Test 4 BIO 111 - Biology Past Paper PDF

Chemoheterotroph Organism that obtains its energy source and carbon source from organic molecules Ex: humans, animals, fungi Violet Yellow-green light absorbed → Violet observed Shortest and Strongest wavelength that are visible light Complementary RuBisCO ribulose...

Chemoheterotroph Organism that obtains its energy source and carbon source from organic molecules Ex: humans, animals, fungi Violet Yellow-green light absorbed → Violet observed Shortest and Strongest wavelength that are visible light Complementary RuBisCO ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase plant enzyme which catalyzes the fixing of CO2 during photosynthesis by catalyzing the reaction between CO2 and RuBP Mesophyll Cells in the middle of the leaf (main spot for Photosynthesis because it has many chloroplasts) Chlorophyll pigment found in the chloroplasts helps plants to absorb energy from the sun Red If a substance absorbs primarily green light, it will appear red to the eye Photosynthesis the process by which plants and other photoautotrophs generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation Photophosphorylation is the process of utilizing light energy from photosynthesis to convert ADP to ATP Produces both ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is released as a byproduct Provides energy (ATP) and reducing power (NADPH) for the Calvin cycle, which synthesizes glucose. Cyclic Produces only ATP. No NADPH or oxygen is released Helps to balance the ATP/NADPH ratio in the chloroplast, especially when the Calvin cycle requires more ATP than NADPH Chloroplast organelle found in the cells of green plants and photosynthetic algae where photosynthesis takes place. Stoma means mouth land plants can open and close their mouth When it’s nighttime, they shut their mouths Cyanobacteria carry out photosynthesis and became the chloroplasts Photoautotroph Green plants that convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates in the presence of sunlight photosynthetic organism (such as a green plant or a cyanobacterium) that utilizes energy from light to synthesize organic molecules Calvin Cycle Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that take place in three key steps first stage - CO2 is fixed from an inorganic to an organic molecule. second stage -ATP and NADPH are used to reduce 3-PGA into G3P; then ATP and NADPH are converted to ADP and NADP+ last stage - RuBP is regenerated, which enables the system to prepare for more CO2 to be fixed. Green Absorbing red light would make it appear green Questions 1 Which pigment absorbs light primarily for photosynthesis? A) Chlorophyll B) RuBisCO C) Mesophyll D) Cyanobacteria Questions 2 Which term refers to organisms that derive their energy from organic compounds? A) Photoautotroph B) Chemoheterotroph C) Cyanobacteria D) Photosynthesis Questions 3 In which part of the plant cell does the Calvin Cycle occur? A) Mesophyll B) Stoma C) Chloroplast D) Photosynthesis Haploid a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes G0 resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing Mitosis makes clones; common in nature (46 chromosomes) Cytokinesis split the cell in half G1 checks if it’s big enough or permission to grow cell undergoes rapid growth carries out biochemical functions S stage DNA is duplicated into two sister chromatids, and centrosomes, which give rise to the mitotic spindle, are also replicated Sister chromatid either of the two identical strands of a chromosome (DNA material) that separate during mitosis Gene a segment of DNA that contains instructions for making proteins Gamete a reproductive cell, male (sperm) or female (egg) Nucleosome a section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins (histones) Apoptosis cell commits suicide Interphase G1, S, G2 the cell grows, performs routine life processes, and prepares to divide G2 gap phase energy is replenished, new proteins are synthesized, the cytoskeleton is dismantled, and additional growth occurs Meiosis a way of producing sex cell that will produce unique individuals (23 chromosomes) Question 4 During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? A) G1 B) G0 C) S stage D) G2 Questions 5 Which process describes the division of the cytoplasm during cell division? A) Cytokinesis B) Mitosis C) Apoptosis D) Meiosis Question 6 Which of the following distinguishes G0 phase from other phases of the cell cycle? A) DNA replication occurs actively. B) Cells in G0 are terminally differentiated and no longer divide. C) Chromosomes condense in preparation for mitosis. D) Sister chromatids are formed and attached at the centromere. HALFWAY THROUGH :) Monohybrid individuals whose parents had only one difference Results are 3:1 Heterozygous carry 2 different alleles Perfect flower Hermaphrodite - male and female parts Nondisjunction chromosome did not come apart Ex: Chromosome 21 - child with down syndrome Dominant never goes away in phenotype Wild Type normal allele Alleles Different versions of genes Recombinant a new combination of alleles that didn’t happen before Recessive overcome by the dominant disappears in phenotype Polymorphism several normal types (alleles) regular existence of two or more different genotypes within a given species or population Phenotype what you observe in the organism. What the environment is? Ex: blue eyes Dihybrid organism that is heterozygous for two genes two different alleles for each gene Hemizygous Haploid having only one copy of a gene or chromosome segment instead of the usual two color blindness - men more likely to get it Homozygous carry 2 identical alleles Codominant both dominant and recessive stay as the phenotype Ex: female calico cat Question 7 What term describes an organism with two different alleles for a specific gene? A) Homozygous B) Heterozygous C) Hemizygous D) Codominant Question 8 What is the correct term for an individual that is a carrier for two traits simultaneously, such as AaBb? A) Dihybrid B) Monohybrid C) Recombinant D) Hemizygous MORE QUESTIONS Question