Tetanus & Fatigue Human Physiology PDF

Basra University –Pharmacy College Physiology Lab. Tetanus and Fatigue of Muscle Contraction 1st semester 2024-2025 Lecturer Hussein Mohammed Abbood  Introduction There are four types of tissues Connective tissue : supporting org...

Basra University –Pharmacy College Physiology Lab. Tetanus and Fatigue of Muscle Contraction 1st semester 2024-2025 Lecturer Hussein Mohammed Abbood  Introduction There are four types of tissues Connective tissue : supporting organs and cells Epithelial tissue : protection the body Nervous tissue : control & communication Muscular tissue : produce movement of the body  Introduction Muscular tissue Cardiac muscle : Involuntary Smooth muscle : Involuntary Skeletal muscle : Voluntary ( under control )  Microstructures of muscle tissue Connective tissue which covers the entire skeletal muscle called Epimysium Connective tissue which wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers called Perimysium Connective tissue which encloses a single muscle fiber called Endomysium  Sarcomere: The distance between two successive z lines in each muscle fiber. A sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber. Each sarcomere is composed of two main protein filaments: actin and myosin Which are the active structures responsible for muscular contraction. These filaments are closer together in the case of muscle contraction, further than relaxation. An action potential (AP) travels along a motor nerve to its endings on muscle fibers Muscle contraction thus results from an interaction between the actin and myosin filaments that generates their movement relative to one another Electric kymograph is used to record muscle contraction and there are several scenarios to observe this physiological function of muscle.  Cylinder drum to record muscle events Tape key : voltage supplier Circuit key Stimulating electrodes Myo- graph board with stand Lever When many successive stimuli are applied by using electric kymograph the response of the muscle depends on the frequency of stimulation: Simple muscle twitch: The contraction generated due to a single stimuli followed by a relaxation phase. Wave summation : muscle twitches are fused together. Incomplete tetanus : muscle experiences quick cycles of contraction with a short relaxation phase for each. Complete tetanus: If the stimulus frequency is so high that the relaxation phase disappears completely. Muscle fatigue : if the muscle runs out of oxygen and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Twitch, summation and tetanus References A TEXTBOOK OF PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY 8th edition CL GHAI JAYPEE All The Best