The Skeleton Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic that makes bone a hard connective tissue?

Avascular structure

High mineral content in the extracellular matrix (correct)

Flexible nature of matrix

Presence of collagen fibers

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

Stores hormones (correct)

Facilitates motion

Supports vital organs

Acts as a reservoir for ions

What classification method is used for determining the types of bones based on their position in the body?

Position (correct)

Ossification

Structure

Shape

Which of the following bones is considered part of the axial skeleton?

Skull Signup and view all the answers

How many cervical vertebrae are classified as mobile vertebrae?

7 Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is characterized by bending the body part toward itself?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

The central axis of the body is formed by which skeletal structure?

Vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the vertebral column?

Humerus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the thoracic cage?

To support the weight of the trunk and head Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists the bones of the proximal segment of the upper limb and lower limb respectively?

Humerus; Femur Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone structure develops from a cartilaginous model?

Long bone Signup and view all the answers

What part of a long bone is responsible for providing a blood supply?

Periosteum Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the types of bones according to shape is false?

Irregular bones have a uniform shape Signup and view all the answers

In the structural components of a long bone, the inner layer of the periosteum is primarily involved in what?

Bone formation and repair Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a type of bone according to shape?

Osteoid bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiphyseal cartilage in a long bone?

Allows for growth in length Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Skeleton

The skeleton is a type of connective tissue composed of cells, fibers, and a matrix.
The matrix is hardened due to calcification.
Bones have multiple functions, including supporting and protecting vital organs, enabling movement, and acting as a reservoir for ions like calcium and magnesium.
Bones also perform hematopoietic action, meaning they contribute to the production of blood cells.

Objectives

The lecture intends to cover the definition, functions, and classification of bones, covering diverse categories.
Different types of bones will be discussed, categorized by location, structure, ossification method, and shape.
The presentation will explore the anatomical layout of a typical long bone.
The blood supply and specific parts of a long bone will be delineated.

Bone Types According to Position

The skull is part of the axial skeleton.
The ribs, sternum, and spine are also part of the axial skeleton.
The clavicle and scapulae are part of the appendicular skeleton.
The humerus, radius, and ulna are part of the appendicular skeleton.
The femur, tibia, and fibula are part of the appendicular skeleton.
The phalanges (fingers and toes) are part of the appendicular skeleton.
The pelvis is part of the axial skeleton.

Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body.
It includes the skull, spine, and ribcage.
It provides crucial support and protection for vital organs within the torso.

Skull

The skull is the bony structure that encases the brain.
It includes the cranium and the mandible.
The cranium is the upper part of the skull.
The mandible is the lower jaw.
Further categorized parts of the skull/cranium identified are: skull cap, base of the skull and facial bones..

Vertebral Column

The vertebral column is the spine.
It is composed of 33 individual vertebrae, some of which fuse to form larger structures.
The mobile vertebrae (cervical, thoracic and lumbar) are categorized by their relative location.
The non-mobile vertebrae (sacrum and coccyx) are fused.
The spine allows for flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation..

Thoracic Cage

The rib cage (thoracic cage) encloses the thoracic organs.
It consists of ribs attached to the spine, connected to the sternum by cartilage, which is a crucial part of breathing.

Appendicular Skeleton

This component comprises the bones of the limbs and their supporting structures.
It includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities.

Bone Types According to Structure

Cancellous bone is a spongy, porous type of bone.
Compact bone is a dense, hard type of bone.

Bone Types According to Ossification

Membranous bones develop directly from a sheet of connective tissue.
Cartilaginous bones form from a cartilaginous model.

Bone Types According to Shape

Long bones are longer than they are wide (e.g., femur).
Short bones are roughly equal in length and width (e.g., carpal bones).
Irregular bones have complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae).
Flat bones are thin and flattened (e.g., skull bones).
Sesamoid bones are small, round bones embedded within tendons (e.g., patella).
Pneumatic bones are bones containing air-filled spaces (e.g. mastoid bone).

Basic Structure of a Bone

The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone.
The medulla is the inner part of the bone.
The cortex is the hard outer layer of bones, comprised of compact bone.
The medullary cavity is the central cavity inside the bone containing bone marrow.

Parts of a Long Bone

The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone.
The epiphysis are the ends of a long bone.
The epiphyseal cartilage or line separates the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The metaphysis is the area between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The medullary cavity contains bone marrow.
The periosteum is a tough membrane covering the outer surface of the entire bone.

Blood Supply of a Long Bone

Blood vessels called nutrient arteries supply blood to the medullary cavity.
Epiphyseal, metaphysial, and periosteal arteries also supply blood to the various regions of a long bone.

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Description

This quiz covers the definition, functions, and classification of bones, outlining the various types of bones based on location and structure. It provides insights into the anatomical layout of long bones, their blood supply, and the roles they play in the human body. Test your knowledge on this fundamental aspect of human anatomy.