The Skeleton PDF

# The Skeleton ## Prof. Dr. Manal Albadawi ## Objectives - Definition of Bone - Functions of bones - Classification of Bone - A- Types of bones according to position in the body - B- Types of bones according to structure - C- Types of bones according to Ossification - D- Types of...

# The Skeleton ## Prof. Dr. Manal Albadawi ## Objectives - Definition of Bone - Functions of bones - Classification of Bone - A- Types of bones according to position in the body - B- Types of bones according to structure - C- Types of bones according to Ossification - D- Types of bones according to Shape - V- Basic Structure of Bone - VI- Parts of a Long Bone - 4. Blood Supply of a Long Bone ## Definition of Bone Bone is a type of connective tissue formed of cells fibers & matrix. Bone is hard due to calcification of its extracellular matrix. ## Function of Bone ### Functions of Bone - Supports and protects vital organs - Motion - Reservoir of ions - Hematopoietic action ## Classification of Bone ### A- Types of bones according to position in the body The image shows a human skeleton with the following labelled bones: - Clavicle (collarbone) - Scapula (shoulder blade) - Spine - Pelvis - Femur - Phalanges (toes) - Skull - Sternum (breastbone) - Ribs - Humerus - Radius - Ulna - Phalanges (fingers) - Patella - Fibula - Tibia ### According to position of body The image shows a human skeleton with the following labelled bones: - Axial Skeleton - Appendicular Skeleton ### Axial Skeleton #### Skull The image shows a skull with the following labelled parts: - Cranium - Mandible #### Cranium (Head skeleton) The image shows two skulls, one from the side and one from the front, with these labelled sections: - Skull Cap - Facial Bones - Base of the Skull #### The Vertebral Column The image shows a diagram of the vertebral column with the following labelled parts: - Spinal cord - Vertebral body - Intervertebral disc - Dura (thecal sac) - Spinous process - Conus medullaris - Cauda equina **Parts**: [33] vertebrae **a- mobile vertebrae:** - 1- Cervical → [7] - 2-Thoracic → [12] - 3-Lumbar → [5] **b-non-mobile vertebrae:** - 1-Sacral → [5] fused SACRUM - 2-Coccygeal → [4] fused coccyx #### Vertebral Column The image shows a diagram of the vertebral column with the following labelled parts: - Atlas (C1) - Axis (C2) - C7 - T1 - T12 - L1 - L5 - Sacrum (S1-5) - Coccyx #### Vertebral Column The image shows a diagram of the vertebral column with the following labelled parts: - Cervical Vertebrae - Thoracic Vertebrae - Lumbar Vertebrae - Sacrum - Coccyx #### Movements - 1. Flexion - 2. Extension - 3. Lateral flexion - 4. Rotation #### Functions of the vertebral column. - Forms the central axis of the body. - Surrounds & protects the spinal cord. - Supports the weight of head and trunk & transmits it to the lower limbs. - Allows movements of the trunk. #### The Thoracic Cage The image shows a diagram with the following labelled parts: - Ribs - Sternum - Vertebral Column #### The Appendicular Skeleton ##### Bone of the limb | Bone of the limb | upper limb | Lower limb | |---|---|---| | Proximal segment (Arm and thigh) | Consists of one bone, the humerus | Consists of one bone, the femur | | Middle segment (Forearm and leg) | Consists of two bones: a Ulna : medially b Radius : laterally | Consists of two bones a Tibia : medially b) Fibula : laterally | | Distal segment (hand and foot) | Carpal hones Metacarpal bones: Phalanges: | Tarsal hones Metatarsal bones Phalanges | ### B- Types of bones according to structure The image shows a long bone with the following labelled structures: - Cancellous - Compact ### C- Types of bones according to Ossification The image shows various skull bones at different stages of development, with the following labelled parts: - Coronal suture - Sagittal suture - Lambdoidal suture - Symphysis pubis - Anterior fontanelle - Posterior fontanelle - Metopic suture #### According to development - 1- Membranous bone: The bone develops from a membrane of mesodermal (connective) tissue e.g. skull cap - 2- Cartilaginous bone: The bone develops from a cartilaginous model e.g. long bones. ### D- Types of bones according to Shape The images show these categories of bones: - Long bones - Short bones - Irregular bones - Flat bones - Pneumatic bones - Sesamoid bones ### V- Basic Structure of Bone The image shows a long bone with these labelled parts: - Periosteum - Outer layer - Inner layer - Medulla - Cortex - Medullary Cavity ### VI- Parts of a Long Bone The image shows a long bone with these labelled parts: - Medullary Cavity - Periosteum - Diaphysis - Metaphysis - Epiphyseal Cartilage or line - Epiphysis - Cancellous Bone - Covered by Hylaine Cartilage ### Blood Supply of a Long Bone The image shows a long bone with these labelled arteries - Nutrient artery - Epiphyseal arteries - Metaphysial artery - Periosteal artery *** <center> Any Question ??? </center> <center> Thank you </center>