Exam Review for Sciences PDF

Ionic compounds -​ Metal & Non metal -​ Crysitine solid -​ Good electrical conductivity -​ malleable -​ Lustrous -​ High melting point Molecular compounds -​ NM + NM -​ Solid , liquid, gas -​ Solid can be waxy -​ Soft flexible of crysiline -​ Poor electr...

Ionic compounds -​ Metal & Non metal -​ Crysitine solid -​ Good electrical conductivity -​ malleable -​ Lustrous -​ High melting point Molecular compounds -​ NM + NM -​ Solid , liquid, gas -​ Solid can be waxy -​ Soft flexible of crysiline -​ Poor electrical conductivity Cell Cycle and Mitosis G1 -Rapid Cell growth physically and increases volume of proteins and organelles S - DNA is duplicated and is an identical copy G2 - Cell grows even more and does final preparations for cell division Organization of Multicellular Organisms  1.​ Cells: The basic unit of life. 2.​ Tissues: Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function. 3.​ Organs: Structures composed of different tissues working together to perform a specific function. 4.​ Organ Systems: Groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions. 5.​ Organism: A living being that relies on the coordinated function of its organ systems. Basic Cell Types ​ Nerve Cells (Neurons): Transmit electrical signals throughout the body. ​ Muscle Cells: Contract and relax to produce movement. ​ Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. ​ White Blood Cells: Part of the immune system, fighting infections. Basic Tissue Types in Humans 1.​ Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces and lines cavities. Example: Skin. 2.​ Connective Tissue: Supports and binds other tissues. Example: Bone, blood. 3.​ Nervous Tissue: Transmits nerve impulses. Example: Brain, spinal cord. 4.​ Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement. Example: Skeletal muscles. Organ Systems 1.​ Digestive System ○​ Function: Breaks down food into nutrients. ○​ Main Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines. ○​ Cells/Tissues: Epithelial cells, smooth muscle tissue. 2.​ Circulatory System ○​ Function: Transports blood, nutrients, gasses, and wastes. ○​ Main Organs: Heart, blood vessels. ○​ Cells/Tissues: Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma. 3.​ Respiratory System ○​ Function: Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide). ○​ Main Organs: Lungs, trachea, bronchi. ○​ Cells/Tissues: Epithelial cells, smooth muscle tissue. 4.​ Musculoskeletal System ○​ Function: Supports the body and enables movement. ○​ Main Organs: Bones, muscles. ○​ Cells/Tissues: Bone cells, muscle cells. 5.​ Nervous System ○​ Function: Controls and coordinates body activities. ○​ Main Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves.  ○​ Cells/Tissues: Neurons, glial cells. Circulatory System Details ​ Blood Components: Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma. ​ Heart Functions: Pumps blood throughout the body. ​ Blood Vessels: ○​ Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart. ○​ Veins: Carry blood to the heart. ○​ Capillaries: surround body cells and tissues to deliver and absorb oxygen, nutrients, and other substances. ​ They transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems. Digestive System Details ​ Organs and Functions: ○​ Mouth: Begins digestion by chewing and mixing with saliva. ○​ Stomach: Breaks down food with acids and enzymes. ○​ Intestines: Absorb nutrients and water. ○​ Liver : Helps breakdown fats and produce bile ○​ Gallbladder : Stores bile ○​ Pancreas : produces insulin Respiratory System Details ​ Organs and Functions: ○​ Lungs: Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. ○​ Trachea/Bronchi: Conduct air to the lungs. ​ Inhalation and Exhalation: Movement of air in and out of the lungs. Cellular Respiration ​ Equation: ○​ Word: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy. ○​ Chemical: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy.  ○​ ​ Occurs in: Mitochondria. Plant Systems 1.​ Importance of Plants: Provide oxygen, food, and habitat. 2.​ Meristem Cells: Similar to human stem cells, they can differentiate into various cell types. 3.​ Specialized Cells and Tissues: ○​ Dermal Tissue: Protects the plant. i.​ Epidermal tissue -thin layers of cells covering all non wood surfaces of a plant ii.​ Periderm tissue - tissue that produces bark (woody pants) ○​ Vascular Tissue: Transports water and nutrients. i.​ Xylem transport water and materia only up from the plant ii.​ Phloem transports dissolved sugars and hormones both up and down the plant ○​ Ground Tissue: Supports the plant and stores nutrients. 4.​ Organ Systems: ○​ Roots: i.​ Absorb water and nutrients. ii.​ Anchors the plants iii.​ Stores excess nutrients ○​ Stem/shoot system:  i.​ Support leaves and flowers ii.​ Helps move nutrients throughout the plant iii.​ Leaves are also an organ and conducts photosynthesis Similarities Between Plant and Human Tissues ​ Dermal Tissue and Human Skin: Both provide protection. ​ Vascular Tissue and Human Blood Vessels: Both transport essential substances. \ Circulatory system Respiratory system Lungs: Inhalation, gas exchange and how you breathe Trachea: Main airway such as nose or mouth Bronchi: Passageways that direct air into the lungs Alveoli: Tiny air sacs that facilitate gas exchange between air and the bloodstream Bronchioles: Carries air to alveoli Diaphragm : Muscle in respiratory system contracts and relaxes that allows us to breath when it contracts moves air down when it relaxes it moves up which allows us to exhale Digestive system Mouth : Helps by chewing and adding silvia to the food Esophagus : Transports food from mouth to the stomach Liver: Helps breakdown fats and produce bile Stomach: breaks down food with acids and enzymes Gallbladder: Stores bile Pancreas: produces insulin and enzymes(helps break down protein) Small Intestine: break down food using enzymes and bile, nutrients are absorbed, moves digested food along Large intestine: Water absorption, formation of feces Optics Types of light -​ Luminous meaning it gives off light -​ Non Luminous - Doesn’t produce or reflect light -​ Incandescence light is made with the heating of something making it glow -​ electric discharge lighting device consisting of a transparent container within which a gas is energized by an applied voltage and thereby made to glow  -​ Fluorescence is the ability of certain chemicals to give off visible light after absorbing radiation which is not normally visible, such as ultraviolet light. -​ phosphorescence is a process in which energy absorbed by a substance is released relatively slowly in the form of light -​ Chemiluminescence is a term for light that is generated as a product of a chemical reaction. -​ Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism -​ LED stands for light emitting diode. LED lighting products produce light up to 90% more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs. How do they work? An electrical current passes through a microchip, which illuminates the tiny light sources we call LEDs and the result is visible light. -​ Triboluminescence is the emission of light caused by the application of mechanical stress to crystals or by fracture of crystals -Optical Phenomena ❑​ apparent depth happens when you see something in water and the reflection of it is transmitted back in a strait line from your eyes ❑​ Fibreoptics the science of transmitting data, voice, and images by the passage of light through thin, transparent fibers. ❑​Rainbows are formed when light from the sun is scattered by water droplets (e.g. raindrops or fog) through a process called refraction. Nature of light- Light has the properties of a wave and a particle -Wavelength vs. frequency wavelength is how long the wave is. -Frequency is when the wave are close or far apart making a low or high frequency