The Importance of Engineering Materials in Present World PDF

International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 The Importance of Engineering Materials in Present W...

International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 The Importance of Engineering Materials in Present World Satya Prakash Pandey1, Vishwajeet Singh2 1 Mechanical Engineering Department, Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management and Technology, Amethi (U.P), 227405, India 2 Student of Mechanical Engineering, Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management and Technology, Amethi (U.P), 227405, India Abstract: Materials had been in use of humanity since time immemorial. Our world is all about materials that are why Materials Science and Engineering has taken centre-stage position in many developed and developing nations. There have been changes in man’s choice of materials for his engineering activities. Materials went through ages of man’s activities on earth like the Stone Age, the Iron Age and the current Silicon age, etc. But the challenges of current worlds needs are constantly fuelling the need discovery and development of new kinds of materials with the desired properties and the relevant cost to meet the challenges of the world. This informative article is, therefore, aimed at reviewing the advances made in engineering materials, their classification and the importance of engineering materials in current day world, their properties and various areas of application. Keywords: Material, Advancement, Engineering, Importance 1. Introduction From a functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials, whereas a Materials are probably more significant in our culture than materials engineer is called upon to create new products or we realize. Transportation, housing, clothing systems using existing materials and/or to develop communication, reaction and food production and virtually techniques for processing materials. every segment of our daily lives is influenced by materials. Materials have contributed to the advancement of a number 2.1 Elements of Materials Science and Engineering of technologies, including medicine & health, information & communication, national security & space, transportation, There are four essential elements in materials science and structural materials, arts & literature, textiles, personal engineering hygiene, agriculture & food science & the environment. 1) Processing/synthesis These inter-disciplinary interactions between the Material 2) Structure/composition sciences and other fields in the development of new 3) Properties materials and their applications is to be understood well. 4) Performance/application As the contribution of materials science and engineering to These four elements of Materials Science and Engineering is other disciplines increases, it will become necessary for primarily concerned with the study of the basic knowledge scientists of all backgrounds to better understand it. of materials: the relationships between the Although it is not feasible for scientists to master a vast composition/structure, properties and processing of body of scientific knowledge over many disciplines, materials. Materials engineering is mainly concerned with scientists must gain the skills that will allow them to master the use of this fundamental knowledge to design and to some specific topics. Our presentation attempts to present a produce materials with properties that will meet the relatively brief overview of Materials Science and Materials requirements of society. As subjects of study, materials Engineering and their importance in the present day world. It science and materials engineering are very often closely will also attempt to examine the four components that make related. The subject ―materials science and engineering" up the whole gamut of the discipline of materials science combines both a basic knowledge and application and forms and engineering and their inter-relationship. a bridge between the basic sciences (physics, chemistry and mathematics) and the various engineering disciplines, 2. Materials Science and Engineering including electrical, mechanical, chemical, and civil and aerospace engineering. Materials Science and Engineering – (a) materials science, (b) materials engineering The structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves Materials science involves investigating the relationships electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with that exist between the structures and properties of materials their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. Materials engineering is based on the application of this The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups structure-property correlations, in designing or engineering of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed the structure of a material to produce a pre-determined set of ―microscopic, meaning that which is subject to direct properties observation using some type of microscope. Finally, Volume 6 Issue 3, March 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20171428 433  International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be are termed ―macroscopic. grouped into six different categories: Material structure can be classified as: macrostructure, microstructure, substructure, crystal structure, electronic 1) Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied structure and nuclear structure. load or force; examples include: elastic modulus or Young's modulus and strength; tensile and shear (a) Macro structure - The macrostructure of a material is strengths, hardness, toughness, ductility, deformation and examined by low-power magnification or naked eye. It fracture behaviours, fatigue and creep strengths, wear deals with the shape, size and atomic arrangement in a resistance, etc. The important mechanical properties crystalline material. In case of some crystals, e.g., quartz, affecting the selection of a material are: external form of the crystal may reflect the internal a) Tensile Strength: This enables the material to resist the symmetry of atoms. Macrostructure may be observed application of a tensile force. To withstand the tensile directly on a fracture surface or on a forging specimen. force, the internal structure of the material provides the The individual crystals of a crystalline material can be internal resistance. visible, e.g. in a brass doorknob by the constant polishing b) Hardness: It is the degree of resistance to indentation or and etching action of a human hand and sweat. scratching, abrasion and wear. Alloying techniques and Macrostructure can reveal flaws, segregations; cracks etc. heat treatment help to achieve the same. by using proper techniques and one can save much c) Ductility: This is the property of a metal by virtue of expenses by rejecting defective materials at an early which it can be drawn into wires or elongated before stage. rupture takes place. It depends upon the grain size of the (b) Micro structure - This generally refers to the structure metal crystals. of the material observed under optical microscope. d) Impact Strength: It is the energy required per unit cross- Optical microscopes can magnify a structure about 1500 sectional area to fracture a specimen, i.e., it is a measure to 3000 times linear, without loss of resolution of details of the response of a material to shock loading. of the material structure. We may note that optical e) Wear Resistance: The ability of a material to resist microscopes can resolve two lines separately when their friction wear under particular conditions, i.e. to maintain difference of separation is 10–7 m (= 0.1 _m). Cracks, its physical dimensions when in sliding or rolling contact porosity, non-metallic inclusions within materials can be with a second member. revealed by examining them under powerful optical f) Corrosion Resistance: Those metals and alloys which microscope. can withstand the corrosive action of a medium, i.e. (c) Sub structure - When crystal imperfections such as corrosion processes proceed in them at a relatively low dislocation in a structure are to be examined, a special rate are termed corrosion-resistant. microscope having higher magnification and resolution g) Density: This is an important factor of a material where than the optical microscope is used. Electron microscope weight and thus, the mass is critical, i.e. aircraft with magnifications 105 are used for this purpose. components. Another important modern microscope is field ion microscope, which can produce images of individual 2) Thermal properties of solids can be represented in atoms as well as defects in atomic arrangements. terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity; the (d) Crystal structure - This reveals the atomic arrangement characteristics of a material, which are functions of the within a crystal. X-ray diffraction techniques and temperature, are termed its thermal properties. One can electron diffraction method are commonly used for predict the performance of machine components during studying crystal structure. It is usually sufficient to study normal operation, if he has the knowledge of thermal the arrangement of atoms within a unit cell. The crystal is properties. Specific heat, latent heat, thermal formed by a very large number of unit cells forming conductivity, thermal expansion, thermal stresses, regularly repeating patterns in space. thermal fatigue, etc., are few important thermal (e) Electronic structure - This refers to the electrons in the properties of materials. These properties play a vital role outermost shells of individual atoms that form the solid. in selection of material for engineering applications, e.g. Spectroscopic techniques are commonly used for when materials are considered for high temperature determining the electronic structure. service. Now, we briefly discuss few of these properties: (f) Nuclear structure - This is studied by nuclear a) Specific Heat: It is the heat capacity of a unit mass of spectroscopic techniques, e.g., nuclear magnetic a homogeneous substance. For a homogeneous body, resonance (NMR) c = C/M, where C is the heat capacity and M is the mass of the body. One can also define it as the 2.2 Properties of Materials quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the substance through 1°C. Its units are A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and cal/g/°C. magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. b) Thermal Conductivity (K): This represents the Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size. The properties of engineering amount of heat conducted per unit time through a unit materials can be classified into two main groups area perpendicular to the direction of heat conduction (a) physical when the temperature gradient across the heat (b) Chemical. conducting element is one unit. Truly speaking the capability of the material to transmit heat through it is Volume 6 Issue 3, March 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20171428 434  International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 termed as the thermal conductivity. The higher the to their excellent magnetic properties alongwith their high value of thermal conductivity, the greater is the rate at electrical resistivity these materials today, find use in a which heat will be transferred through a piece of variety of applications like magnetic recording tapes, given size. Copper and aluminum are good inductors and transformers, memory elements, microwave conductors of heat and therefore, extensively used devices, bubble domain devices, recording hard cores, etc. whenever transfer of heat is desired. Bakelite is a Hysteresis, permeability and coercive forces are some of the magnetic properties of magnetic substances which are to be poor conductor of heat and hence used as heat considered for the manufacture of transformers and other insulator. The heat flow through an area A which is electronic components. perpendicular to the direction of flow is directly proportional to the area (A) and thermal gradient 4) Electrical Properties- Electrical conductivity, (dt/dx). resistivity, dielectric strength, the stimulus is an electric c) Thermal Expansion: All solids expand on heating field are few important electrical properties of a material. and contract on cooling. Thermal expansion may take A material which offers little resistance to the passage of place as linear, circumferential or cubical. A solid an electric current is said to be a good conductor of which expands equally in three mutually orthogonal electricity. The electrical resistance of a material depends directions is termed as thermally isotropic. The on its dimensions and is given by: Usually resistivity of a increase in any linear dimension of a solid, e.g. material is quoted in the literature. Unit of resistivity is length, width, height on heating is termed as linear Ohm-metre. On the basis of electrical resistivity expansion. The coefficient of linear expansion is the materials are divided as: a) Conductors increase in length per unit length per degree rise in b) Semiconductors temperature. The increase in volume of a solid on c) Insulators. heating is called cubical expansion. The thermal In general metals are good conductors. Insulators have very expansion of solids has its origin in the lattice high resistivity. Ceramic insulators are most common vibration and lattice vibrations increases with the rise examples and are used on automobile spark plugs, Bakelite in temperature. Obviously, the thermal conductivity handles for electric iron, plastic coverings on cables in (K) and electrical conductivity (σ) vary in the same domestic wiring. fashion from one material to another. d) Thermal Resistance (RT): It is the resistance offered 5) Optical properties - The optical properties of materials, by the conductor when heat flow due to temperature e.g. refractive index, reflectivity and absorption difference between two points of a conductor. It is coefficient etc. affect the light reflection and transmission given by: where H _ rate of heat flow and ᶿ1 and ᶿ2 the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation. are temperatures at two points (°C). e) Thermal Diffusivity (h): It is given by: A material 6) Chemical Properties -These properties includes atomic having high heat requirement per unit volume weight, molecular weight, atomic number, valency, chemical composition, acidity, alkalinity, etc. These possesses a low thermal diffusivity because, more properties govern the selection of materials particularly heat must be added to or removed from the material in Chemical plant. Deteriorative characteristics relate to for effecting a temperature change. the chemical reactivity of materials. In addition to f) Thermal Fatigue: This is the mechanical effect of structure and properties, two other important components repeated thermal stresses caused by repeated heating are involved in the science and engineering of and cooling. The thermal stresses can be very large, materials— namely, ―processing‖ ―performance.With involving considerable plastic flow. We can see that regard to the relationships of these four components, the fatigue failures can occur after relatively few cycles. structure of a material will depend on how it is The effect of the high part of the temperature cycle on processed. Furthermore, a material‗s performance will be the strength of material plays an important factor in a function of its properties. reducing its life under thermal fatigue. 3. Classification of Materials in Engineering 3) Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. Materials The traditional method is to classify them according to their in which a state of magnetism can be induced are termed nature into metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. The magnetic materials. There are five classes into which factors which form the basis of various systems of magnetic materials may be grouped: classifications of materials in material science and (i) diamagnetic engineering are: (ii) paramagnetic 1. The chemical composition of the material, (iii) ferromagnetic 2. The mode of the occurrence of the material in the nature, (iv) antiferromagnetic 3. The refining and the manufacturing process to which the material is subjected to prior to acquiring the required (v) ferrimagnetic. properties, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel and some of their alloys and compounds 4. The atomic and crystalline structure of material and possess spontaneous magnetisation. Magnetic oxides like 5. The industrial and technical use of the material. ferrites and garnets could be used at high frequencies. Due Volume 6 Issue 3, March 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20171428 435  International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Common engineering materials that fall within the scope of 3) Ferrous Metals: Iron is the principal constituent of these material science and engineering may be classified into one ferrous metals. Ferrous alloys contain significant amount of the following six groups: of non-ferrous metals. Ferrous alloys are extremely 1. Metals (ferrous and non-ferrous) and alloys important for engineering purposes. On the basis of the 2. Ceramics percentage of carbon and their alloying elements present, 3. Organic Polymers these can be classified into following groups: 4. Composites including Wood materials (a) Mild Steels: The percentage of carbon in these 5. Semi-conductors materials range from 0.15 % to 0.25 %. These are 6. Biomaterials 7. Advanced Materials moderately strong and have good weldability. The production cost of these materials is also low. 3.1 Metals and alloys are inorganic materials composed of (b) Medium Carbon Steels: These contains carbon one or more metallic elements. They may also contain a between 0.3 % to 0.6 %. The strength of these small number of non-metallic elements. All the elements are materials is high but their weldability is broadly divided into metals and non-metals according to comparatively less. their properties. Metals are element substances which readily (c) High Carbon Steels: These contains carbon varying give up electrons to form metallic bonds and conduct from 0.65 % to 1.5 %. These materials get hard and electricity. Some of the important basic properties of metals tough by heat treatment and their weldability is poor. are: The steel formed in which carbon content is up to 1.5 a) Metals are usually good electrical and thermal %, silica up to 0.5%, and manganese up to 1.5 % conductors, along with traces of other elements is called plain b) At ordinary temperature metals are usually solid, c) To some extent metals are malleable and ductile, carbon steel. d) The freshly cut surfaces of metals are lustrous, (d) Cast Irons: The carbon content in these substances e) When struck metal produce typical sound, and vary between 2 % to 4%. The cost of production of f) Most of the metals form alloys - When two or more pure these substances is quite low and these are used as metals are melted together to form a new metal whose ferrous casting alloys. properties are quite different from those of original 4) Non-Ferrous Metals: Out of several non-ferrous metals metals, it is called an alloy. only seven are available in sufficient quantity reasonably at low cost and used as common engineering metals. Metals usually have a crystalline structure and are good These are aluminum, tin, copper, nickel, zinc and thermal and electrical conductors. Many metals are strong magnesium. Some other non-ferrous metals, about and ductile at room temperature and maintain good strength fourteen in number, are produced in relatively small at high and low temperatures. Metallic materials possess quantities but these are of vital importance in modern specific properties like plasticity and strength. Few industry. These include chromium, mercury, cobalt, favourable characteristics of metallic materials are high lustre, hardness, resistance to corrosion, good thermal and tungsten, vanadium, molybdenum, antimony, cadmium, electrical conductivity, malleability, stiffness, the property zirconium, beryllium, niobium, titanium, tantalum and of magnetism, etc. Metals may be magnetic, non-magnetic manganese. in nature. 5) Sintered Metals: These materials possess very different properties and structures as compared to the metals from These properties of metallic materials are due to: which these substances have been cast. Powder 1) The atoms of which these metallic materials are metallurgy technique is used to produce sintered metals. composed The metals to be sintered are first obtained in powered 2) The way in which these atoms are arranged in the space form and then mixed in right calculated proportions. lattice. After mixing properly, they are put in the die of desired shape and then processed with certain pressure. Finally, Metallic materials are typically classified according to their one gets them sintered in the furnace. use in engineering as under: 6) Clad Metals: A sandwich ‗of two materials is prepared 1) Pure Metals: They are obtained by refining the ore. in order to avail the advantage of the properties of both Mostly, pure metals are not of any use to the engineers. the materials. This technique is termed as cladding. However, by specialised and very expensive techniques, Using this technique stainless steel is mostly embedded one can obtain pure metals (purity ~ 99.99 %), e.g. with a thick layer of mild steel, by rolling the two metals aluminum, copper, etc. together while they are red hot. This technique will not 2) Alloyed Metals: Alloys can be formed by blending two allow corrosion of one surface. Another example of the or more metals or at least one being metal. The properties use of this technique is cladding of duralumin with thin of an alloy can be totally different from its constituent sheets of pure aluminum. The surface layers, i.e. outside substances, e.g. 18-8 stainless steel, which contains 18 layers of aluminum resist corrosion, whereas inner layer %, chromium and 8 % nickel, in low carbon steel, carbon of duralumin imparts high strength. This technique is is less than 0.15 % and this is extremely tough, relatively cheap to manufacture. exceedingly ductile and highly resistant to corrosion. Volume 6 Issue 3, March 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20171428 436  International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 3.2 Ceramics are inorganic materials consisting of both 4. The Importance of Engineering Materials in metallic and non-metallic elements bonded together Our Present World chemically. Ceramics can be crystalline, non-crystalline or a mixture of both. Generally, they have high melting points Development of new materials has followed a number of and high chemical stabilities. They also have high hardness different pathways, depending on both the nature of the and high temperature strength but tend to be brittle. problem being pursued and the means of investigation. Ceramics are usually poor electrical conductors. Breakthroughs in the discovery of new materials have ranged from pure serendipity, to trial-and-error approaches, 3.3Polymers are organic materials which consist of long to design by analogy to existing systems. These molecular chains or networks containing carbon. Most methodologies will remain important in the development of polymers are non-crystalline, but some consist of mixtures materials but as the challenges and requirements for new of both crystalline and non-crystalline regions. They materials become more complex, the need to design and typically have low densities and are mechanically flexible. develop new materials from the molecular scale through the Their mechanical properties may vary considerably. Most macroscopic final product will become increasingly polymers are poor electric conductors due to the nature of important. The use of molecular modeling and the the atomic bonding. engineering of new materials into useable forms or devices are of particular importance. 3.4 Composites are mixtures of two or more types of materials. The constituent elements in a composite retain 4.1 Current Trends and Advances in Materials their identities (they do not dissolve or merge completely into each other) while acting in concert to provide a host of Timber, steel and cement are the materials which are widely benefits such as light weight, high strength, corrosion used for engineering applications in huge quantities. The resistant, high strength-to-weight ratio, directional strength - consumption of steel in any country is considered as an tailor mechanical properties, high impact strength, high indicator of its economic well being. For high temperature electric strength (insulator), radar transparent, non-magnetic, applications. Newer materials for combined resistance to low maintenance, long-term durability, parts consolidation, high temperature and corrosion are increasing rapidly and dimensional stability, small to large part geometry – material scientists and engineers are busy in developing such styling/design – sculptural form, customized surface finish, materials. Different kinds of ceramics, though difficult to rapid installation. Usually, they consist of a matrix phase shape and machine, are finding demand for their use at high and a reinforcing phase. They are designed to ensure a temperatures. Recently prepared new metallic materials in combination of the best properties of each of the component conjunction with new processing techniques as isostatic materials. There is also an increasing trend to classify pressing and isothermal forging are capable of imparting engineering materials into two further categories: structural better fatigue properties to aircraft components. Powder materials and functional materials. Structural materials, as metallurgy technique while producing finished surfaces and the name indicates, are materials used to build structures, cutting down metal cutting cost is much capable of bodies and components. For instance, in a car the body, imparting improved mechanical properties under different frame, wheels, seats, inside lining, engine and various loading conditions. Surprisingly, rapid cooling technology mechanical transmission parts are all constructed from achieving cooling rates in the vicinity of one million degree structural materials. Celsius per second and this is being used to produce metal powders which can be used in such product producing 3.5 Semi-ConductorsThese are the materials which have techniques as powder metallurgy and hot isostatic pressing electrical properties that are intermediate between the to obtain temperature resistant parts. Nowadays, electrical conductors and insulators. The electrical metallurgists have produced several molybdenum and characteristics of semi-conductors are extremely sensitive to aluminium alloys as well as alloys of titanium and nickel to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms; meet anticorrosion properties at elevated temperatures. these concentrations may be controlled over very small Polymeric materials are growing at annual rate of 9% and spatial regions. Semi-conductors form the backbone of have grown in volume more than any other material. In electronic industry. The semi-conductors have made several applications plastics have replaced metals, wood, possible the advent of integrated circuitrythat has totally glass and paper. A new trend in plastic technology is the revolutionized the electronics and computer industries. They production of synergistic plastic alloys which have better affect all walks of life whether it is communications, properties than individual members producing the alloy. computers, biomedical, power, aviation, defence, Recent discovery of plastic conductors may have wider entertainment, etc. The field of semi-conductors is rapidly impact in near future. The major drawback of ceramics is the changing and expected to continue in the next decade. brittleness and difficulty in cutting and shaping. When Organic semi-conductors are expected to play prominent mixed with metal powder like molybdenum, ceramic role during this decade. Diamond as semiconductor will also produce cements, which are expected to be useful cutting be important. Optoelectronic devices will provide three materials. Tool bits of cements are expected to find various dimensional integration of circuits, and optical computing. applications in attaining high cutting speeds and producing better surface finish. Alumina, a well-known ceramic is expected to be successfully reinforced with fibres of molybdenum. Due to micro cracking of molybdenum fibres, the attempts to achieve better strength in such composite ceramics have not been successful yet. However, such Volume 6 Issue 3, March 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20171428 437  International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 composites have been found to exhibit better impact and of our lives during this decade with revolution in aviation, thermal shock resistance. pollution control, and industrial processes. 4.2 Further Advances in Materials Development from 4.5 Nano-Structured Materials and Nanotechnology View Point of New and Advanced Materials Nanotechnology is a field that deals with control of Recent development especially from the point of view of structures and devices at atomic, molecular and super- new and advanced materials could be classified into: molecular levels as well as the efficient use and manufacture of these devices. Key areas in Nanotechnology are: 4.3 Advanced Materials 1) Nano-medicine for disease detection and treatment 2) Nano-engineered materials for improved agriculture The materials that are utilised in high-technology (or high- 3) Nanotechnology for energy tech) applications are sometimes called advanced materials. 4) Nano porous materials for water filtration By high technology we mean a device or product that Nanostructured materials are those materials whose operates or functions using relatively intricate and structural elements clusters, crystallites or molecules have sophisticated principles; for example, electronic equipment dimensions in the range of 1-100 nm. These small groups of (VCRs, CD players, etc.), computers, fiber optic systems, atoms, in general, go by different names such as spacecraft, aircraft and military rocketry. These advanced nanoparticles, nanocrystals, quantum dots and quantum materials are typically either traditional materials whose boxes. One finds a remarkable variations in fundamental properties have been enhanced or newly developed high electrical, optical and magnetic properties that occur as one performance materials. Furthermore, advanced materials progresses from an infinitely extended solid to a particle of may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, and material consisting of a countable number of atoms. The polymers) and are normally relatively expensive. In various types of nanostructured materials which has been subsequent chapters are discussed the properties and considered for applications in opto-electronic devices and applications of a good number of advanced materials—for quantum- optic devices are nano-sized powders of silicon, example, materials that are used for lasers, ICs, magnetic silicon-nitride (SiN), silicon-carbide (SiC) and their thin information storage, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), fiber films. Some of these are also used as advanced ceramics optics, and the thermal projection system for the space with controlled micro structures because, their strength and shuttle orbiter. toughness increase when the grain size diminishes. Carbon- based nanomaterials and nanostructures including fullerenes 4.4 Smart Materials (Materials of the Future) and nanotube plays an increasingly significant role in nanoscale science and technology. Smart or intelligent materials form a group of new materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies. In addition, the concept of smart materials is being extended to rather sophisticated systems that consist of both smart and traditional materials. The field of smart materials attempts to combine the sensor, actuator and the control circuit on as one integrated unit. Actuators may be called upon to change shape, position, natural frequency, or mechanical characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric fields, and magnetic fields. The combined system of sensor, actuator and control circuit on as one IC unit, emulates a biological system. These are known as smart sensors, microsystem technology Figure 1: nano materials structure (MST) or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Materials/devices employed as sensors include optical 4.6 Quantom Dots (QDS) fibers, piezoelectric materials, and MEMS. MEMS devices are small in size, light weight, low cost, reliable with large Rapid progress in the fabrication of semiconductor batch fabrication technology. They generally consist of structures has resulted into the reduction of 3D bulk systems sensors that gather environmental information such as to 2D & 1D, and ultimately to 0D systems. Quantum dots pressure, temperature, acceleration etc., integrated represent the ultimate reduction in the dimensionality of electronics to process the data collected and actuators to semiconductor devices. These are 3D semiconductor influence and control the environment in the desired manner. structures only nanometer in size confining electrons and The MEMS technology involves a large number of holes. QDs operate at the level of single electron which is materials. Silicon forms the backbone of these systems also certainly the ultimate limit for an electronic device and are due to its excellent mechanical properties as well as mature used as the gain material in lasers. QDs are used in quantum micro-fabrication technology including lithography, etching, dot lasers, QD memory devices, QD photo detectors and and bonding. Other materials having piezoelectric, even quantum cryptography. The emission wavelength of a piezoresistive, ferroelectric and other properties are widely quantum dot is a function of its size. So by making dots of used for sensing and actuating functions in conjunction with different sizes, one can create light of different colors. silicon. The field of MEMS is expected to touch all aspects Volume 6 Issue 3, March 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20171428 438  International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Figure 3: Spintroniccs 4.8 Fermionic Condensate Matter Figure 2: Quantum dots representation Very recently scientists had created a new form of matter called a fermionic condensate matter and predicted it could 4.7 Spintronics lead to the next generation of superconductors. Solids, liquids, gases, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate, A revolutionary new class of semiconductor electronics fermionic condensate matter is a scientific breakthrough in based on the spin degree of freedom could be created. The providing a new type of quantum mechanical behaviour. It is study of electron spin in materials is called spintronics. related to Bose-Einstein condensate. However, new state is Spintronics is based on the direction of spin- and spin- not a superconductor but it is really something in between coupling. Every appliance ranging from electric bulb to these two states. laptop computer works on the principle of transport of electric charge carriers-electrons. The electrons have both charge and spin. The spin of the electrons could greatly enhance the particles ‗usefulness. Presently, the semiconductor technology is based on the number of charges and their energy. The electron can be assumed as tiny rotating bar magnet with two possible orientations: spin-up or spin-down. An applied magnetic field can flip electrons from one state to another. Obviously, spin can be measured and manipulated to represent the 0‗s and 1‗s of digital programming analogous to the ―current on and current off states in a conventional silicon chip. The performance of conventional devices is limited in speed and dissipation, Figure 4: Fermionic matter whereas, spintronic devices are capable of much higher speed at very low power. Spintronic transistors may work at 5. Breakthroughs in Materials Development a faster speed, are also smaller in size and will consume less power. The electron spin may exist not only in the up or The Material Science has made great strides over the past down state but also in infinitely many intermediate states several decades in the development of novel materials. because of its quantum nature depending on the energy of Although the following is not meant to be an exhaustive list the system. This property may lead to highly parallel of such breakthroughs, these examples point to the range of computation which could make a quantum computer work materials and their applications. much faster for certain types of calculations. The mixed state could form the base of a computer, built around not only on Examples such as Teflon serve to show how the chemical binary bits but the quantum bits or cubit. It is any sciences have contributed indispensable materials to combination of a 1 or a 0. Scientists are now trying to use everyday use. More recently, the development of the property of the electron-like spin rather than charge to thermoplastics and structural polymers has had an increasing develop new generation of microelectronic devices which influence on applications ranging from construction to may be more versatile and robust than silicon chips and national defense. New paints and coatings, clothing fibers, circuit elements. Spins appear to be remarkably robust and and photographic films have all benefited from the move effectively easily between semi-conductors. development of new materials. There are newer polymeric materials whose commercial impact has yet to be realized. Work on semi-conductive and conductive polymers have made great strides, but further work is necessary. Synthesis of amphiphilic dendritic block copolymers that are designed to form ultrathin organic films have also had major advances, other promising materials, from polymers for drug delivery to tissue engineering, have the potential to benefit the biomedical field but are still in a relatively early stage of development. Volume 6 Issue 3, March 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20171428 439  International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 snowmobiles, mobile campers, furniture, microwave Catalysis Advances in new materials cover a wide range of cookware; Corrosion-Resistant and Chemical-Resistant applications. Zeolites and pillared clays have had a huge Equipment : tanks, ducts and hoods, pumps, fans, grating, impact on the petroleum industry. New zeolites with chemical processing, pulp and paper, oil and gas and water / specified properties continue to be developed with various wastewater treatment markets; Electrical: Components for utilities. Ziegler-Natta catalysts allow the preparation of both electrical and electronic applications such as pole line billions of pounds per year of organic polymers with hardware, substation equipment, microwave antennas, controlled molecular structures and useful material printed wiring boards, etc; Marine: Products for commercial, properties. This method is also useful because it allows the pleasure and naval boats and ships. synthesis of polymers that cannot be produced in a practical manner by any other method. In the energy and 6. Modern Materials Needs & Challenges transportation sector, catalysis has been an especially fruitful area of research. As a result, supported gold catalysts have In spite of the tremendous progress made in the field of been developed. In addition, selective oxidation of carbon material science within the past few years, there still remains monoxide has been achieved and a gold transition- metal technological challenges, including the development of oxide has been developed that provides very active NOx more sophisticated and specialized materials, as well as the reduction as well as hydrocarbon oxidation. The platinum impact of materials production on ecosystem. Nuclear particles serves to complete the oxidation of hydrocarbons (fission as well as fusion) energy holds some promise, but and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide, while rhodium the solutions to the many key problems that remain will, converts nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen. The use of necessarily, involve materials from fuels to containment supramolecular organic templates containing appropriate structures to facilities for the disposal of radioactive waste. surface functionalities to regulate the nucleation and growth Progress in fusion research has been incredibly rapid in of inorganic magnets, semiconductors, and catalysts is recent years. There has been major progress in fusion significant as well. materials and technology, with prototypes of the key components of a fusion power plant built and successfully Electronics This broad category has benefited from many tested. Obviously, new high strength, low density structural breakthroughs in the development of new materials. Perhaps materials remain to be developed, as well as materials that no recent advance has had a greater impact in this area than have higher temperature capabilities, for use in engine the creation of chemically amplified photo resist. Photo components. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to find resist, resins containing photo chemically active polymers, new, economical sources of energy and to make use of can be coated on a wafer and irradiated using photons present energy resources more economically. Hydrogen (photolithography), electrons (electron beam lithography), or seems to be the fuel of the future. Hydrogen offers the X-rays (X-ray lithography). These developments have had greatest potential environment and energy supply benefits. considerable impact on computer chip production. In the Like electricity, hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that field of telecommunications, high-temperature can be made from a variety of widely available primary superconductors and ceramic materials containing copper- energy sources including natural gas, coal, biomass, wastes, oxide planes have potential uses in communications sunlight, wind, and nuclear power. Although hydrogen shielding. The development of new instrumentation is production techniques do exist, further optimization is essential both in characterizing materials and in exploring desirable for use in energy systems with zero carbon their potential applications. Matrix-assisted laser desorption emissions. Materials will undoubtedly play a significant role ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), in these developments, We know that environment quality a mass spectrometry technique that uses laser light to ablate depends on our ability to control air and water pollution. unfragmented polymer molecules mixed with an organic Pollution control techniques employ various materials. acid matrix into a time of- flight mass spectrometer, is There is a need to improve material processing and finding increasing application in the polymer community. refinement methods so that they produce less environmental degradation. Toxic substances are produced during Composites – Composites have recently found wide manufacturing processes of some materials and therefore we application in various area of life such as Aircraft, have to consider the ecological impact of their disposal. Commercial, pleasure and military aircrafts, including There are many materials which we use are derived from components for aerospace and related applications; resources that are non renewable, These include polymers Appliance, Business. Composite applications for the for which the prime raw material is oil, and some metals. household and office including appliances, power tools, These non renewable resources are gradually becoming business equipment, etc; Automotive/Transportation :The depleted, which necessitates: largest of the markets, products include parts for 1) The search of additional reserves automobiles, trucks, rail and farm applications; Civil 2) The development of new materials having comparable Infrastructure: A relatively new market for composites, these properties with less adverse environmental impact applications include the repair and replacement of civil 3) Increased recycling efforts and the development of new infrastructure including buildings, roads, bridges, piling, etc. recycling technologies. Construction: Includes materials for the building of homes, offices, and architectural components. Products include swimming pools, bathroom fixtures, wall panels, roofing, architectural cladding; Consumer products : sports and recreational equipment such as golf clubs, tennis rackets, Volume 6 Issue 3, March 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20171428 440  International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 7. Conclusion Ralls, K. M., T. H. Courtney, and J. Wulff (1976). Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, John Engineering materials always continue to play a significant Wiley & Sons, New York. role in the current and upcoming future world. The relevant Organising Committee for the Workshop on Materials factors that will influence this are economic/cost, and Manufacturing, Committee on Challenges for the environmental requirements, development trends, depletion Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century, National of traditional materials, advances in research and market Research Council..Materials Science and Technology: drives, etc. The importance of engineering materials is in Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st every aspect of life, therefore, need to be over emphasized. Century by ISBN: 0-309-51684-6, 98 pages, 6 x 9, We ourselves are materials and so also is everything around (2003) Free PDF downloaded from: us; to stop talking of and working with materials is to http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10694.html foreclose the essence of life existence. So a bright future is Schaffer, J. P., A. Saxena, S. D. Antolovich, T. H. that of even more sophisticated, better and cost effective Sanders, Jr., and S. B. Warner (1999). The Science and materials. Materials Science, Technology and Engineering Design of Engineering Materials, 2nd edition, of Materials has the capability of solving problems in WCB/McGraw-Hill, New York. different sectors of life & the economy. Therefore smart Sigma-Aldrich (2007). ―Advanced Metals and Alloys nations are quickly creating areas for themselves by Material Matter, Vol. 2, No. 4. developing materials of both comparative and competitive Smith, W. F. and J. Hashemi (2006). Principles of advantage as required. Materials Science and Engineering, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.. 8. Acknowledgement Van Vlack, L. H. (1989). Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, 6th edition, Addison-Wesley We are thankful to our Institute ―R ajarshi Rananjay Sinh Longman, Boston, MA. Institute of Management & Technology, Amethi ‖for William D. Callister, Jr. (2007). Department of encouraging us to explore ourselves. The Incubation Centre Metallurgical Engineering, The University of Utah with of the Institute. Is a beehive of intellectual and innovative special contributions by David G. Rethwisch The activities? Under the excellent & effective guidance of our University of Iowa - Materials Science and Engineering faculty from Mechanical Engineering Department, Mr. Satya -An Introduction to Materials Science and Prakash Pandey Sir, we have completed the informative Engineering.—7th ed. concepts on materials which focuses on the complete/partial www.wiley.com/college/callister (Student Companion information of same. Site). Our Institute has always focused on providing us a framework for better future for mankind. Also in shaping us Author Profile to become effective, skilled professionals in coming future. I Satya Prakash Pandey received the B.Tech. degree in am very thankful to the Institute‘s Management& our Mechanical Engineering from IIMT, Meerut in Director Sir for his influential leadership 2008.He is pursuing M. Tech from KNIT, Sultanpur. He is now with Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of References Management & Technology, Amethi as a Assisstant Professor in Mechanical Engineering Department. Ashby, M. F. and D. R. H. Jones(2005). Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction to Their Properties and Vishwajeet Singh is persuing the B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering from Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Applications, 3rd edition, Butterworth- Institute of Management & Technology, Amethi. Heinemann,Woburn, UK. Currently, He is a student of Second Year. Ashby, M. F. and D. R. H. Jones, Engineering Materials 2: An Introduction to Microstructures, Processing and Design, 3rd edition, Butterworth- Heinemann,Woburn, UK, 2005. Flinn, R. A. and P. K. Trojan (1994). Engineering Materials and Their Applications, 4th edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Jacobs, J. A. and T. F. Kilduff (2005). Engineering Materials Technology, 5th edition, Prentice Hall PTR, Paramus, NJ. K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, and J.Wulff, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, p. 22. Copyright 1976 by John Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) Murray, G. T. (1993) Introduction to Engineering Materials— Behavior, Properties, and Selection, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Volume 6 Issue 3, March 2017 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Paper ID: ART20171428 441