Test Bank - Chapter 12.3 - 1.docx PDF

**Key Concepts in Psychodynamic Theory** 1. **What does Freud\'s iceberg metaphor suggest about the human mind?** - A\) The conscious mind dominates personality formation. - B\) Most mental processes occur unconsciously beneath the surface. - C\) The ego is entirely uncons...

**Key Concepts in Psychodynamic Theory** 1. **What does Freud\'s iceberg metaphor suggest about the human mind?** - A\) The conscious mind dominates personality formation. - B\) Most mental processes occur unconsciously beneath the surface. - C\) The ego is entirely unconscious. - D\) The unconscious mind has no influence on behavior.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Freud\'s iceberg metaphor illustrates that the majority of mental activity is unconscious and influences behavior indirectly. 2. **Which part of the psyche operates based on the pleasure principle?** - A\) Ego - B\) Superego - C\) Id - D\) Conscious\ **Answer:** C\ *Explanation:* The id seeks immediate gratification of desires and operates without regard to reality or morality. **2. Defense Mechanisms** 3. **A student blames their poor exam performance on unfair questions rather than their lack of preparation. Which defense mechanism is this?** - A\) Projection - B\) Rationalization - C\) Repression - D\) Sublimation\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Rationalization involves providing a seemingly logical explanation for unacceptable behavior. 4. **An employee yells at their partner after a stressful day at work. Which defense mechanism does this illustrate?** - A\) Sublimation - B\) Displacement - C\) Reaction formation - D\) Denial\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Displacement involves redirecting emotions to a less threatening target. **3. Psychosexual Stages** 5. **Fixation at the oral stage of psychosexual development is most likely to result in:** - A\) An obsession with cleanliness and order. - B\) Dependency or addiction-related behaviors. - C\) Difficulty with authority figures. - D\) Repressed sexual desires.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Oral fixation can manifest as dependency on substances or behaviors related to the mouth. 6. **What is the main developmental task of the anal stage?** - A\) Learning gender identity. - B\) Establishing trust with caregivers. - C\) Developing a sense of control and competence. - D\) Exploring personal values.\ **Answer:** C\ *Explanation:* The anal stage focuses on developing self-control through activities like toilet training. **4. Humanistic Perspectives** 7. **What does Maslow\'s concept of self-actualization refer to?** - A\) The resolution of unconscious conflicts. - B\) The ability to manipulate one\'s environment. - C\) Reaching one\'s full potential as a creative and fulfilled individual. - D\) The development of strong defense mechanisms.\ **Answer:** C\ *Explanation:* Self-actualization involves achieving personal growth and reaching one's full potential. 8. **Carl Rogers believed that personality develops fully when a person experiences:** - A\) Strict discipline from caregivers. - B\) Unconditional positive regard. - C\) Competitive challenges. - D\) Social isolation.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in fostering healthy personality development. **5. Critiques and Alternatives** 9. **Why are projective tests criticized as tools for assessing personality?** - A\) They are too complex for clinical settings. - B\) They lack reliability and validity. - C\) They measure intelligence rather than personality. - D\) They rely entirely on conscious responses.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Research shows that projective tests often do not consistently measure personality traits or yield reliable results. 10. **Karen Horney\'s theory of \"womb envy\" was a response to Freud\'s concept of:** - A\) Penis envy. - B\) Oedipus complex. - C\) Libido. - D\) Castration anxiety.\ **Answer:** A\ *Explanation:* Horney argued that Freud\'s theory reflected cultural biases and instead proposed that men envied women\'s capacity for childbirth. **Application Questions** 11. **A child experiencing neglect represses their feelings of abandonment and later develops difficulty forming close relationships. This reflects Freud\'s idea that:** - A\) Defense mechanisms are essential for emotional survival. - B\) Repression can lead to unconscious emotional issues. - C\) The id is the dominant force in early development. - D\) Socialization has no impact on personality.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Repression involves burying distressing memories, which can later manifest in relational difficulties. 12. **A therapist uses Maslow's hierarchy to help a client who struggles with low self-esteem. What would be the therapist's first step?** - A\) Encourage the client to focus on fulfilling basic needs like safety and belonging. - B\) Help the client achieve self-actualization immediately. - C\) Explore unconscious conflicts from childhood. - D\) Reduce the client's reliance on defense mechanisms.\ **Answer:** A\ *Explanation:* According to Maslow, foundational needs like safety and belonging must be met before addressing self-esteem and personal growth. 13. **A manager adopts a person-centered approach inspired by Rogers. How might they foster positive employee development?** - A\) Enforce strict performance rules. - B\) Offer constructive criticism during every interaction. - C\) Provide employees with unconditional support and opportunities for growth. - D\) Focus only on measurable outcomes.\ **Answer:** C\ *Explanation:* Rogers\' approach emphasizes unconditional positive regard and support to promote growth. 14. **If someone uses the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to describe a story where characters are isolated and defeated, the psychologist might infer:** - A\) The individual has repressed traumatic memories. - B\) The individual projects their own feelings of helplessness. - C\) The individual is highly self-actualized. - D\) The test is invalid for personality assessment.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Projective tests like the TAT are designed to reveal unconscious feelings through storytelling. 15. **Which defense mechanism involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities?** - A\) Repression - B\) Reaction formation - C\) Sublimation - D\) Projection\ **Answer:** C\ *Explanation:* Sublimation transforms unacceptable desires into behaviors that are valued by society, like art or sports. 16. **An individual feels hostility toward a coworker but acts overly friendly toward them instead. Which defense mechanism is this?** - A\) Denial - B\) Reaction formation - C\) Displacement - D\) Projection\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Reaction formation occurs when an individual behaves in a way opposite to their true feelings. **Psychosexual Stages** 17. **During the phallic stage, children typically resolve which conflict?** - A\) Oedipus complex - B\) Trust vs. mistrust - C\) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt - D\) Identity vs. role confusion\ **Answer:** A\ *Explanation:* The Oedipus complex, resolved during the phallic stage, involves a child's feelings of attraction toward the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent. **Neo-Freudian Perspectives** 18. **Alfred Adler's theory suggests that people are motivated by:** - A\) Unconscious sexual desires. - B\) Striving for superiority to overcome feelings of inferiority. - C\) Achieving self-actualization. - D\) Resolving conflicts in the collective unconscious.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Adler believed that personality development is driven by the desire to overcome feelings of inferiority and achieve superiority. 19. **Carl Jung's concept of archetypes refers to:** - A\) Unique traits that differentiate individuals. - B\) Universally shared symbols and themes in the collective unconscious. - C\) Defense mechanisms that protect the psyche. - D\) Cultural influences on personality.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Archetypes are universal symbols and motifs, such as the hero or the shadow, found in the collective unconscious. **Personality Assessments** 20. **The Rorschach inkblot test aims to assess personality by:** - A\) Asking individuals to describe structured scenarios. - B\) Interpreting responses to ambiguous inkblots. - C\) Measuring physiological responses to stress. - D\) Evaluating social behaviors in group settings.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* The Rorschach test is a projective measure that asks individuals to describe what they see in ambiguous inkblots. 21. **Which criticism is commonly made about projective tests like the Rorschach and TAT?** - A\) They are too short to provide meaningful results. - B\) They rely heavily on cultural assumptions that may not apply to all individuals. - C\) They fail to capture unconscious motivations. - D\) They are limited to measuring cognitive intelligence.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Projective tests may be biased by cultural differences, making them less valid across diverse populations. **Critiques and Modern Relevance** 22. **Which criticism is most often made of Freud's psychodynamic theory?** - A\) It places too much emphasis on cultural factors. - B\) It is overly focused on testable predictions. - C\) It overemphasizes sexuality and lacks empirical support. - D\) It ignores the role of early childhood experiences.\ **Answer:** C\ *Explanation:* Freud's theory is criticized for its emphasis on sexuality and the lack of scientific evidence supporting its claims. 23. **Which modern psychological concept reflects Freud's lasting influence?** - A\) Behavioral reinforcement - B\) Cognitive restructuring - C\) The role of unconscious processes in behavior - D\) Self-actualization\ **Answer:** C\ *Explanation:* Freud's emphasis on unconscious processes remains a key aspect of modern psychology. **Psychodynamic Theories** 1. **A therapist notices that a patient avoids discussing a traumatic event and often changes the subject when it is brought up. Which Freudian defense mechanism is likely at play?** - A\) Sublimation - B\) Repression - C\) Displacement - D\) Projection\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Repression involves unconsciously burying distressing thoughts or memories to avoid confronting them. 2. **A child feels competitive with a same-sex sibling but later channels this energy into excelling at school. Which defense mechanism is this?** - A\) Sublimation - B\) Reaction formation - C\) Rationalization - D\) Projection\ **Answer:** A\ *Explanation:* Sublimation transforms unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities, such as excelling in school. 3. **An adult who was overindulged as a child constantly seeks attention and reassurance from others. Which psychosexual stage may have been unresolved?** - A\) Anal - B\) Oral - C\) Phallic - D\) Latency\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Fixation at the oral stage often leads to dependency and attention-seeking behaviors in adulthood. **2. Neo-Freudian Perspectives** 4. **A person who feels inadequate at work strives to earn a promotion and prove their abilities. Which of Adler's concepts explains this behavior?** - A\) Inferiority complex - B\) Basic anxiety - C\) Collective unconscious - D\) Archetypes\ **Answer:** A\ *Explanation:* Adler\'s inferiority complex suggests that feelings of inadequacy motivate people to strive for success. 5. **In a team-building exercise, one employee consistently takes on a leadership role and demonstrates strong decision-making skills. According to Jung, which archetype might this behavior reflect?** - A\) The Hero - B\) The Shadow - C\) The Persona - D\) The Anima\ **Answer:** A\ *Explanation:* The Hero archetype represents leadership, courage, and a willingness to overcome challenges. **3. Humanistic Theories** 6. **A therapist encourages a client to pursue hobbies and relationships that bring them joy, regardless of societal expectations. This reflects which aspect of Rogers' theory?** - A\) Conditions of worth - B\) Unconditional positive regard - C\) Self-concept - D\) Self-actualization\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* Rogers' concept of unconditional positive regard involves supporting individuals without judgment to help them grow authentically. 7. **A client describes feeling unmotivated because their basic financial needs are unmet. According to Maslow's hierarchy, which level is most relevant in this case?** - A\) Self-actualization - B\) Esteem needs - C\) Safety needs - D\) Love and belonging\ **Answer:** C\ *Explanation:* Safety needs include financial security, which must be addressed before higher-level needs like esteem and self-actualization. 8. **An artist dedicates years to perfecting their craft and creating work that inspires others. According to Maslow, this individual is likely striving toward:** - A\) Safety needs - B\) Esteem needs - C\) Love and belonging - D\) Self-actualization\ **Answer:** D\ *Explanation:* Self-actualization involves reaching one's full creative and personal potential. **4. Personality Assessments** 9. **A person taking the Rorschach inkblot test frequently describes images as violent or threatening. What might the psychologist infer from this response?** - A\) The individual has a highly active conscious mind. - B\) The individual may harbor repressed feelings of anger or fear. - C\) The individual lacks creativity in interpreting ambiguous stimuli. - D\) The individual is resistant to projective assessments.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* The Rorschach test is designed to reveal unconscious thoughts or feelings, such as repressed anger or fear. 10. **During a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a client consistently tells stories about success and achievement. What might this suggest about their personality?** - A\) The client avoids exploring deeper emotions. - B\) The client is likely motivated by the need for achievement. - C\) The client exhibits low levels of self-efficacy. - D\) The client is overly reliant on defense mechanisms.\ **Answer:** B\ *Explanation:* The TAT assesses themes in storytelling, which can reveal underlying motivations like a need for achievement. **5. Critiques and Modern Relevance** 11. **A psychologist explains to a client that their unconscious beliefs about relationships may influence their current romantic struggles. Which Freudian concept does this reflect?** - A\) Defense mechanisms - B\) Collective unconscious - C\) Repressed conflicts - D\) Oedipus complex\ **Answer:** C\ *Explanation:* Freud's theory emphasizes how repressed unconscious conflicts can influence current behavior, particularly in relationships. 12. **A researcher argues that Freud's theories remain relevant because of their emphasis on:** - A\) Early childhood experiences and their lasting impact. - B\) Testable hypotheses and empirical data. - C\) Universal archetypes shared across cultures. - D\) The human drive toward self-actualization.\ **Answer:** A\ *Explanation:* Freud's work highlighted the importance of early experiences in shaping adult personality and behavior.