The Brain and Cranial Nerves Lecture PowerPoint PDF

Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves Lecture PowerPoint out notes. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distri...

Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves Lecture PowerPoint out notes. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Introduction The human brain is extremely complex Brain function is associated clinically with what it means to be alive or dead Importance of the brain hasn’t always been well understood – Aristotle thought brain just cooled blood – But Hippocrates (earlier) had more accurate view of brain’s importance This chapter is a study of the brain and cranial nerves directly connected to it ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Major Landmarks Rostral—toward the forehead Caudal—toward the spinal cord Brain weighs about 1,600 g (3.5 lb) in men, and 1,450 g in women Three major portions of the brain – Cerebrum is 83% of brain volume; cerebral hemispheres, gyri and sulci, longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum – Cerebellum contains 50% of the neurons; second largest brain region, located in posterior cranial fossa – Brainstem is the portion of the brain that remains if the cerebrum and cerebellum are removed; diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Surface Anatomy of the Brain Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (b) Lateral view ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Major Landmarks Longitudinal fissure—deep groove that separates cerebral hemispheres Gyri—thick folds (ridges) Sulci—shallow grooves Corpus callosum—thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Surface Anatomy of the Brain Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Superior view ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Medial Aspect of the Brain Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Medial Aspect of the Brain Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Dennis Strete, photographer ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Gray and White Matter Gray matter—the seat of cell bodies (neurosomas), dendrites, and synapses – Dull color due to little myelin – Forms surface layer (cortex) over cerebrum and cerebellum – Forms nuclei deep within brain White matter—bundles of axons – Lies deep to cortical gray matter, opposite relationship in the spinal cord – Pearly white color from myelin around nerve fibers – Composed of tracts, or bundles of axons, that connect one part of the brain to another, and to the spinal cord ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Meninges Meninges—3 connective tissue membranes that envelop the brain – Lie between the nervous tissue and bone – As in spinal cord, they are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater – Protect the brain and provide structural framework for its arteries and veins ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Meninges Dura Mater - Cranial – Has two layers Outer periosteal—equivalent to periosteum of cranial bones Inner meningeal—continues into vertebral canal and forms dural sheath around spinal cord Layers separated by dural sinuses—collect blood circulating through brain – Dura mater is pressed closely against cranial bones No epidural space Not directly attached to bone except: around foramen magnum, sella turcica, crista galli, and sutures of the skull – Folds inward to extend between parts of brain Falx cerebri separates two cerebral hemispheres Tentorium cerebelli separates cerebrum from cerebellum Falx cerebelli separates right and left halves of cerebellum ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Meninges Arachnoid mater and pia mater are similar to those in the spinal cord Arachnoid mater – Transparent membrane over brain surface – Subarachnoid space separates it from pia mater below – Subdural space separates it from dura mater above in some places Pia mater – Very thin membrane that follows contours of brain, even dipping into sulci – Not usually visible without a microscope ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Meninges of the Brain Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Ventricles of the Brain Within the cerebral hemispheres of the brain are a series of cavities called ventricles. These ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid. Lateral Ventricles (1&2) are the largest and occupy portions of the cerebral hemispheres (frontal, temporal and occipital lobes). They are separated by the septum pellucidum Third Ventricle is a single vertical space below the corpus callosum. Communicates with the lateral ventricles by a tiny pore the interventricular foramen (foramen of munro). Fourth Ventricle is found within the brain stem and connects with the third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct (mesencephalic aqueduct, aqueduct of sylvius). This ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord Choroid plexus—spongy mass of blood capillaries on 13-14 the floor of each ventricle ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Ventricles of the Brain Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Lateral (b) Anterior view view ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Ventricles of the Brain Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. c: © McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections Also note the gray matter is toward the outside (cortex) and the white matter more internally which is opposite of the spinal cord ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Fills ventricles and subarachnoid space Brain produces and absorbs 500 ml/day – choroid plexus creates CSF by filtration of blood plasma. The ependymal cells then modify it. Functions – floats brain so it is neutrally buoyant – cushions from hitting inside of skull – provides chemical stability – rinses away wastes Escapes (4th ventricle) to surround brain Absorbed into venous blood system in sagittal sinus by arachnoid villi 13-17 ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1)CSF is secreted by choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle. 2)CSF flows through interventricular foramina into third ventricle. 3)Choroid plexus in third ventricle adds more CSF. 4)CSF flows down cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle. 5)Choroid plexus in fourth ventricle adds more CSF. 6)CSF flows out two lateral apertures and one median aperture. 7)CSF fills subarachnoid space and bathes external surfaces of brain and spinal cord. 8)At arachnoid villi, CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood of dural venous sinuses. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Blood Supply and the Brain Barrier System Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) – Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation – Formed by network of tight junctions Between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries – Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins – Astrocytes control blood–brain barrier ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Blood Supply and the Brain Blood Supply Barrier System to the Brain – Supplies nutrients and oxygen to brain – Delivered by internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries – Drained by the internal jugular veins Cerebrovascular Disease – Disorders interfere with blood circulation to brain – Stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) Shuts off blood to portion of brain Neurons die ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Brain Protection and Support - Protection and Support Summary – Cranium (skull) protects the brain – Meninges stabilize brain in cranial cavity – Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protects against sudden movement, provides nutrients and removes wastes – Blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–CSF barrier Selectively isolate brain from ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Medulla Oblongata, Pons and Midbrain Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Medulla Oblongata Controls Autonomic functions – Cardiac center adjusts rate and force of heart – Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter – Respiratory centers control rate and depth of breathing – Reflex centers for coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting Four pairs of cranial nerves begin or end in medulla—VIII (in part), IX, X, and XII Relay stations along sensory and motor pathways ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Pons Pons—anterior bulge in brainstem, rostral to medulla It is part of the autonomic nervous system, and relays sensory information between the cerebellum and cerebrum 1. Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, VIII) 2. Nuclei involved with respiration Apneustic center and pneumotaxic center 3. Nuclei that process and relay information to and from cerebellum 4. Ascending, descending, and transverse tracts ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Midbrain Mesencephalon becomes one mature brain structure, the midbrain Corpora Quadrigemina (4 nuclei) – Superior and Inferior Colliculus Superior Colliculi - visual receptors Inferior Colliculi - auditory receptors ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cerebellum (hindbrain) Cerebellum is largest part of hindbrain and second largest part of the brain as a whole Functions of the Cerebellum 1. Adjusts postural muscles 2. Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious movements While the Cerebellum has long been known to be important for motor coordination and locomotor ability recent studies have revealed several sensory, linguistic, emotional, and other nonmotor functions ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cerebellum (hindbrain) Structures of the Cerebellum – Folia Surface of cerebellum Highly folded neural cortex – Anterior and posterior lobes Separated by primary fissure – Cerebellar hemispheres Separated at midline by vermis – Vermis Narrow band of cortex ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cerebellum (hindbrain) Structures of the Cerebellum – Purkinje cells Large, branched cells Found in cerebellar cortex – Arbor vitae (“tree of life”) Highly branched, internal white matter of cerebellum – The peduncles Tracts link cerebellum with brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord – Superior cerebellar peduncles – Middle cerebellar peduncles – Inferior cerebellar peduncles ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cerebellum Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Median section (b) Superior view ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Forebrain Forebrain consists of two parts – Diencephalon Encloses third ventricle Most rostral part of the brainstem Diencephalon has three parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus – Telencephalon Develops chiefly into the cerebrum ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Diencephalon Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Diencephalon: Thalamus Sensory Relay Station or “Gateway” to the cerebral cortex – Sensory and Motor functions receives nearly all sensory information on its way to cerebral cortex (postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe) integrates & directs information to appropriate area synapse here as the last relay site before the information reaches the cerebral cortex ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Diencephalon: Hypothalamus Hypothalamus—forms part of the walls and floor of the third ventricle Extends anteriorly to optic chiasm and posteriorly to mammillary bodies Each mammillary body contains three or four mammillary nuclei – Relay signals from the limbic system to the thalamus Infundibulum—stalk attaching pituitary to hypothalamus ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Diencephalon: Hypothalamus Hypothalamus is a major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system Autonomic Control: Regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, gastrointestinal activity, motility….. Endocrine Control: Production of neurosecretory substances that stimulate the pituitary gland to release various hormones – Hormone secretion Controls anterior pituitary (“releasing” and “inhibiting”) hormone, thereby regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses (LH,FSH,TSH,ACTH,GH,MSH) Produces posterior pituitary hormones for labor contractions, lactation, and water conservation (OT, ADH) Regulation of water and electrolyte balance Control of hunger and regulation of body weight Regulation of sleep and wakefulness Memory Emotional behavior ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Diencephalon: Epithalamus Epithalamus—very small mass of tissue composed of: – Pineal gland: endocrine gland (melatonin) – Choroid Plexus : network of blood capillaries (specialized ependymal cells) in the brain that produce CSF – Thin roof over the third ventricle ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cerebrum Cerebrum—largest, most conspicuous part of human brain Functional Principles of the Cerebrum 1. Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body 2. The two hemispheres have different functions, although their structures are alike 3. Correspondence between a specific function and a specific region of cerebral cortex is not ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cerebrum Structures of the Cerebrum – Gyri: ridges – Insula (“island” of cortex) Lies medial to lateral sulcus – Longitudinal fissure: deep grove Separates cerebral hemispheres – Lobes (named for the cranial bones overlying them) frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital – Sulci: shallow groves Central sulcus divides – Anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe Lateral sulcus divides: – Frontal lobe from temporal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus divides: – Parietal lobe from occipital lobe ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cerebrum Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Superior (b) Lateral view view ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cerebrum: Lobes Frontal lobe – precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) – voluntary motor functions & higher intelligence – planning, mood, smell, decision making and social judgement – speech production (Broca’s Area) Parietal lobe – postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex) – receives and integrates sensory information – gustatory (taste) – language processing (Wernicke’s Area) Occipital lobe – visual center of brain Temporal lobe – Functions in hearing (auditory), smell (olfactory), learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion Insula (hidden by other regions) – Deep to lateral sulcus – Helps in understanding spoken language, taste and integrating information from visceral receptors ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Lobes of the Cerebrum and Some of Their Key Functions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Taste Abstract thought Somatic sensation Explicit memory Sensory integration Mood Visual processing Motivation Spatial perception Foresight and planning Language processing Decision making Numerical awareness Emotional control Social judgment Voluntary motor Occipital lobe control Speech production Visual awareness Visual processing Insula Taste Temporal lobe Pain Visceral sensation Hearing Consciousness Smell Emotion and empathy Emotion Cardiovascular Learning homeostasis Language comprehension Memory consolidation Verbal memory Visual and auditory memory Language ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cerebral White Matter Most of the volume of cerebrum is white matter – Glia and myelinated nerve fibers that transmit signals Tracts are bundles of nerve fibers in the central nervous system – 3 Types – projection tracts Connects the cerebrum with lower areas of the CNS – commissural tracts cross to opposite hemisphere (connecting the two hemispheres) – corpus callosum – anterior and posterior commissures – association tracts connect lobes and gyri within a hemisphere – arcuate fibers (short, connect one gyri to another) ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Tracts of Cerebral White Matter Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Sagittal section (b) Frontal section ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cerebral Cortex Neural integration is carried out in the gray matter of the cerebrum Cerebral gray matter found in three places 1. Cerebral cortex 2. Basal nuclei 3. Limbic system 1. Cerebral cortex—covers surface of the hemispheres – Only 2 to 3 mm thick – Cortex constitutes about 40% of brain mass – Contains 14 to 16 billion neurons – 90% of human cerebral cortex is neocortex—six- layered tissue that has relatively recent evolutionary origin ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Histology of the Neocortex Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Contains two principal types of neurons stellate cells dendrites project in all directions pyramidal cells axon passes out of the area ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Limbic System Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2. The Limbic System Often referred to as the “emotional brain”. The seat of emotional experience and expression including visceral responses. The limbic system is one of the brain’s most important centers of emotion and learning. – Hippocampus (medial temporal lobe) = memory function – Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written ©McGraw-Hill  The Basal Nuclei 3. Basal nuclei (ganglia) —masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus – Receive input from the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the motor areas of the cortex – Send signals back to both of these locations – Involved in motor control ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Basal Nuclei At least three brain centers form the basal nuclei and are collectively called the corpus striatum Corpus Striatum – Caudate nucleus – Putamen – Globus pallidus Lentiform nucleus – Putamen – Globus pallidus ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Basal Nuclei Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Language 13-51 ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Wernicke and Broca Areas Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Electroencephalogram Electroencephalogram (EEG)—monitors surface electrical activity of the brain waves – Useful for studying normal brain functions as sleep and consciousness – In diagnosis of degenerative brain diseases, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, etc. – Lack of brain waves is a common criterion of brain death ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Electroencephalogram Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Alph a Awake but resting, eyes closed, not mentally wav concentrating on any es one subject or task Beta wav Receiving sensory stimulation or engaged in concentrated es mental activity Thet a Drowsy or sleepy state in adults; common in wave children s Delt a wav es Deep sleep a: © Larry Mulvehill/Science Source ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Electroencephalogram Alpha waves – Awake and resting with eyes closed and mind wandering Beta waves – Eyes open and performing mental tasks – Accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation Theta waves – Children – Frustrated adults (emotional stress) Delta waves – Deep sleep in adults – Found in awake adults with braing damage ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Sleep Sleep occurs in cycles called circadian rhythms – Events that reoccur at intervals of about 24 hours Sleep—temporary state of unconsciousness from which one can awaken when stimulated Rhythm of sleep is controlled by complex interaction between cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and reticular formation Four stages of sleep – Stage 1 Drowsy, relaxed, eyes closed, drifting sensation, easily awakened Alpha waves dominate EEG – Stage 2 Light sleep EEG frequency decreases but amplitude increases with occasional sleep spindles – Stage 3 Moderate to deep sleep; muscles relax, vital signs fall Theta and delta EEG waves appear – Stage 4 Muscles very relaxed, vitals very low, difficult to awaken EEG dominated by low-frequency, high-amplitude delta EEG waves (slow wave sleep) ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Sleep Stages and Brain Activity Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) One sleep cycle (b) Typical 8-hour sleep period ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Memory Memory – Fact memories Are specific bits of information – Skill memories Learned motor behaviors Incorporated at unconscious level with repetition – Short-term memories Information that can be recalled immediately Contain small bits of information Primary memories – Long-term memories Memory consolidation – conversion from short-term to long-term memory Two types of long-term memory 1. Secondary memories fade and require effort to recall 2. Tertiary memories are with you for life ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cranial Nerves Brain must communicate with rest of body – 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the base of the brain – Exit the cranium through foramina – Lead to muscles and sense organs located mainly in the head and neck Acronyms: On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny, Very Good Vehicle Any How. Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Do you know how to read Roman Numerals? I=1 V=5 X = 10 I (1) II (2) III (3) If the I is before you subtract IV (4) IX (9) If the I is after you add VI (6) VII (7) VIII (8) XI (11) XII (12) ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cranial Nerves Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use indissections the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Cranial Nerve Classification Some cranial nerves are classified as motor, some sensory, others mixed (both) – Sensory (I, II, and VIII) – Motor (III, IV, VI, XI, and XII) Stimulate muscle but also contain fibers of proprioception – Mixed/Both (V, VII, IX, X) Sensory functions may be quite unrelated to their motor function Acronym: Some Say Marry Money But My Brother ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Olfactory Nerve (I) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Olfactory Nerve Structures: olfactory bulbs (cribiform plate of ethmoid) and olfactory tracts Sense of smell ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Optic Nerve (II) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Optic Nerve Structures: optic chiasm and optic tracts Provides vision ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Oculomotor Nerve (III) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Eye movement, opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing Damage causes drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, difficulty focusing and inability to move eye in certain ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Trochlear Nerve (IV) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Eye movement Damage causes double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Trigeminal Nerve (V) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sensory to face (touch, pain and temperature) and muscles of mastication Damage produces loss of sensation and impaired chewing ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Trigeminal Nerve (V) Largest cranial nerve Most important sensory nerve of the face Forks into three divisions – Ophthalmic division : sensory – Maxillary division : sensory – Mandibular division mixed ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Abducens Nerve (VI) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Provides eye movement Damage results in inability to rotate eye laterally and at rest eye rotates medially ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Facial Nerve (VII) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Motor - facial expressions; salivary glands and tear, nasal and palatine glands Sensory - taste on anterior 2/3’s of tongue Damage produces sagging facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste (no sweet and salty) ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Five Branches of Facial NerveCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. c: © McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis, photographer ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Provides hearing (cochlear branch) and sense of balance and equilibrium (vestibular branch) Damage produces deafness, dizziness, ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Swallowing, salivation, gagging, control of BP and respiration Sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue Damage results in loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Vagus Nerve (X) Most extensive distribution of any cranial nerve Swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing and fatal if both are cut ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Accessory Nerve (XI) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movement – damage causes impaired head, neck, ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation and swallowing – if both are damaged – can’t protrude tongue – if one side is damaged – tongue deviates ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written  The Cranial Nerves Summary Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written