Untitled Quiz

Biology Study Notes

• Photosynthesis: The process where plants and other photoautotrophs produce carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts.

• Chemoheterotroph: Organisms that get energy and carbon from organic molecules. Examples include humans, animals, and fungi.

• Chlorophyll: A pigment located in chloroplasts that aids in absorbing the sun's energy for photosynthesis.

• Violet Light: Violet light absorbs yellow-green light, having the shortest and strongest wavelength in the visible light spectrum.

• Red Light: If a substance absorbs primarily green light, it will appear red to the eye.

• Mesophyll: The cells in the middle of a leaf contain many chloroplasts, making it the main site for photosynthesis.

• RuBisCO: An enzyme that catalyzes the fixing of CO2 during photosynthesis by catalyzing the reaction between CO2 and RuBP.

• Chloroplast: An organelle found in the cells of green plants and photosynthetic algae, where photosynthesis takes place. Parts include inner/outer membrane, thylakoid lumen, granum (thylakoid), stroma.

• Stoma: The structures in a plant leaf that allow for gas exchange and regulate the uptake of Carbon Dioxide(CO2) and the release of Oxygen(O2)

• Cyanobacteria: Microscopic organisms that carry out photosynthesis and were the evolutionary precursors to chloroplasts.

• Photoautotroph: Photosynthetic organisms (such as green plants or cyanobacteria) that use light energy to synthesize organic molecules.

• Calvin Cycle: A light-independent reaction in photosynthesis, occurring in three key steps, where CO2 is fixed, ATP and NADPH convert 3-PGA to G3P, and RuBP is regenerated.

• Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation: The process using light energy from photosynthesis to convert ADP to ATP and produce both ATP and NADPH, with oxygen released as a byproduct. This powers the Calvin cycle, synthesizing glucose.

• Cyclic Photophosphorylation: Creates only ATP and does not release oxygen or produce NADPH to balance the ratio of ATP to NADPH in the chloroplast, especially when the Calvin cycle requires more ATP than NADPH.

• G1: The cell checks if it's ready to grow, undergoes rapid growth, and carries out biochemical functions.

• S stage: DNA is duplicated into two sister chromatids, and centrosomes are replicated to give rise to the mitotic spindle.

• Sister Chromatid: One of the identical strands of a chromosome, separating during mitosis, and containing DNA material.

• Gene: A segment of DNA with instructions for making proteins.

• Gamete: A reproductive cell, either male (sperm) or female (egg).

• Nucleosome: A section of DNA wrapped around a core of proteins (histones)

• Apoptosis: Programmed cell death (suicide).

• Interphase: The cell growth, routine and process of preparing for division. Part of the cell cycle. Includes G1, S, and G2 phases.

• G2: The gap phase replenishes energy, synthesizes new proteins, dismantles the cytoskeleton and there is more growth.

• Mitosis: Cell division that results in two genetically identical cells; common in nature, creating clones of cells (46 chromosomes)

• Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm during cell division.

• G0: A resting phase in the cell cycle where the cell has left the cycle and stopped dividing.

• Meiosis: A way of producing sex cells (gametes) that generate unique individuals (23 chromosomes).

Vocabulary

• Monohybrid: Individuals whose parents had only one difference. Results are 3:1.

• Heterozygous: Carry two different alleles.

• Perfect Flower: A hermaphrodite flower, with both male and female parts.

• Nondisjunction: A chromosome didn't separate during cell division.

• Dominant: A trait that's expressed whenever it's present, never disappearing in the phenotype.

• Wild Type: Normal appearance of an organism or a normal allele.

• Alleles: Different versions of genes.

• Recombinant: A new combination of alleles.

• Recessive: Trait overcome by the dominant allele, disappears in the phenotype.

• Polymorphism: The presence of several different normal types.

• Phenotype: Observable physical traits, characteristics.

• Dihybrid: An organism that is heterozygous for two genes, having two different alleles for each gene.

• Hemizygous: Having only one copy of a gene or chromosome segment. (Ex: color blindness).

• Homozygous: Having two identical alleles.

• Codominant: Both dominant and recessive alleles are displayed in the phenotype (e.g., female calico cat).

Questions

• Question 1: Which pigment primarily absorbs light for photosynthesis? (Chlorophyll)

• Question 2: Which term refers to organisms that derive energy from organic compounds? (Chemoheterotroph)

• Question 3: In which part of the plant cell does the Calvin Cycle occur? (Chloroplast)

• Question 4: During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? (S stage)

• Question 5: Which process describes the division of the cytoplasm during cell division? (Cytokinesis)

• Question 6: Which distinguishes the G0 phase from other cell cycle phases? (Cells are terminally differentiated and no longer divide).

• Question 7: What term describes an organism with two different alleles for a specific gene? (Heterozygous)

• Question 8: What is the correct term for an individual carrying two traits simultaneously (like AaBb)? (Dihybrid)