SBI3U Biology Exam Review PDF

SBI3U Exam Review Exam Information Date: Friday, January 24 Time: 8:50am Location: Room 250 Length: 2 hours Exam Outline SCANTRON 45 Multiple Choice 45 marks 25 Matching 25 marks 4 Short Answer Questions (3 mandatory) 25 marks L...

SBI3U Exam Review Exam Information Date: Friday, January 24 Time: 8:50am Location: Room 250 Length: 2 hours Exam Outline SCANTRON 45 Multiple Choice 45 marks 25 Matching 25 marks 4 Short Answer Questions (3 mandatory) 25 marks Labeling Diagrams 8 marks Total 103 marks Hint: All questions on the exam are covered on this PowerPoint There are some concepts are not on the exam Look for the image below to note some concepts that you can ignore in your studying: GENETIC PROCESSES CELL CYCLE Genetic material – DNA, RNA – structures and function Remember: AT&T, CoGeco Interphase, mitosis/ meiosis, cytokinesis Errors in meiosis- ex. nondisjunction ( Klinefelter’s syndrome, Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, etc..) MENDELIAN GENETICS Terms: phenotype, genotype, dominant, recessive, allele, gene Monohybrid cross NON- MENDELIAN GENETICS Incomplete dominance, Codominance… …Multiple alleles (blood types) PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE X-linked , autosomal Genetic diseases -X-linked and autosomal ANIMALS: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Some parts of the cell and their functions CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Components of Blood (plasma and cells) Structure and function of the different types of blood cells Blood Types (Refer to genetics) Blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins) Heart structures and function Heart conduction system Systemic circulation, cardiac circulation, pulmonary circulation Blood Pressure Cardiac technologies and diseases (arrhythmias, ECG, Myocardial infarction) RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Organs/parts of the respiratory system and their functions 2 Main Requirements 1. Respiratory surface for Respiration: – large area of an animal’s body where gases are exchanged with the environment. 2. Moist environment – O2 and CO2 must dissolve in water Mechanics of respiration (inhalation and exhalation) Lung capacity – values, spirometer Respiratory Disorders (ex. emphysema, asthma) DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Organs/parts of digestive system Accessory organs (gall bladder, liver, pancreas) Liver: produces bile Gall bladder: stores and releases bile into the small intestines Bile – emulsifies fat into droplets to be broken down Pancreas: releases digestive enzymes into the small intestines to breakdown fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Releases sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid. Enzymes and Nutrients – 4 Macromolecules Why do we need to eat vegetables if mammals cannot digest cellulose? Mechanical/Physical Digestion and Chemical Digestion Digestion In the mouth, stomach, small intestine Absorption of nutrients in small intestine Absorption of water and water soluble vitamins in large intestine. Digestive disorders (ex. Hiatal hernia, GERD) DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS The six kingdoms (name them)- be able to describe characteristics of the kingdoms (cell structure, method of reproduction, method of obtaining nutrients) AND identify organism belonging to each kingdom Ex. Mushroom belongs to Fungi, Moss belongs to Plantae, Birds belong to Animalia, etc. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Archaea vs. Bacteria Gram Positive vs. Negative Binomial nomenclature (Genus species) Levels of classification (DKPCOFGS) Darling King Phil Came Over From German Soil Did King Philip Come Over For Great Soup? Know how to use a Dichotomous Key Viruses (structure, reproduction methods) PLANTS Characteristics of Plants Parts of flowers Gymnosperms and Angiosperms EVOLUTION  INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS DO NOT EVOLVE; POPULATIONS DO! Evidence of Evolution Fossils Anatomy Embryology DNA  Charles Darwin-Contribution to Evolution and scientists that contributed to his theory Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ▪ Inheritance of acquired characteristics ▪ Characteristics acquired during an organism’s Charles Darwin lifetime can be passed on to its offspring ▪ Use and disuse ▪ Theory of evolution by natural selection ▪ Body parts not used would eventually ▪ Organisms complete for limited resources disappear ▪ Individuals vary, and much of this variation is inheritable ▪ Individuals that are better suited to local conditions survive to produce more offspring (survival of the fittest) ▪ Processes for change are slow and gradual ▪ - Wrote “The Origin of Species”, explaining “descent with modification.” LAMARCK VS. DARWIN Natural Selection; Artificial Selection Mutation-neutral, harmful, beneficial ▪ Mutations are changes in the DNA that provide new alleles in a species and are the only source of new genetic variation when inherited ▪ Mutations can cause a cell to die, malfunction, or multiply out of control (tumor) ▪ Sometimes, mutations can be benign or even beneficial  Microevolution: Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Bottleneck Effect / Founder Effect Genetic drift is the change in frequencies of alleles due to chance events in a breeding population  The founder effect is a change in a gene pool that occurs when a few individuals start a new isolated population  Gene pool change that results from a rapid decrease in population size is known as the bottleneck effect Macroevolution: Sympatric and Allopatric Speciation, Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms