The Age of Jackson PDF

The Age of Jackson. Although the period from 1820 to 1840 is often named for Andrew Jackson, it is well under way before Jackson's 1829 inauguration. Widespread currents of nationalism. Sectionalism. And democratization. Originated before Jackson's presidency. The Tariff of 1816 was passed in the wa...

The Age of Jackson. Although the period from 1820 to 1840 is often named for Andrew Jackson, it is well under way before Jackson's 1829 inauguration. Widespread currents of nationalism. Sectionalism. And democratization. Originated before Jackson's presidency. The Tariff of 1816 was passed in the wake of the War of 1812 fought between the US and Britain Tariff was passed explicitly to protect the US manufacture items from overseas competition. Audio file Your Recording 13.wav Transcript Passage of time the South began to reject this terror almost completely. With the, since the Southerners exported most of their cotton and tobacco, they soon concluded that besides increasing the cost of nearly everything, they bought high tariffs also limited the foreign market for those southern staples. By inhibiting international exchange. The issue would increasingly symbolize the division between the north-south and West. Nationalism, the years immediately following the War of 1812, saw growing spirit of nationalism. 7 new states were. Henry Clay was the chief advocate of the economic. Nationalism called American system following the war of 18. Henry Clay proclaimed his support for the American system all legislative economic program designed to unify the nation by. Setting the first protective tariff tariff of 1860 to encourage American manufacturing. Creating a second National Bank to provide financial support by extending credit farmers. Establishing a National Transportation system to aid trade through federal subsidy sides. Debate continued, however, over exactly which regions would benefit more from the system, and only portions of the system were enacted by Congress. Tariff of 1816 in the national Second National Bank. Panic of 1819. Peacetime economic crisis. What is? Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the effort of the Bank of the United States to curb over speculations on the western land. Land was being sold fast. Bank wanted their money. It was disproportionately affected by the poor lower classes because they had to pay the debt, especially in the West. This started sowing the seeds of Jacksonian democracy causes 1 decline in cotton prices to a tightening of credit. By the bank in the United States, designed to curb inflation 3. In 1817, Congregational order requiring a hard currency payment for land purchases in the West for the closing of many factories due to foreign competition. Panic of 1819. Effects insignificance of the Panic of 1819 one the growth in the trade that followed the War of 1812 came to an abrupt halt to unemployed increased dramatically 3 banks, failed. Four more mortgages were foreclosed. 5 agricultural prices fell by half and six investment in Western lands collapsed. Yeah Another key element of the American system was internal improvements. Internal improvements were the least successful aspect of the American system. One important step was approved the building the National Rd. Repl. Slavery, the most decisive sectional issue, was slavery. After the compromise made at Constitutional Convention, the peculiar institution caused remarkably little conflict in the national politics before 1819. The portion of enslaved Africans rose in the night 1790s, but was abolished in 1808 without major incident. As the nation expanded, free slave states were added to the Union in equal. Free states of Ohio, India and Illinois balanced by the slave states of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. Audio file Your Recording 14 1.wav Transcript In 1819, there were 22 states, 11 slave and 11 free. The expansion of slavery occasioned by the cotton boom led Southerners to support it more aggressively, which tends to irritate many northerners. It also considered it a local issue at this point. The Missouri Compromise 1821 of the 1st and most crucial moments that force the issue of slavery into the national political spotlight was a question over admission of Missouri as a slave state. The Missouri Territory had reached. 60,000 by settlers by 1818, allowing it to reach. Many settlers in this territory were slave owners, and thus Missouri would become a slave state. Sectioning sectional balancing act. Because some states are entering as either free or slave states, this clause sectionalism to increase not only the new territory, but throughout the Union. By 1818, the northern states had more reps in the House of Representatives, but the senator votes was dividedly equally so the South could. Legislation. Regardless slavery. When MO applied for state status, this was a huge concern because it wanted. Was a slave territory already, but it now wanted a slave state for the South. Was an advantage then we would have 11 free and 12 slaves states. Talmage amendment to Emos state admission document his plan prohibited MO becoming a slave state in the territory. Of slaves became already in MO would become emancipated at the age of 25. Overtime, slavery would be eliminated in Mo, defeated in the Senate, so no one meant. Congressman James Talamage of New York, however, introduced the amendment to the bill prohibiting the further. Introduction of slavery and it provided all enslaved persons born in Missouri would be freed at the age of 825. While this passed in the House, it failed majorly in the Senate, blocked by. Enraged Southerners, so this amendment was not. Accepted. After months of heated debate, representative Henry Clay won majority support for three bills that represented the Missouri Compromise. The Missouri compromise? Henry Clay's proposal admitted Missouri as a slave, holding state admitted Maine as a Free State prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of Latitude 3630. Sectional feelings on the slavery issue therefore subsided after 1820, and the sectional violence was preserved for 30 years. This symbolized the growth growing of sexualism in Asian. Democratization political expansion was evident in three major changes during the period, the emergence of universal manhood, severed for white men, the people's gain of greater voice in presidential election, the. Of one party system, greater quality rise of the democratic society. Until the 1820s, relatively few Americans had been permitted to vote. Most states in the 1820s restricted the. Franchise to white male property owners or? Or both. Social status did not inhibit white men from voting politically. Offices could be held by all by 1850. All requirements to own property had been dropped, social class status and religion had no clout. White male suffrage. Presidential. In votes due to voting laws. Changes came in the Western states. Which adopted Constitution that guaranteed all adult white males the right to vote and gave all voters the right to hold public office. Older states concerned about the loss of population began to reduce their own property requirements the transformed. This transformed the voting population in America. In 1800, fewer than 10% of adult males had the vote, with 10% states holding the property qualifications. By 1830, this figure had. Replay. Baboon to 58% of the white male voters of six states holding property notifications by 1868 at every 10 white adult males have the right to vote, with only two states holding on to property qualifications. A corrupt bargain election of 1824. Four men throwing their. Into the ring as candidates for president in 1824. William H Crawford, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, General Andrew Jackson. No candidate won a majority, so the election was decided by the House of Representatives. Clay supported Adams. Jackson supporters claimed that Adams and Clay had made a corrupt bargain and underhanded deal to give Adams the presidency in return for making clay secretary. An ineffective President, Adams worked for higher protective tariffs to encourage American manufacturing and internal improvements. Adams wing of the Democratic Republicans became known as the National Republicans Jackson. The Jackson Wing kept the old name Democratic Republicans, but eventually dropped the Republican Party, keeping the name by which the party is still called the Democratic Party. A cacaucus is closed meeting of party leaders. The Cacaucas system of nominating candidates was completely discredited in the divisive presidential campaign of 1824. The idea of nonpartisan government. The total democratization was far from complete. Southern election laws continued to favor the planters and politicians of older countries. Free black Americans could not vote anywhere in the South, and a few locations in the north. And no, slaves in no state could woman or Native Americans vote. Changes to parties and. Death of King Kacacus won party nominating. Candidates would be nominated by state legislators by Kinka caucus meeting in Congress behind closed. Citizens were not not present. Only Congressmen 1830 cacaucas were replaced by nominating conventions. What we used today hear people nominate. Candidate more Democratic versus behind closed doors. 2 popular election of the Electors, one of the most striking political trends in the early 19th century, was the change in the method of selecting presidential electors. In 1800, the legislative had chosen the presidential electors in 10 states, the electors, and therefore the President were chosen direct. By the people in only 5 states. By 1829, the electors were chosen by popular vote, and when the winner takes all format today in every state but South Carolina. With the shift of electoral process, presidential elections gained more significance to the average American citizen and on a national scale. Although party competition had been part of American politics almost from the beginning, with the first party. Federalist and Democratic Republicans acceptance of the idea of the political parties had not for more than 30 years, most Americans considered parties to be evil, as should be avoided and thought the nation would be seek abroad. Consensus without permanent factual lines. But in 1820 and 1830, after the era of good feelings under Monroe with the minimal partisanship, these assumptions gave away the new view that permanent industrialized parties were essential to democracy. National political parties came into formation with the election of 1828, which pitted John John Quincy Adams against Andrew Jackson, both nationally known men. This contributed to a notoriously partisan campaign. By the 1830s, a fully formed two party system began to operate in the national level. The anti Jackson Party began to call themselves the Whigs. Jackson followers called themselves the Democrats. The two party system operated from 1828 to 1854 with. Wig supporting the power of the Congress over presidency, as well as policies of the modernization and economic protectionism. Democrats supporting the power of presidency over Congress and opposed the National Bank and any other. Modernization programs that they believed would burden the taxpayer. The 1828 election was an Adams Jackson rematch. Martin Van Buren helped organize the Democratic effort and urged Jackson to emphasize the symbolic campaign. Hickory, the friend of the common man. In the end, Jackson. And his running mate, John C Calhoun, won by a landslide for the first time, more than 1,000,000 voters cast ballots for the presidency, triple the number of the 1824 election. In March 1829, record numbers attended the inauguration. The invading army of Jackson supporters provided a fitting start to a new American era. The age of Jackson, democracy, the age of the common man. Young Andrew's early life was rugged and difficult. Jackson became a state judge in. 1786 was elected to a term in Congress. Jackson displayed many flaws in the years before he won the presidency. Jackson believed that public service should be a Long live career. A spoilt system would endure for half a century. System and rotational officers Jackson believed, employing people to feed. Jobs only if they campaigned for the Democratic Party. If they were not, if they did not, they were fired and replace spoil system. Many unqualified individuals wore and. Important federal positions. Rotation in office. Jackson believed a person should only have one term in office. He would appoint and replace individuals every one term. These strengthen idealism of democracy and two party system. Jackson's real advisories were all close friends that critics called his kitchen cabinet. Jackson's administration was torn by infighting, particularly between Martin Van Buren and Vice President Calhoun. In 1828, Congress passed a new higher protection. Tariff, which dubbed the Tariff of Abominations high tax on Imports South and N, almost went to war of this issue. The issue of nullification was drawn from an anti tariff pamphlet, a published anonymous by Vice President Calhoun. He was against the tariff. Introduction regarded the southern South Carolina ordinance of Notification as a clear threat. To the Federal Union and to national authority he reached by submitting. To Congress, a force bill authorizing the use of federal troops in South Carolina, if necessary to collect tariff duties. Senator Ryhlin rebuked New England's opposition to secession as inconsistent since it had considered succession itself. Daniel Webster defended New England and insisted that people of the United States had ratified the Constitution. Therefore, a state could neither succeed nor nullify an act. John C. Calhoun resigned as vice president and returned to state he and Jackson openly opposed issues. Each other in key issues, Jackson encouraged Congress to pass the force bill, which gave the president the power to use the military against South Carolina. Henry Clay proposed the compromise tariff of 1833, which greatly reduced the tariff of 1832, making it acceptable to South Carolina. The major campaign issue as Jackson faced reelection in 1832 was the future of the Bank of the United States. Nicholas Biddle submitted the bank's charter for renewal, though the existing charter had not expired. The bank had such strong support in Congress that he had winning the campaign issue. The renewal charted past Congress, but Jackson vetoed the election of 1832, introduced 3 new political ideas, third party platform National Convention Jackson swept to victory with his old ally. Van Buren, as his new vice. Jackson appointed Roger B Taney as Treasury Secretary in September 18, 3310. Became moving federal deposits and placing them in state banks. Pet banks in 1836, when its charter expired, the Bank of the United States. To exist. The United States had discussed moving all Indian tribes to the Eastlands West of Mississippi River and east of Rockies. Pursued the Indian removal process vigorously. Addis urging Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Authorized such actions. Authorized the president to grant land West of Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within the existing state borders. Basically taking Indian land. There were four primary causes. The Indian Move Act, the perceived failure of the Native American assimilation into the. And Glitko American culture continued expansion into the West. The Jackson administration strong. Pro removal stance and lingering issues in prior conflicts. Trail of Tears between 1830 and 1850, about 100,000 American Indians living between Michigan, Louisiana and Florida moved W after the US governmental coerced treaties or use the US Army against those who are assisting many of those treaty were so brutally as estimated 3. 1500 Keys died in Alabama and their way westward journey. Audio file Your Recording 15.wav Transcript Oh. In 1832, a group of Sook and Fox Indians under Chief Blackhawk. Across the Mississippi River, back into the Northern Illinois to reclaim their land. Resulting Black Hawk War was brief but bloody. Seminoles Creek Confederation originally came from Alabama and Georgia from the 1805 to 1818, they had hit a runaway slaves who were escaping plantation in South Carolina and Georgia. Tensions grew. March 1818 General Jackson crossed the Florida attacking the Spanish Front at. Marks with 3500 men then went east to the Suwannee River and attacked the village of Chief Bullock. Many Indians escaping into the swamps. Was unable to find. Or. Capture the Seminoles, thus ending in the first First Seminole Indian War, when Florida was purchased, there was about 500 Seminole, evidence who claimed Florida's 13 million acres of land as their own. In 1832. In 1823, under the Treaty of. Moultrie Creek. Gave up their claim. Which resulted in reducing their land to 4,000,000 acres with no access to their cultivating plains game. And either ocean and the President Jackson in 1830 signed a new Removal Act requiring the relocation. Seminoles to Oklahoma. More challenging was the Second Seminole War, 1835 to 42. The First Seminole War was 1872. The 1818 as photo was being purchased. Jackson fought in this war. The Seminoles, led by Kenny Oceani, hid in the swamplands and marshes of Florida as American troops tried to vain to track themselves down. Most Seminoles were captured and sent West, but hid in Florida until the government gave up and left them to live in peace. But the Seminoles continued for years. The Cherokees adopted many features of white civilization. A brilliant Cherokee named Sequi even developed a written Cherokee alphabet, allowing Indians to publish newspaper and the Bible in their own language. Christian missionaries were the Cherokee strongest defenders against removal. Georgia forbade white people to live among the Cherokees without government approval. 2. Samuel, Warcaster and Lisa Butler were arrested for continuing their missionary. In warts Chester versus Georgia. Chief. Justice John Marshall ordered to be released the missionaries. And told President Jackson to send troops to remove the white settlers who had moved into the Cherokee land. Georgia and President Jackson ignored the court. By 1838, Judge had forcibly moved Cherokees who had not already gone to the West Indian Territory. Oklahoma. These force marches W began in the summer, and sickness and drought killed many of the travellers. The Indians called the relocation the Trail of Tears. Many perish on the jury. There was this was all for Lamb. Play. During Jacksons second term, opposition to him was growing. These anti Jackson forces formed a political alliance in early 1830s that became known as the Whig Party. The Whigs dubbed the so-called People's President King Andrew the. The Whigs followed the ideas of John Quincy Adams and the National Republicans primary leader was Henry Clay. They. Favored a mixed economy of commerce, manufacturing and agriculture. They supported a protective tariff to help developing American industries and wanted federally funded internal improvements. The Democrats followed the ideas of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. Favorite in economy denominated by agriculture supported small revenue tariff and wanted internal improvements to be financed primarily by state and or local governments. The Whigs supported a National Bank. And usually oppose a territorial expansion expansion. They were inclined to support the rights of the Indians. But they opposed the growing power of the president. They were usually pro. The Democrats opposed a National Bank favor. The State Bank usually supported territorial expansion, where a client to violate the rights of the Indians usually supported increase of power. Of the president and usually repro French. Election of 1836 candidates Democrat Martin Van Buren wig Daniel Webster Wig William Henry Harrison. Wig hue white Jackson's endorsement was really the deciding vote in Van Buren's favor. The economy of collapse, pulling the country to deeper five year depression, known as the Panic of 1837. The causes were Jackson's economic policies. Irresponsible practices among the state banks. Massive wheat crop failure. Collapse of cotton prices. Van Buren's proposed of an independent treasury to replace the state banks as depository for federal funds. The waste nominated William Henry Harrison, the hero of the Battle of New. They are a John Taylor Tyler as running mate to broaden the ticket's appeal. The wigs presented Harrison as a humble yet heroic black backwoodsman, symbolized by a log cabin. The famous Campbell slogan was tippiki new and Tyler too. Harrison wanted inauguration. He delivered the longest speech in American history. Died of pneumonia in. He was the 1st President to die in office. The nation phase now it's future under leadership of John Tyler, a man who had the most never expected would govern.