Preventative Medicine - The 101 of Veterinary Nutrition PDF

18/09/2024 Preventative medicine - the 101 of Veterinary Nutrition Dr Teresa Hollands BSc (Hons)MSC (Animal Nutrition)...

18/09/2024 Preventative medicine - the 101 of Veterinary Nutrition Dr Teresa Hollands BSc (Hons)MSC (Animal Nutrition) PhD, RNutr. FHEA Senior Lecturer (Veterinary Nutrition) School of Vet Med 1 What you need to know at the end of this session- your learning outcomes The clues 1. List RCVS expectations of vets in terms of providing nutritional support 2. Use reliable sources of nutritional information – 3. Summarise information required to undertake a nutritional consult/history 4. Use the correct terminology when discussing nutrition with a client 5. Revise/list the basic nutrients and provide a simple explanation of their role in the body 2 2 1  18/09/2024 Clue 1 List RCVS expectations for providing nutritional support RVCS Day One Competence 37 3 3 Why? Nutrients are essential for :- EVERYTHING 4 2  18/09/2024 Improper nutrition Inability to maintain correct weight ( either under or over) Weakened immune system Reduced food conversion Increased risk of disease Nutrient deficiencies or excesses Reduced life span Poor performance Lethargy #universityofsurrey 5 5 Obesity on the increase Obesity caused an estimated Non- 5 million deaths from noncommunicable diseases communicable (NCDs) such as cardiovascular nutritional diseases, diabetes, cancers, disease neurological disorders, chronic respiratory diseases, and digestive disorders 6 3  18/09/2024 “97% of vets agreed that research has shown that….. …..nutritionis a modifiable risk factor for major chronic diseases and is an integral component of disease management” J Vet Med Educ. 2016;43(4):349-358. 7 7 Record the evidence 5th vital sign School of Veterinary Medicine TPRCA VITAL CARD Vital signs Average adult horse (at Normal vitals for rest) name 1. Temperature 37.5 – 38.5°C 2. Pulse rate 36-48beats/minute Heart rate 32-36 beats/minute 3. Respiration 8-15 breaths per minute 4. Capillary refill time 2 seconds or less 5. Nutrition 2.5% bodyweight Appetite Forage: concentrate Fat score Neck, middle, bottom Vet surgery phone number 8 8 4  18/09/2024 How- will we capture the clues? Inspire you and make you curious Take a multimodal approach to cases Consider nutritional factors in medical decision-making Ensure that nutritional status is an integral part of the clinical exam and treatment plan Use the role of nutrition in prevention and treatment of disease Develop and utilise the contribution of nutrition in one health/one medicine 9 Veterinary Nutrition Every system in the body (ours and animals) is either directly or indirectly effected by nutrition 10 5  18/09/2024 How? #universityofsurrey 11 11 Clue 2 Use reliable sources of nutritional information Order the book through website https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/book/ 10.1079/9781789245134.0000 –use the code CCONF25 for discount. Pre-order by emailing [email protected] and quoting your details along with “Hollands: University Of Surrey discount” and the code CCONF25. #universityofsurrey 12 12 6  18/09/2024 Reliable sources of nutritional information http://www.feedipedia.org absolutely everything you need to know about feed ingredients http://www.dsm.com/markets/anh/en_US/Compendium.html all you need to know about vits and mins for animals And if you prefer an app https://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/dsm-vitamin-supplementation/id496890200?mt=8 http://www.wsava.org/nutrition-toolkit ideas for small animal nutrition #universityofsurrey 13 13 Industry related resources http://www.fediaf.org https://www.food.gov.uk/business- industry/farmingfood/animalfeed/anim alfeedlegislation https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/38186 23/eu-law-on-the-welfare-of-farm- animals.pdf American Animal Hospital Association https://www.aaha.org/professional/res ources/nutritional_assessment.aspx# gsc.tab=0 Large dog feed companies have vet portals – do sign up http://petfood.aafco.org try Royal Canin, Hills, Purina , Waltham A useful client resources website » https://www.ukpetfood.org/informatio n-centre/pet-nutrition-hub.html 14 14 7  18/09/2024 In summary Nutrition is one of the 5th vital signs Essential part of history taking Key ingredient of preventative medicine essential for health and welfare Use knowledge wisely and base advice on evidence-based resources Have confidence to respond to client expectations 15 15 Clue 3 Summarise information required to undertake a nutritional consult/history 16 16 8  18/09/2024 Creating a nutritional prescription 3 animal factors What Why How? The clues The evidence 1. To check that the animal is eating Bodyweight enough to keep their guts healthy Listen to your On 2. Fat score To check calorie intake Demand lectures Check your understanding 3. Workload To ensure the correct nutrient and skills at quality and quantities Merrist Wood practicals (age) For specific requirements for growing and old animals #universityofsurrey 17 17 Creating a nutritional prescription 3 feed/food factors What Why How? The clues The evidence 1. What are they Is it appropriate for their digestive system? eating What forage What feed Listen to your On Raw vs manufactured Demand lectures 2. How much are To check nutrient intake Check your they eating Weight understanding and Not scoops skills at Merrist Wood practicals 3. How are they Is it meeting their natural feeding being fed behaviour? Size of meals Frequency of feeding When and where being fed #universityofsurrey 18 18 9  18/09/2024 Clue 4 Use the correct terminology when discussing nutrition with a client 19 19 Back to basics Quick revision Nutrients Providing energy Herbivores Omnivores Carnivores Production vs companion animals 20 20 10  18/09/2024 What are nutrients? Building blocks of life What are they What provides them How can we measure their value to the animal 21 21 A question of balance Most feeds provide a mixture of nutrients but not all foods provide adequate nutrients Nutrient value of feedstuffs depends upon:- How much the animal eats The quality of the nutrients The quality/physical presentation of the food Whether the animal eats the food What else is being fed AND The animal’s digestive system relationship and interaction/balance (anatomy/physiology) 22 22 11  18/09/2024 Terminology – the language of evidence Nutrition is the interaction between food/ nutrients and the body. Nutrient is a chemical component that plays a specific structural or functional activity in body Food/ Diet- anything edible everything that the animal eats Ration/ meal - sequence and quantity of food Feeding management eating patterns of individual animals or herds on a daily basis 23 23 Nutrients – molecules/ chemicals needed for life Found in Food Food ingredients/straights Compounds- complementary/complete How nutritious are they? Nutrient value/energy How well can the animal eat/digest them food-and-ingredients - human perspective 24 24 12  18/09/2024 Clue 5 Revise/list the basic nutrients and provide a simple explanation of their role in the body 25 25 Six major classes of nutrients Protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins , minerals , water § Organic (C,H, O, N ) Macro = provide nutrients which are used to build tissue 1. Protein food sources of protein > amino acids > Micro proteins > muscles, hormones, 4. Vitamins 2. Fats/oils > 5. Water fatty acids and glycerol > lipids > cell Inorganic membranes, signalling molecules 6. Minerals 3. Carbohydrates > macro glucose/ volatile fatty acids > glycogen > trace energy Important that herbivores obtain up to 100% of their carbohydrates from cellulose found in plants high in fibre Omnivores and carnivores CHO from starch found in seeds/grains 26 26 13  18/09/2024 Nutrients- all needed J Nutrient What used for When needed Main feed Animal type source Carbohydrate Energy, All of life Forages Herbivores Carnivores & Cereals omnivores Protein Structure Maintenance Meat Carnivores muscles, hormones growth and Herbivores & enzymes, cell tissue production Cereals /forages omnivores Fat Energy – 2X higher than Maintenance Oil seed grains All, limited use CHOs; absorption of fat Used for for ruminants soluble vits performance Cell membranes Vitamins Metabolism For all biochemical Fresh grass Herbivores reactions & tissue Fresh meat Carnivores specific health Compound feeds All animals Minerals Metabolism For all biochemical Plants dependent Herbivores reactions & tissue on area /omnivores specific health Cereals (low) Meat Carnivores Water Maintains hydration Always Water All animals Water in feeds 27 27 Common knowledge Animals (humans) Need protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water in our diets Protein is broken down to amino acids and used for structural purposes in body Fat is an energy source, a vital component of cell membranes Carbohydrate is an energy source That high processed sugar diets are bad for us 28 28 14  18/09/2024 Main sources of carbohydrates in the UK Herbivores Omnivores Carnivores Carbohydrate biochemistry & metabolism Carbohydrate digestion and absorption 29 29 Main sources of protein in UK Herbivores Omnivores Carnivores animal growth body/muscle maintenance the production of young the output of products as milk, eggs and wool http://www.rbiagri.net 30 15  18/09/2024 Minerals Top tip- Blood analysis is a poor indicator of an animal’s mineral status Think about homeostasis 31 31 Overview of macro minerals Ca - Role in dairy cows? P- Think about the ratio with Ca K- High in forages, challenge to reduce around milking time Mg- Role in cow and sheep nutrition Na- Think about cell transport- why might it need supplementing? http://animalscience.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2012/04/nutrition-minerals.pdf 32 32 16  18/09/2024 Trace elements Copper Involved in hemoglobin formation, Sheep are very susceptible to copper (Cu) enzyme systems, nervous and poisoning as dietary Cu levels approach immune system function. or exceed 20 ppm. In ruminants interacts with iron, zinc, sulphur & molybdenum in antagonistic relationships. Iodine Primarily involved in the thyroid Deficiency usually not a problem except (I) hormones that regulate rate of with goitrogenic forages or feedstuffs like metabolism.. turnips, kale, rape, white clovers. Cottonseed and soybean meal have some goitrogenic properties Iron Involved in cellular respiration and Can antagonise Cu & Zn availability. (Fe) oxygen transport via haemoglobin. Watch out for over-supplementation in 50% of body iron is involved in horses haemoglobin. Zinc Important in stress management, Consider essential for hoof health (Zn) immune response, enzyme systems and protein synthesis. Selenium Requirement very close to its toxicity Involved in the prevention of white muscle (Se) level. disease Cobalt Component of B12, check your sheep lecture (Co) 33 33 Vitamins https://fefana.org/app/uplo ads/2022/06/2015-04- 15_booklet_vitamins.pdf https://www.dsm.com/anh /home.html 34 34 17  18/09/2024 B vits Vitamin Which feedstuffs Benefits to animal Biotin present in animal and plant origin. Improved immune response. Stabilisation brewer’s yeast & extracted oilseed of tissue & fat in animal products. Prep meals, egg yolk, soy beans, oat for pregnancy - maintains integrity of flakes. reproductive organs. Folic acid Leafy vegetables, mushrooms and Increased antibody production. Vitamin yeast, grasses citrus fruit. liver and B9 (folic acid and folate) is essential to eggs, (egg yolk), numerous functions in the body. Niacin Nicotinic acid present all feed of maximise weight gain; optimise feed plant origin. Brewer ́s yeast, bran, efficiency; ensures utilisation of other green forage and plant protein feed nutrients, support health & well-being. are rich in niacin D- widely distributed in feedstuffs of More efficient use of nutrients. Improved pantothenic animal and plant origin. High in performance acid organ meats like liver and in egg yolk. Milk & dairy products, alfalfa hay, yeast, rice and wheat bran Thiamine Dried brewer’s yeasts & yeast More efficient use of carbohydrates for (B1) products, animal by- products, energy. Improved performance especially legumes including soybean and in genetic lines with high meat yield. groundnut & cereal germs. 35 35 B Vits continued Vitamin Which feedstuffs Benefit to animal Riboflavin Yeasts & yeast products, animal by- Efficient use carbohydrates, amino acids (B2) products. & fatty acids. Growth and reproduction. Antioxidant functions. Pyridoxine Plant (cereals, milling by-products, Essential for energy production. Immune (B6) extracted oilseed meals, brewer’s yeast system integrity. Cobalamin Animal products via microbial synthesis, Improved growth (B12) Plant products are practically devoid of Improved reproduction performance vitamin B12 36 36 18  18/09/2024 Fat soluble vitamins Vitamin Which feedstuffs Benefit to animal A active form exists only in animal tissues Improved: growth, bone development, of mammals and marine fishes (liver, reproduction performance, health and fish oil, high-fat fishmeal). vitamin A tissue / membrane integrity, vision precursor in plant tissues (grass, carrots) in the form of carotenoid pigments (particularly β-carotene). C Green forages, citrus products. Low in Stimulation of immune response; most dried feedstuffs. Involved in calcification of bones & teeth; Adaptation to stress; Maintenance of electrolytic balance. D Some fish meals. Supplementation Improved bone quality; growth; egg yield required for all species as feeds- tuffs and quality (shell); meat quality (beef) & supply limited amounts. overall health and welfare. E Wheat germ oil, grass, clover, alfalfa, Improved immune response. Cell uncrushed oil seeds, vegetable oils, membranes, antioxidant on high fat diets liver, eggs DNA synthesis, look out for production diseases in lambs and cows Improved: growth, bone development, reproduction performance, health and tissue / membrane integrity, vision. 37 37 In summary Day 1 competence Preventative medicine – key to health and longevity Nutritional prescription/history taking – 5th vital sign 3 animal factors 3 dietary factors Use the correct terms Look out for mins and vits in how to feed lectures Please don’t learn by rote Put in context with the species Be evidence based More in husbandry and clinical years Use info you will learn in VMS1002 Communication skills, VMS1003 Cells and VMS1004 guts and ……. 38 38 19