Teal Ch 6 Slides PDF

CHAPTER 6: BECOMING CANADA HOW DID BRITISH NORTH AMERICA BECOME MORE BRITISH? THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION When we last left British North America (Canada), Britain had released the Quebec Act of 1774 to try and appease the Canadiens. Now, tensions are rising in The Thirteen Colonies and the Ameri...

CHAPTER 6: BECOMING CANADA HOW DID BRITISH NORTH AMERICA BECOME MORE BRITISH? THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION When we last left British North America (Canada), Britain had released the Quebec Act of 1774 to try and appease the Canadiens. Now, tensions are rising in The Thirteen Colonies and the America Revolution is about to begin…  REBELLION IN THE THIRTEEN COLONIES Citizens of the Thirteen Colonies were unhappy by 1775: – They could trade only with their home country (Britain). – They had to pay high taxes on British imports. – They wanted to have control over their own affairs. – Britain passed the Quebec Act giving the Ohio Valley to Québec and not the Thirteen Colonies. On April 1775, the first shots in the American War of Independence were fired. The United States of America was born. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence is signed by the Second Continental Congress Crash Course - American Revolution After many years of fighting it ended in 1783 with the British Government recognizing the United States of America. British North America = all British colonies in North America other than the Thirteen Colonies. United States of America = former Thirteen Colonies. THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS The UEL were citizens of the Thirteen Colonies who did not support the rebellion. They remained loyal to Britain. They had many reasons for opposing the war: – Some didn’t believe in using violence to settle disputes. – Some had business ties with the British. – Some were in military regiments that had fought with the British. – Some were enslaved African Americans seeking freedom. – Some were First Nations peoples who had lost their land to Americans. TRAITORS VS. LOYALISTS The loyalists were treated as traitors As a consequence the Americans: – Took away their property and possessions – They beat and jailed them – They painted them with hot tar, covered them with feathers and paraded them around town. As a result of the mistreatment: – They were forced to flee north seeking shelter and safety as refugees. – Canada: A People’s History: Rebellion and Reform: The World Turned Upside Down, His Majesty’s Loyal Allies, Exile TRAITORS VS. LOYALISTS What do you think? Are these people traitors or loyal? Why?  INTRODUCING… THE REAL CITIZENS OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA! CONNECTING TO CURRENT EVENTS Look at the biographies of Rose Fortune and Hanna Ingraham on p. 127. What factors led Canada to accept refugees in the 1700s? What is happening with the Syrian Refugee Crisis? How is this crisis similar to the Loyalist Migration? How is it different? Read about Canadian Refugees on p. 128 MARYAM MONSEF MINISTER OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS Ms. Monsef made history last month as the first Afghan-Canadian elected to Parliament. She came to Canada as an 11-year-old refugee – one of three girls raised by a widow who was trying to escape a country increasingly under the grip of the Taliban. The Peterborough community organizer is co-founder of the Red Pashmina Campaign, which has raised more than $150,000 for the education of women and girls in Afghanistan. HOW DID THE LOYALIST MIGRATION IMPACT BRITISH NORTH AMERICA? Many colonists were unhappy that they were loyal to Britain and had to live in French-speaking Quebec. Some Loyalists went to Nova Scotia but wanted their own colony. – Nova Scotia was separated into two colonies, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. – Quebec became Upper and Lower Canada. – Ile St. Jean became Prince Edward Island. The Loyalists brought British customs, laws and language. Black Loyalists, even though they were loyal, did not receive the same treatment and gifts of land that white Loyalists received. (Canada: A People’s History –Rebellion and Reform: Nova Scotia, and The Upper Country. 20 mins) BRITISH NORTH AMERICA In 1791, the Constitutional Act divided Québec into two: Upper and Lower Canada. Each colony had an elected assembly. The Citizens of Quebec kept all the rights they had gained from the Québec Act in 1774. This allowed the French and English to co-exist. Read “A Fair Trade” on p. 129 and discuss the following question with an elbow partner: – Why do you think the Anishinabe gave up their land for such a small price? THE WAR OF 1812: BNA VS. USA Reasons: 1. Britain was at war with France. It stopped Americans from trading with the French; they had blocked the ports. 2. The British were kidnapping American sailors to serve in the British navy. 3. The British were supporting the First Nations in the struggle for land – the Americans wanted to expand. 4. Some Americans wanted to take over Britain’s colonies. THE WAR UNFOLDS The war lasted from June 1812 to December 1814. Crash Course - The War of 1812 The war ended in deadlock. The two sides agreed to make the 49th parallel the border from west of the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains (in the Treaty of Ghent). More First Nations died in the war than the British and Americans combined. BUT, MOST IMPORTANTLY… We burned the White House Down! Battle of New Orleans THE STARS OF THE WAR OF 1812 Laura Secord p. 133 Tecumseh Heritage Minute-Laura Secord p. 132 Story of Laura Secord Major General Isaac Brock p. 131 THE GREAT MIGRATION After the war, Britain was eager to open up the backwoods to farming. They planned to fill its colonies with people from: Scotland Wales Ireland THE GREAT MIGRATION Why leave Britain? The population was growing quickly and jobs were scarce. Farmers were being forced off land. Poverty and hunger were common. Why move to the colonies? With peace, ocean travel was now safer. The colonies offered free land, new opportunities, and a chance for a better life.  THE GREAT MIGRATION Between 1815 and 1850 more than 800,000 immigrants came to the ports of Halifax, Saint John and Québec City. Quarantine Station Read “Coming to the Colonies” and “The Terrible Year” and “Pioneer Life” on pp. 135-136. Heritage Minute Canada: A People’s History, The Great Enterprise: Hope Gate. Irish Memorial – National Historic Site of Canada A BRITISH IDENTITY How did the Great Migration help to make BNA more British? Below is a chart (also on p. 137) that shows the population increases in British North America. Population in British North America 1806 1831 1851 Upper Canada 71 000 237 000 952 000 Lower Canada 250 000 553 000 890 000 Nova Scotia 68 000 168 000 277 000 New Brunswick 35 000 94 000 194 000 Prince Edward Island 10 000 30 000 70 000 Newfoundland 27 000 76 000 102 000 How do you think the British citizens felt about their new home? WHO HAS THE POWER IN A DEMOCRACY? Who held the power in the governments of British North America? Governor Legislative Assembly Executive Legislative Council Council Voters The Governor is appointed by Britain The Legislative Assembly is elected by the voters. The Executive and Legislative Council Voters were people who owned property, are appointed by the Governor almost all were men. They were Anglophones. THE GOVERNMENT OF BNA The governor and the two councils (Anglophone friends or relatives appointed by the governor) held all the real power. They were known as the Chateau Clique in Lower Canada and the Family Compact in Upper Canada. THE SITUATION IN LOWER CANADA A group of wealthy merchants in Lower Canada (Château Clique) were appointed by the British governor. Elected representatives had little influence in decision making. There was an incident between English and Canadien voters in 1832. Soldiers shot three Canadiens. There was a cholera outbreak in Quebec, brought by the British and Irish settlers. It devastated Quebec, killing 5,000 people. This angered the Canadiens. There were crop failures for four years and, by 1837, many farmers faced starvation. THE SITUATION IN UPPER CANADA A group of wealthy English families called the “Family Compact” held power in the councils appointed by the government. Many of the people who supported the elected assembly in 1834 were people who came from America (not Loyalists) who came for the good land. Britain worried they would influence Canadians to join the United States. In 1836, in the Upper Canadian elections, the governor made sure a party he favoured won the majority of the seats in the elected assembly. By 1837, the crop failures affected Upper Canada too. REBELLION! Lower Canada Upper Canada Louis-Joseph Papineau led a group of William Lyon Mackenzie led the a group radicals called the Patriotes. called the Reformers. They presented a document called the They made a report too, and called it the Ninety-Two resolutions that asked for Seventh Report on Grievances. government reform. They won 75% of Some reformers took up arms to the votes in an election (but, remember, overthrow the government and the elected assembly has no power!). Mackenzie led a march of 700 rebels to In 1837, Britain rejected all of their overthrow the government (with pikes demands. and pitchforks and a few rifles). The rebels fought against British forces The rebels were defeated by British and won some of the fights, but were troops. eventually their rebellion was crushed. Both Mackenzie and Papineau ended up fleeing to the United States. WHEN YOU LOSE A REBELLION BUT YOU DON’T EVEN CARE BECAUSE YOUR HAIR LOOKS FAB. I WOKE UP LIKE THIS FLAWLESS  Meanwhile in Nova Scotia… Joseph Howe was a well-respected journalist in Nova Scotia. He later became a politician and is considered one of the most well-loved civil servants in Nova Scotia’s history. Joseph Howe’s father was a Loyalist from Massachusetts. Joseph Howe advocated for responsible government in Nova Scotia. MY HAIR IS He is known as one of the greatest Canadian BETTER THAN MY journalists. FUTURE. IMPACT OF REBELLIONS Even though the rebels lost, they had an impact because it became clear that reform was needed. Britain sent Lord Durham to Canada and he spent five months there, trying to understand the issues. He recommended that: – Upper and Lower Canada should be united – The colonies should be granted responsible government.  The Lower Canadians are “a people with no history and no literature”. Durham blamed the Lower Canadiens for many of the problems the colony was facing. He wanted to get rid of the French language in Quebec. In 1841, The Act of the Union joined Lower and Upper Canada. The new name for the colonies were Canada East and Canada West. English was the only official language of the government. RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT A responsible government: – Listens to the wishes of the people by giving decision-making power to elected representatives. – The leader of the government listens to the elected representatives. In 1848, the reformers won a huge election victory. The governor, Lord Elgin, chose Robert Baldwin (Canada West) and Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine (Canada East) to lead the government. Together, these three politicians passed the Rebellion Losses Bill (1849) to help the people whose property was damaged during the rebellions in the 1830s. Lord Elgin didn’t like the idea but he followed the advice of the elected representatives. Responsible Government was achieved! Heritage Minute-Responsible Government Responsible Gov't Explained THE FABULOUS HAIR CREW Robert Baldwin Lord Elgin Louis Hippolyte Lafontaine Joseph Howe William Lyon Mackenzie Louis Joseph Papineau