Technology & Education PDF - Islamic Azad University, 2024

Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch Faculty of Foreign Languages TEFL Department Technology & Education Dr. Beiki Autumn, 2024  Introduction Almost everyone who uses a computer to learn something has completed some typ...

Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch Faculty of Foreign Languages TEFL Department Technology & Education Dr. Beiki Autumn, 2024  Introduction Almost everyone who uses a computer to learn something has completed some type of e-learning. It is sometimes called web-based training, online learning, or computer-based training, but all are under the umbrella term of e-learning. E-learning can encompass a wide variety of online initiatives and, in general, a good, broad way to think about e-learning is the use of electronic devices (computers, tablets, or phones) to deliver educational or training content to learners.  Introduction E-Learning is a critical aspect of contemporary language learning since many youths spend most of their time socializing and playing games online. Therefore, when they are provided with an avenue through which to use the already familiar online space for studying, it is very motivating for them (Oblinger & Hawkins, 2005). Using online portals and interactive websites, learners can interact with their peers and engage in virtual discussions and competitions.  Introduction In addition, e- learning allows them to access material produced by native speakers. which is instrumental in boosting their language acquisition. Thousands of online applications and websites provide affordable or even free language training which are designed creatively in the form of games and other interactive fun activities that make language learning an enjoyable experience.  Introduction E-Learning also provides a wide range of opportunities for students to practice their skills and engage in experimental and interactive learning. Furthermore, given the adaptability of online space, new information and tools are quickly updated to improve the overall learning experience (Zeitoun, 2008).  Introduction E-Learning has been an invaluable support for learners around the world. Earlier the access to knowledge was not accessible to all. Students with economic constraints, geographical boundaries or physical disabilities had scarce opportunities in the academic domain who now hold access to consistent education. E-Learning has revolutionized the conventional method of chalk and board style of learning imparted to the students. In this chapter, the concept of E- learning, its types, applications in education, advantages and disadvantages, as well as some tools in E-learning will be discussed.  The Concept of E-learning E-learning, also referred to as online learning or electronic learning, is the acquisition of knowledge which takes place through electronic technologies and media. In simple language, e-learning is defined as "the learning experience that is delivered electronically" which can include performance support content (Horton, 2006). There are many definitions of e-learning in the world.  The Concept of E-learning For example, Ruiz et al. (2006) defined e-learning as "using Internet technologies for enhancing performance and knowledge" while Arkorful and Abaidoo (2015) described e-learning as "using information and communication technologies for enabling access to online teaching and learning resources".  The Concept of E-learning Moreover, according to Clark and Mayer (2016), it refers to "instructions delivered through digital devices with the intent of supporting learning". As it appears, the essence of all the definitions is that e-learning is designed to create an online communication between the teacher and the students.  The Concept of E-learning E-Learning is the process of sharing knowledge through various channels such as e-books, CDs, webinars and more. There are also many different elements that can make up an e-learning program, such as live or pre-recorded lecture content, video, quizzes, simulations, games, activities, and other interactive elements. Typically, e-learning is conducted on the Internet, where students can access their learning materials online at any place and time. E- Learning most often takes place in the form of online courses, online degrees, or online programs.  The Concept of E-learning Many people recognize a basic e-learning course as a slide-based online activity containing simple navigation buttons (such as Next and Back) and incorporates quizzes with true/false or multiple choice questions.  The Concept of E-learning However, not all e-learning courses share the same fingerprint. For example, it can be a web-based course that allows learners to have a great learning experience no matter what device they're using to view their course or it may be a software simulation demonstrating the click-path through an application or an interactive course that features role-playing and complex decision-making (Kumar & Kumar, 2010).  The Concept of E-learning What is noteworthy here is that e-learning is not the same as distance learning (Maltz et al., 2005). E- Learning creates an online communication between the teacher and the student and it is used to complement the learning that's done in the classroom. E-Learning can be presented in completely online or mixed learning (a blend of online and face to face communication).  The Concept of E-learning However, distance learning is more about the distance between the students and the teacher, and how technology bridges that gap. Many institutions and universities are now offering distance learning degrees, where the student attends classes through their internet.  Types of E-learning E-Learning is represented in many forms. It can come or "mixed learning" which is a blend of online and direct communication, web- based learning, self-study, etc. Broadly speaking, e-learning falls into two main categories: synchronous and asynchronous.  Synchronous vs. Asynchronous E-learning Synchronous e-learning (more commonly referred to as live-online training, online learning, synchronous online training, or virtual classroom training) is instructor-led and taken at the same time as other learners; everyone just happens to be geographically dispersed. It is the communication between the provider and receiver happening directly as in chat rooms, or video-audio conferencing (Veerendra, 2020).  Synchronous vs. Asynchronous E-learning This training typically uses a web-conferencing or virtual classroom platform (such as Adobe Connect) that offers features such as slide or screen sharing, as well as interaction tools such as chat, polling, and screen annotation (Gallien & Oomen-Early, 2008).  Synchronous vs. Asynchronous E-learning On the other hand, asynchronous e-learning is self-paced; the learners are taking the course on their own, usually on a laptop. Asynchronous e-learning programs may include pre-recorded lecture content and video, visuals, and/or text, knowledge quizzes, simulations, games, and other interactive elements and the information is passed through forums, emails, wikis, etc. (Almosa & Almubarak, 2005). The below chart highlights some advantages of both synchronous and asynchronous e-learning over in-person, face to face classroom training. Synchronous vs. Asynchronous E-learning  Synchronous vs. Asynchronous E-learning Other scholars have proposed different classifications for the types of e-learning. Zeitoun (2008) classified e- learning types considering the extent of its use in education: mixed or blended mode, assistant mode, and completely online mode. Mixed or blended mode offers a short-term degree for a partly traditional method. The assistant mode complements the traditional method as needed while the completely online mode involves the exclusive use of the network for learning (Zeitoun, 2008).  Synchronous vs. Asynchronous E-learning Algahtani (2011) suggested two basic types of e-learning: the computer-based e-learning and the internet-based e-learning. He claimed that computer-based e-learning involves the use of a range of hardware and software for instruction or learning. However, the internet-based learning is a developed form of the computer-based learning, making the content available on the internet (e.g., e-mail services and references which can be used by learners at any time and place).  E-learning in Education Technology has advanced so much that the geographical gap is bridged with the use of tools making learners feel as if they are inside the classroom (Kumar & Kumar, 2010). Now taking advantage of both computers and the internet, it only requires a good e-learning tool to offer education virtually anywhere. E-learning is growing rapidly, the effects of which are portrayed in the forms of distance learning, online learning, and televised courses (Taylor, 2013).  E-learning in Education E-learning offers the ability to share materials in all kinds of formats such as word documents, PDFs, videos, as well as slideshows. Conducting webinars (live online classes) and communicating with teachers and instructors via chat and message forums are other options available to users (Alqahtani Mofareh & Alqahtani Mofareh, 2019).  E-learning in Education There is a plethora of different e-learning systems (known as Learning Management Systems, or LMSs) and methods, which allow for courses to be delivered. With the right tool, various processes can be automated such as a course with set materials and automatically marked tests. E-learning is an affordable (and often free) solution which provides the learners with the ability to fit learning around their lifestyles, effectively allowing even the busiest person to further a career and gain new qualifications.  E-learning in Education In the fast-paced world of e-learning, the available technologies to make a course new and exciting are always changing, and course content can be updated quickly to give students the very latest information. This is especially important if the e-learning training is being given to employees in a sector where keeping up-to-date on industry developments is of the utmost importance. This is one of the reasons why many businesses are now offering training via e-learning; other reasons include low costs and the ability for employees to study in their own time and place (Smith & Taveras, 2005).  E-learning in Education In general, traditional learning is expensive, takes a long time and the results can vary. The importance of e-learning is now a given fact as it can offer a much faster, cheaper and potentially better alternative. Nowadays, e-Learning has a vast amount of uses across all sectors of society and the available examples of e-learning being used effectively are plentiful.  Online Colleges Perhaps e-learning brings the most potential uses of all for educational institutions. Many accredited online colleges already offer online degree programs, and more of them will start to do so in the upcoming years (Sung & Mayer, 2012). E-Learning degrees enable universities to accept considerably more students than they would have otherwise been able to due to space and working staff constraints.  Online Colleges With e-learning universities have the chance to become more international than ever before and with increased amounts of admitted students and reduced costs, educational institutions that are properly able to adapt to the standards of Internet learning will undoubtedly see increased profitability (Tamm, 2020).  Adult E-Learning Online learning often manages to solve the numerous challenges adult learners face during studies. Online learning allows them to progress at their own pace, to submit assignments and take assessments at times best suited for them. This kind of flexibility is especially beneficial for adult learners because often they are forced to balance employment, family duties and online learning altogether (Falloon, 2011).  Corporative E-Learning Companies use e-learning to boost the knowledge, skills, and overall productivity of their employees while cutting down on the costs normally associated with employee training. Moreover, for career seekers and unemployed people, e-learning has become an effective method of boosting their resumes and developing new skills in fields they are most interested in. Not only are there online learning courses available for virtually any career direction, but there are even "career track" type of online training programs which often come with a guaranteed job proposal for all graduates (Tamm, 2020).  Some Tools in E-learning There are many tools which can help language educators conduct, manage, and organize e-Learning courses. In what follows, some of the top e-learning tools are introduced.  Immersive Technologies Immersive technology simulates a physical classroom presence into a user's location and creates a digitized representation of what the learner would normally experience in a real academic circumstance (Bailenson. 2013). Some technologies like virtual reality, augmented reality. telepresence, etc. are instances of immersive technology. Immersive technology is defined as technologies that create a simulated experience perceived by the user as real, such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality.  Immersive Technologies Augmented reality: is an interactive experience that enhances the real world with computer-generated perceptual information. Using software, apps, and hardware such as AR glasses, augmented reality overlays digital content onto real-life environments and objects. AR: Delivers visual elements, sound and other sensory information to the user through a device like smartphone, glasses or headset.  Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Technological tools such as TVs, computers, and smartphones are essential parts of our lives today facilitating the way we watch movies and get news, use social networks, attend our classes, etc. From among these tools, we can refer to Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) as two effective technologies which have transformed the way people use screens, forming innovative and exciting interactive experiences (Kharod, 2021).  Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Virtual reality is generally viewed in 3D movies, virtual games and video tours. Using headsets and gloves and through creating realistic simulations, it "immerses" the individual in exploring the computer- generated world. Alternatively, augmented reality acts slightly differently. Instead of taking us to a virtual world, it brings digital images to the real world around us through the use of either a clear visor or smartphone.  Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality VR has a screen built in to the headset and should connect to a computer and requires a powerful operating system. Some popular instances include the Oculus Rift (Oculus Rift is a discontinued line of virtual reality headsets developed and manufactured by Oculus VR, a virtual reality company founded by Palmer Luckey), the Vive (VIVE gives you an unparalleled, true-to-life virtual reality experience. Using a headset and wireless controllers, you can explore and interact with VR), and the PlayStation VR, connecting to the PlayStation 4 game console.  Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality With virtual reality, individuals can explore an underwater environment while with augmented reality, they are able to see fish swimming through the world around them. Also, VR is helpful in medical training course creating a chance for the students to experience real-world surgeries in a low-risk environment.  Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality On the other hand, Apps for mobile or desktop use Augmented Reality (AR) technology to combine digital elements into the real environment. There are currently a couple of AR headsets available, including the Microsoft HoloLens and the Magic Leap which are very expensive. AR can also be used on devices like smartphones and laptops without the use of a headset. There are a variety of apps that use AR, including some that let us translate text using the computer camera, identify stars in the sky, and even when we use filters on Snapchat (Bernstein, 2021).  Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Recently, some developments in AR such as augmented reality light- emitting diode (LED) and curved liquid-crystal display (LCD) (Bernstein, 2012; Cheng & Tsai, 2013) introduced much broader possibilities and in the future, more advanced forms of augmented reality in mobile learning will be integrated in education (Bernstein et al., 2015).  Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Moreover, telepresence requires that the users' senses interact with specific stimuli in order to provide the feeling of being in that other location. Additionally, users may be given the ability to affect the remote location. In this case, the user's position, movements, actions, voice, etc. may be sensed to transmit and duplicate in the remote location to bring about this effect. Therefore, information may be traveling in both directions between the user and the remote location (Tuli et al., 2020).  Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines. The term 'Artificial Intelligence' is applied when a machine imitates 'cognitive' functions of the human minds, such as 'Learning and 'Problem Solving'.  Artificial Intelligence The two most flexible programming languages used in Al-based applications are Java and Python (Springboard, 2019). For instance, 'DcodeAl' is an interactive Artificial Intelligence learning pathway offering learning materials to be used on any device, allowing learners to learn at their own pace and through fun coding challenges and projects (Decodea, n.d.).  Artificial Intelligence This Artificial Intelligence online course, using Python, helps students master Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning skills like Statistics, Data Science, Computer Vision (CV). and Natural Language Processing (NLP), etc. via hands-on projects. The wide variety of available educational apps using artificial intelligence and machine learning offers the opportunity for students to engage in their own learning process (Gupta, 2021).  TED-Ed TED-Ed (standing for Technology, Entertainment, and Design) has inspired teachers' and students' sharing knowledge and ideas around the world. TED-Ed is a web-based platform that offers video content that is primarily stored on YouTube so it can be easily shared and even integrated with Google Classroom. However, unlike a video found on YouTube, those on TED-Ed can be made into a lesson by adding follow- up questions that students are required to answer in order to show they have learned from watching.  TED-Ed TED-Ed has provided many opportunities for learning such as offering a growing video library of original animated lessons, providing educators with an international platform to generate their own interactive lesson plans, providing eager students with the chance to gain Tec literacy skills and employ them in their lessons, etc.  STEAM STEAM-based online programs are the new EdTech innovation over the STEM programs. This new trend of EdTech employs meaningful Science, Technology, Engineering, Art (the new element), and Math content to solve real-world problems through hands-on learning activities and creative design (www.elearningindustry.com).  STEAM The goal of STEAM-based learning is to help students develop the skills they need to be successful in the future. Regardless of the specific role or industry, it is now critical that students go off to college and/or enter the workforce with a set of well-rounded skills that allow them to adapt to an evolving and fast-paced environment. STEAM provides the opportunity for the learners to experience the world, express their ideas and think critically. It also aids collaborative learning and exploration.  Flipped learning Flipped learning has been an effective practice since the early 2000s and today we can apply these practices in a new way with synchronous and asynchronous learning environments online. The flipped classroom consists of two major parts: the pre-recorded video lectures together with other learning material that students should go through outside of the classroom and the learning activities done during the actual classroom time (Athuraliya, 2021). Students listen and watch the videos before the class time and then, they do the related activities in the class under the guidance of the teacher which causes them to learn better.  Flipped learning Flipped classroom teachers utilize different activities such as Pre- recorded videos (e.g. YouTube), Online reading (a website, a blog post, reading notes, or a book), Presentations (Google Slides, PowerPoint, and LinkedIn SlideShare), Podcasts and screencasts (A podcast is a digital audio file that students can download on their devices and listen to whenever they want while a screencast consists of both audio narration and computer screen images), Self-assessment quizzes, Multiple choice or short answer questions, Online discussion forums (where students can share comments or questions), and Concept maps (visual representation of the different elements in a concept and how they are connected to one another) (Ofgang, 2022).  How are E-Learning Courses created? In the early days, e-learning courses were typically custom creations, coded by programmers and developers using highly specialized apps. In those days, a team was required to create a simple, linear e- learning course. E-learning design is now much more accessible. Today's course development apps, also called authoring tools or authoring apps, are so advanced that anyone can create e-learning courses without any programming or coding knowledge.  How are E-Learning Courses created? There are many different types of authoring apps today, each with their own set of capabilities. Some apps, like Rise 360, have been specifically engineered to create e-learning courses that dynamically adapt to any screen size (also known as responsive e-learning courses) used for different purposes such as job aids, checklists, and resumes', etc. (Olivieri, 2019).  How are E-Learning Courses created? There are many different types of authoring apps today, each with their own set of capabilities. Some apps, like Rise 360, have been specifically engineered to create e-learning courses that dynamically adapt to any screen size (also known as responsive e-learning courses) used for different purposes such as job aids, checklists, and resumes', etc. (Olivieri, 2019). Other apps, like Storyline 360, are designed to create highly interactive slide-based courses (Olivieri, 2019).  How are E-Learning Courses created? There are many different types of authoring apps today, each with their own set of capabilities. Some apps, like Rise 360, have been specifically engineered to create e-learning courses that dynamically adapt to any screen size (also known as responsive e-learning courses) used for different purposes such as job aids, checklists, and resumes', etc. (Olivieri, 2019).  How are E-Learning Courses created? Other apps, like Storyline 360, are designed to create highly interactive slide-based courses (Olivieri, 2019). Moreover, there are PowerPoint add-ons like Studio 360, which turn PowerPoint presentations into e-learning courses instantly.  How are E-Learning Courses created? Other apps, like Storyline 360, are designed to create highly interactive slide-based courses (Olivieri, 2019). Moreover, there are PowerPoint add-ons like Studio 360, which turn PowerPoint presentations into e-learning courses instantly. Each app has a unique feature set, making it particularly well suited for a specific type of project requirements and objectives.  Sharing E-learning Content Once an e-learning course has been created, it can be distributed to learners. There are two ways to share content: informal distribution and formal distribution (Sheyahshe, 2018): Informal distribution of e-learning content typically means that users are trusted to view the e-learning course, and their participation isn't tracked or scored. One way to informally share an e-learning course is to put it on a web server, then send participants the link and have them view the course. Teachers don't really have a systematic way of knowing whether learners have completed the course, but sometimes that's not necessary.  Sharing E-learning Content On the other hand, sharing an e-learning course formally means there's a need to track and record learners' results. Most organ, means that have a need for formal distribution of e-learning have spations systems and standards in place for this. Tracking is usually done in what is called a Learning Management System (LMS). An LMS allows educators to administer, track, report, and document the delivery of the e-learning courses. Certain standards are in place to report the information to the LMS, including AICC, SCORM, and, more recently, Tin Can.  Benefits of E-Learning in Education Nowadays, e-learning is prevalent in education due to many advantages it offers. The method is made available at much-reduced costs. It is quick and does not require much cost and the long training period, infrastructure, stationery, and travel expenses, etc. are reduced.  Benefits of E-Learning in Education E-learning can empower learners to get basic schooling and enhance skills. Classes can be taken from any place and at any time students or educators prefer. Also, they can obtain a degree certificate, without actually attending school or university or any other institution. It offers access to exclusive, prolific, and updated content and accessibility is open, secure, and uninterrupted. E-Learning lets everyone be in sync with modern learners and updated with the current trends (Marc, 2002).  Benefits of E-Learning in Education Moreover, the scalability of learning, content, and the duration can be reasonably measured. It is beneficial to those who feel nervous and disconnected in groups. It helps one learn without having to give up the comforts of the environment. Learners are at ease with consistency of exposure, inputs, and results. Also, coordination is highly ranked in e- learning as it allows teachers a higher degree of coverage to deliver the content regularly. This ensures consistency in learning as effectiveness of the transferred knowledge and learning is high and powerful. It makes information easy to grasp and absorb and the audio-visuals help in remembering knowledge for a longer time (Arkorfu & Abaidoo, 2014).  Benefits of E-Learning in Education Moreover, the scalability of learning, content, and the duration can be reasonably measured. It is beneficial to those who feel nervous and disconnected in groups. It helps one learn without having to give up the comforts of the environment. Learners are at ease with consistency of exposure, inputs, and results. Also, coordination is highly ranked in e- learning as it allows teachers a higher degree of coverage to deliver the content regularly. This ensures consistency in learning as effectiveness of the transferred knowledge and learning is high and powerful. It makes information easy to grasp and absorb and the audio-visuals help in remembering knowledge for a longer time (Arkorfu & Abaidoo, 2014).  Benefits of E-Learning in Education Mobility assured is a very comfortable and affordable option. Taking revision and getting hands-on different courses is not that simple in traditional classes. Contrary to that, missed lessons can always be taken again online (Smedley, 2010). Also, for educators, things become quite easy and they have a variety of options to teach from; they can create recorded lessons, conduct short webinars, and sell courses with yearly packages. Hence, there are numerous possibilities for earning side income or even a regular income. Educators can provide online education in multiple languages and for people from different time zones. E- Learning can accommodate everyone's needs.  Benefits of E-Learning in Education Further, it promotes a self-paced learning process. Through e- learning, students can develop a self-paced training schedule. Also, people who don't have the necessary time to conduct physical classes are no longer left behind. They can take online sessions after work, in the evening, on the weekends, or whenever they are free (Scott et al., 1999). All they need is a proper internet facility, computer or laptop, microphones, and headphones.  Benefits of E-Learning in Education Last but not the least, e-learning is an advantage to the environment as the paperless teaching has contributed a lot in saving the trees. Besides, tutors are feeling this option great as now the evaluation of each student is done online which is quicker and less tiring. Taking these benefits into consideration, it becomes evident why the current trends in e-learning show remarkable growth in education (Boettcher, 2011).  Benefits of E-Learning in Education Online learning already has numerous uses in education, and its future roles in education are going to be immense. Nevertheless, it must be noted that e-learning is not perfect. While the world of online education is undoubtedly an exciting world to be in, many students who are uncomfortable with online learning still prefer the traditional live, are person teaching methods which they are used to. All students have unique learning styles and online learning will never be a one-size-fits- all type of solution to education.  Benefits of E-Learning in Education Furthermore, increased risk of cheating during assessments, social isolation, and lack of communicational skill development in online students are just some of the challenges of e- learning which need to be addressed (Akkoyuklu & Soylu, 2006; Dowling et al, 2003; Klein & Ware, 2003; Marc, 2002).  Future Trends In today's' digital world, one cannot ignore the importance of e-learning education. Some of the most important developments in education have happened since the launch of the Internet. These days, learners are well versed in the use of smartphones, text messaging and using the internet, so participating in and running an online course has become a simple affair. Moreover, message boards, social media and various other means of online communication allow learners to keep in touch and discuss course-related matters, while providing for a sense of community.  Future Trends Recently, e-learning and virtual classrooms are becoming the new way of teaching and the most successful educational institutions in the world have already recognized that online learning can transform people, knowledge, skills, and performance. Hence, it is right to say that more and more people would start adopting e-learning education in the future, and there's no doubt that we are in the beginning phase of a new era in education. Thanks for Your Kind Attention