides the Excel plant. The city does not have disposal sites. There is also a small vermin-composting operational in Mysore Zoo. The present system of MSWM in Mysore city is not satisfactory based on Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000