CCS Terms - PDF

1. Auto Pact The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965, led to the integration of the Canadian and US auto industries in a shared North American market with a much stronger Canadian presence. 2. Avro Arrow The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow was a supersonic interceptor jet aircraft designed and...

1. Auto Pact The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965, led to the integration of the Canadian and US auto industries in a shared North American market with a much stronger Canadian presence. 2. Avro Arrow The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow was a supersonic interceptor jet aircraft designed and built in the 1950s by A.V. Roe Canada. The Arrow was one of the most advanced aircraft of its era, helping to establish Canada as a world leader in scientific research and development. 3. Berlin Airlift The crisis started when Soviet forces blockaded rail,road, and water access to allied-controlled areas of Berlin. 4. Bilingualism Under the Official Languages Act, Canadians have the right to receive federal government services in either English or French, regardless of their location in the country. In Quebec, the Charter of the French Language (Bill 101) was introduced in 1977 to promote and protect the French language, making French the official language of the province. 5. Cabinet / 6. Cabinet Ministers A key feature of the Cabinet is the concept of collective responsibility, which means that all Ministers share responsibility for the administration of government for the government’s policies. They must all support a Cabinet decision. The Prime Minister chooses the Cabinet Ministers, and the Governor General formally appoints them. All of them must be or become members of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada. Most are MPs, and there is often at least one representative from the Senate. The Prime Minister and Cabinet meet regularly to discuss and decide on various topics such as government spending, ideas for bills, and new policies, programs and services. Most Cabinet Ministers are in charge of a government department 부서 and they report on their department’s activities to Parliament. 7. Canadian Bill of Rights / 8. Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Canadian Bill of Rights represented a significant step forward in protecting individual rights, but it was limited in its scope and effectiveness. The Canadian government patriated the Constitution and introduced the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which extended similar protections to all Canadians and provided more robust, enforceable guarantees of fundamental freedoms. 9. Confidence motion A confidence motion is a formal vote in a parliamentary system that determines whether the government retains the support of the legislature. If the motion passes, the government is considered to have the confidence of the legislature and can continue to govern. If it fails, the government no longer has the support of the majority. 10. Conscription Crisis-WWII It primarily involved disagreements over the issues of mandatory military service. Conscription refers to the policy of requiring citizens to serve in the military. Initially, the government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King decided against introducing conscription, relying on volunteer soldiers to serve in the military. However, by 1941, as the war progressed and casualties mounted, there was increasing pressure to raise more troops. 11. Constitution Act and Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Constitution Act refers specifically to the constitutional law that governs how Canada is organized and how its law and government function. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms to all Canadians. 12. Construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway Before the St. Lawrence Seaway, the Great Lakes were accessible only to smaller vessels, and it was made for more efficient trade routes for heavy cargo. It was seen as a way to boost economic growth in both Canada and the United States by opening up new markets and facilitating the transport of goods. The agreement to construct was signed by both governments in 1954. 13. Co-operative Commonwealth Federation CCF Founded in 1932, the CCF was a socialist and social democratic political party. 14. Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. It is considered one of the most dangerous moments of the Cold war and brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The Cold War, the period of political tension and military rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union, was marked by proxy wars, nuclear arms races, and ideological conflict. 15. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg They were American citizens who were convicted of espionage for allegedly passing nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. 16. Executive Branch 17. Federal 3 different branches- executive, legislative, and judicial 18. Fidel Castro He was the Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976. In 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis occurred when the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, just miles from the U.S. coast. But it was resolved peacefully, with the Soviets agreeing to remove the missiles in exchange for a US pledge not to invade Cuba and the removal of US missiles from Turkey. 19. FLQ (Front de libération du Québec) / 41. October Crisis The FLQ was a separatist and terrorist group in Quebec, Canada. Its primary goal was to separate Quebec from Canada and establish an independent French-speaking nation. The most significant and well-known event involving the FLQ was the October Crisis of 1970. The FLQ kidnapped James Cross, a British diplomat in Montreal. The government of Quebec, led by Premier Robert Bourassa, responded by negotiating with the kidnappers, but tensions escalated. 5 days later, they kidnapped Pierre Laporte, the Quebec Minister. He was later found dead a week later, October 17, 1970. The kidnappings and murder of Laporte shocked the nation and led to a major crisis. 20. Igor Gouzenko Affair The Cold War began when a Soviet spy tried to smuggle documents out of the embassy 대사관 and defeat to Canada. Gouzenko ended up getting caught and we found out that a bunch of spies already infiltrated 침투하다 all over, even the Canadian parliament. The Gouzenko affair signalled that Canada could no longer be ignored or bypassed by its more powerful allies, especially due to its military strength at the end of the war. It also led to a change in Canadian public opinion against the Soviet Union. 21. Governor General The Governor General is the representative of the monarch in a country that is a constitutional monarchy. The role is primarily ceremonial, but it carries significant constitutional and symbolic responsibilities. They have the power to call the house of commons and the senate into session. Also, they must formally give royal assent. They appoint the Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons after a federal election. 22. House of Commons The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. It is made up of 338 elected representatives called Members of Parliament (MPs). The House of Commons is where most legislative debates and voting takes place. It’s responsible for making and passing laws. 23. John Diefenbaker John Diefenbaker was the 13th Prime Minister of Canada. One of his most notable achievements was the introduction of the Canadian Bill of Rights. He disagreed with the US over the deployment of nuclear weapons in Canada and withdrew 철수하다 Canadian forces from NATO’s nuclear-sharing arrangements. 24. John Humphrey John Humphrey was a Canadian lawyer, and best known for his pivotal role in the development of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). 25. Japanese Internment Camps 26. Judicial Branch 27. Korean War The Korean war as a UN action was consistent with Canada’s foreign policy, and Canada willingly sent troops to defend South Korea against North Korean aggression. Canada did not just provide support but it professionalized its military, also put more money on defence. 28. Leader of the Opposition 29. Legislative Branch 30. Lester B. Pearson 31. Louis St. Laurent -​ Was in power from 1948 to 1957 -​ Leadership came at a time of economic prosperity in Canada (following WW2). He oversaw a period of rapid economic growth and modernization -​ The Trans-Canada Highway was completed during his time in office. -​ Played a key role in Canada's involvement in the UN (specifically in the establishment of  peacekeeping missions). -​ St. Laurent was also instrumental in securing Canada's participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), strengthening Canada's ties with Western powers during the early years of the Cold War 32. Medicare and Canada Pension Plan 33. Members of Parliament (MPs) -​ They represent the interests of their constituents (the people who live in their electoral districts), participate in making and shaping laws, and oversee the work of the government. -​ They are chosen through a process called general elections -​ One of the main duties of an MP is to help create, debate, and vote on laws (bills) that apply to the country. -​ FEDERAL LEVEL 34. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) -​ Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are elected officials in provincial or territorial legislatures in Canada. They represent their constituents (the people living in their riding or electoral district) at the provincial or territorial level of government -​ One of the primary responsibilities of MLAs is to debate, pass, and amend laws at the provincial or territorial level. This includes laws related to areas such as education, healthcare, transportation, environmental policy, and more. -​ PROVINCIAL LEVEL 35. Moscow Olympics Boycott 36. Multiculturalism Act. Trudeau had travelled extensively and had developed a distrust of ethnic nationalism. He worked to create a mosaic approach to multiculturalism in Canada. His government passed the Multiculturalism Act in 1971. Immigration reform encouraged immigration based on the economic needs of the country rather than the ethnicity of the applicants. 37. Municipal 38. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 39. NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command) St Laurent was replaced by John Diefenbaker, who agreed to the creation of the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ), a binational agreement between Canada and the USA. It provided defence of North American airspace from the Arctic to the Tropics against Soviet nuclear weapons. Another component of NORAD was three sets of radar stations. The stations were called Pinetree, Mid-Canada and DIstant Early Warning (DEW) above the Arctic Circle. 40. OAS (Organization of American States) Canada was judicious 신중한 in its choices, refusing to join the OAS. The USA urged 추궁하다 Canada to join, but it steadfastly 확고하게 refused, arguing that its relations with the rest hemisphere were limited and that it saw no constructive reason for participation. When the Missile Crisis occurred in 1962, the Canadian parliament was required to debate and vote on whether or not to go on alert. In the end, they voted in favour of the US request and put their forces on alert. However, they still refused to join the OAS despite US pressure to do so. 41. October Crisis 19 question 42. Official Languages Act Trudeau’s government passed the Official Languages Act in 1969, which ensured that all services offered by the federal government were available in both English and French. 43. Oil and Gas Development -​ First oil industry began in oil springs, ontario. -​ Growth in oil sands development in alberta started (later becoming important for manufacturing), technology started to advance, and in 1980 The national energy program boosted canadian energy self sufficiently, though it was controversial -​ National energy program: policy introduced by Canadian government, goal was to make canada more energy independent, keep prices lower for canadians. -​ Trans Mountain pipeline: a system built to transport oil from Alberta to British Columbia's west coast. Allows Canada to ship oil to international markets and supplies local fuel. 44. Parliament -​ Federal law making body of canada, 3 main parts -​ The Crown: represented by governor general, crown gives approval (royal assent) to the laws passed by parliament  -​ The Senate: upper house, members (senates) appointed by prime minister, reviews and suggests changes to laws -​ The House of commons: Lower house, made of elected members of parliament (MPs), debates and votes on laws and government decisions. 45. Parti Québécois -​ Political party in Quebec, supports quebec sovereignty (meaning it wants quebec to become an independent country) -​ Main goal: Promote quebec's independence from canada while protecting its french language and culture -​ Held two votes, #1 = 40.4% voted yes #2 = 49.4% yes (both not enough to secure independence) 46. Party Whip 47. Pierre Trudeau 48. Prime Minister 49. Provincial 50. Question Period -​ Daily session in the house of commons where MPs can ask questions to the prime minister and cabinet ministers (typically lasts 45 minutes, happens on sitting days) 51. Quiet Revolution in Quebec -​ Quebec 1960’s, liberal government came into power -​ Focused on modernizing Quebec, reducing the catholic church's influence, strengthening provinces control over its economy and resources. -​ Major changes: education reform, control over energy resources, healthcare reform, rise of quebec nationalism 52. Red Scare The government established an extensive system of security checks after the Gouzenko affair, which created a red scare, meaning a form of moral panic provoked by fear of the rise, supposed or real, of left-wing ideologies in a society, especially communism and socialism. 53. Referendum on Quebec Sovereignty 54. Richard Bedford (R.B.) Bennett 55. Senate The senators are appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of the PM. No bill can become law unless it has been passed by the Senate. 56. Speaker of the House The Speaker of the House of Commons is elected by secret ballot by the House itself after each general election. The Speaker is its presiding officer, decides all questions of procedure and order, controls the House of Commons staff, and is expected to be impartial, non-partisan and as firm in enforcing the rules against the PM as against the humblest opposition backbencher. 57. St. Lawrence Seaway 58. Suez Crisis 59. Trans-Canada Highway 60. Trans-Canada Pipeline Transportation was the challenge to exploit the new discoveries, such as oil and uranium, because they were found far away from the traditional processing areas of the Country. Pipelines were built both west and east out of Alberta, each passing through the US making Alberta oil available there. This solution was not ideal for Alberta, they sought greater refining capacity within the province for its oil. Eventually the massive Trans-Canada Pipeline would be built, but not before it would help bring down St Laurent’s government in 1956. 61. UN (United Nations) Canada was an active member of the UN from the beginning. Canada sent observers to India and Palestine to oversee UN operations there. The Korean War was also a UN action. 62. Vietnam War 63. War Measures Act It’s an act of the Canadian parliament that gives the federal government power to regulate the economy and suspend civil liberties 시민의 자율 정지 in times of war or perceived insurrection 전쟁 또는 반란으로 인식되는 시기에 64. Western Alienation -​ Refers to feeling of political and economic disadvantage or neglect experienced by provinces in the west of canada (sask, manitoba, alberta, bc) -​ Feel as is the national energy program was unfairly benefited to only central canada (ontario, quebec) also harmed western industries, like oil in alberta 65. William Lyon MacKenzie King -​ 10th prime minister, served for 21 years in three terms: 1921-1926, 1926-1930, 1935-1948 -​ Led the country through the time period after the first world war, focused on economics -​ Dealt with the king-byng affair, involved governor general and led debates over the power of the monarchy in canada -​ Guided canada through ww2 66. Donald Marshall -​ Mi’kmaq man from Ns, known for wrongful conviction and landmark legal case -​ Convicted for murder, sentenced to life imprisonment, spent 11 years in jail before he got out 67. Residential and Day Schools 68. “The Indian Act” The Indian Act is a series of laws that govern the relationship between the federal government and the people of Canada’s First Nations registered under the Indian Act as “status Indians”. It controls all aspects of First Nations existence including who is and who is not an Indian. It had been created and amended through the years with no input from the First Nations themselves. -​ John Humphrey ( wrote declaration of human rights, and formed UN human rights division) -​ Ethel and Julius Rosenberg ( American communists who were executed for passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union) -​ Fidel Castro ( PM of Cuba, the cuban missile crisis occurred when the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles in Cuba ) -​ Donald Marshall ( Mi’kmaq man from NS, known for wrongful conviction 잘못된 유죄판결 and landmark legal case 획기적 법적 사건, convicted 유죄판결을 받다 for murder, sentenced to life imprisonment) Prime Ministers ( 1930~1980 ) -​ Richard Bennett ( 1930-1935 ) -​ WIlliam Lyon Mackenzie King ( 1935-1948 ) ( led the country through the time period after the first world war, focused on economies, guided canada through WW2 ) -​ Louis St. Laurent ( 1948-1957 ) ( Joined NATO and UN, strengthened ties with western powers ,the trans-canada highway ) -​ John Diefenbaker ( 1957-1963 ) ( Canadian Bill of Rights, gave status Indians the right to vote) -​ Lester B. Pearson ( 1963-1968 ) ( Creation of the Canadian healthcare system, the flag of canada, the Official Languages Act, increased participation in international organizations ) -​ Pierre Trudeau ( 1968-1979 ) ( The Constitution and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, official bilingualism, the 1970 October crisis, creation of the Canadian Health Act) -​ Joe Clark ( 1979-1980 ) -​ Pierre Trudeau ( 1980-1984 ) 1. Canadian Bill of Rights / Charter of Rights and Freedoms / Constitution Act The Canadian bill of rights provides citizens rights, and the charter of rights and freedoms is more extended than the Canadian bill of rights, and has more guarantees. The Constitution Act in 1983 controls how the government governs the country. The Canadian bill of rights protects individual rights, but is limited in its range and effectiveness. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms extended similar protections and provided more guarantees. The Constitution Act in 1982 refers to the constitutional law that governs how Canada is organized and how its law and government function. 1982년 헌법은 캐나다의 조직과 법률, 정부가 기능하는 방식을 규정하는 헌법을 말합니다. 2. Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) / Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) / Canadian Pension Plan (CPP) CCF is the first socialist party founded in 1963, and FLQ is a terrorist group in Quebec, and their goal is to make Quebec an independent french speaking country. CPP is an act that provides people with side earring when retirements, death, etc had happened. CCF was the first Canadian socialist party founded in 1932. FLQ was a terrorist group in QUebec, started the October Crisis in 1970. Their goal was to separate Quebec from Canada and establish an independent French-speaking nation. CPP provides contributors 기여자 and their families with partial replacement of earnings in the case of retirement, disability, or death. 3. Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis happened when the Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba. Fidel was the PM of Cuba, and it was resolved peacefully after the United States and the Soviet Union promised that the Soviet Union removes the missile in Cuba, and the U.S. doesn’t invade Cuba and removes the missile in Turkey. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13 day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. The Soviets removed the missiles in exchange for a US not to invade Cuba and the removal of missiles from Turkey. Fidel was the PM of Cuba. 4. Federal government There’s three different branches, legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislative branch makes the laws, and in parliament, there’s senates, who are appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of PM, and there’s house of commons, who are elected by the people. For the executive branch. There's the Governor general, and the PM under them. Under the PM, there’s cabinet, privy council office, and PM’s office. And for the judicial branch, they interpret the laws, and there’s military, supreme, and provincial courts. 5. House of Commons The House of Commons is the upper house of the parliament, and it’s where the majority of debates and voting take place. The House of Commons, the lower house of the parliament is made up of elected MPs and it’s where most legislative debates and voting takes place. It’s responsible for making and passing laws. 6. Japanese Internment Camps Over 120,000 Japanese people who are citizens of the U.S. were forced to move and they got arrested. Japanese Internment Camps were facilities where over 120,000 Japanese Americans, most of whom were U.S. citizens, were forcibly relocated and incarcerated during World War 2 by the U.S. government. 7. MPs / MLAs MPs are the members of the parliament, and they work for the people who live in their district, and MLAs are the members of legislative assembly, and they work for provincial, and territorial areas. MPs are chosen through general elections, and they participate in making and shaping laws,and oversee the work of the government. They represent the people who live in their electoral districts. 선거구 MLAs are the members of legislative assembly, and they are the elected officials in provincial or territorial legislatures. And they represent, debate, pass and amend laws at the provincial or territorial level of government. 8. Moscow Olympics Boycott Many countries protested and didn’t participate in the Moscow Olympics for the invasion of Afghanistan. The U.S. withdrew from the competition in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. 9. North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) It’s a military defense command located in Canada, and there’s three radar stations, called Pinetree, Mid-Canada, and Distant Early Warning (DEW). It’s a US-Canadian military organization to provide defence of North American airspace from the Arctic to the Tropics against Soviet nuclear weapons. John Diefenbaker agreed to the creation of it, and the radar stations were called Pinetree, Mid-Canada and Distant Early Warning. 10. Oil and Gas Development The technology started to develop, and the National Energy Program helped the oil and gas development a lot, and it kept the price of oil lower for the citizens. The technology started to advance, and the National Energy Program was introduced to make Canada more energy independent, keep prices lower for Canadians. 11. Parliament There's a crown, who is represented by the Governor General, and they give the royal assent for passing the laws. Senates, who and the house of commons. 3 mains parts, the crown ( represented by Governor General, crown gives royal assent approval to the laws passed by parliament ), the senate ( They are appointed by the Governor General on the recommendation of PM, no bills can be a law without their approval, they have a role in shaping the law, and approving key appointments and international agreements ), and the house of commons 12. Parti Quebecois It’s a party in Quebec that has a goal of separating Quebec out of the country. There have been two votes for the sovereignty of Quebec, and they both failed. 13. Party Whip A legislator that the each party chooses for discipline A legislator appointed by the party to enforce discipline 14. Quiet Revolution The Quiet Revolution was a political, economic, and cultural change for Quebec, and it changed the whole relationship with the rest of the country. It reformed the education system, and resource system. It was a period of social, cultural, political, and economic change in Quebec, and it reshaped its relationship with the rest of Canada. Education and healthcare were reformed, control over energy resources. 15. Referendum on Quebec Sovereignty Two votes both failed. 16. Suez Crisis Nasser, the leader of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, and British, French, and Israel forces attacked egypt. The UN forced Britain to stop, which showed that Britain was no longer the power of the world. Nasser, the leader of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal. British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. And the UN forced the British to withdraw, making it clear Britain was no longer a world power. 17. Trans-Canada Highway It’s the longest highway in the world that goes all the way to St. Johns, Newfoundland and Victoria. It was really useful for faster trades with different countries. The longest single highway in the world, it stretches from St. John’s, Newfoundland to Victoria. Construction was started in the 1920s and finished in 1970. 18. Vietnam War It was a long war between South Vietnam with the United States alongside, and North Vietnam with the Chinese forces. 19. War Measures Act The War Measures Act gives the government special power during the emergency wartime, for civil liberties. An Act gives the federal government emergency powers during wartime to regulate the economy and suspend civil liberties. 20. Western Alienation It’s a feeling of western Canada that the federal government favours central Canada. And it had affected the parties a lot. It has led to the rise of several regional parties including the Canadian Alliance Party. 21. Residential and Day Schools Caused a lot of cultural loss, and traumas. Forced assimilation of indigenous children, caused intergenerational trauma, cultural loss Cabinet VS Senators VS the House of Commons North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) With consideration of the 6 themes of the course, discuss the progress made in Canada during the time period we studied. Governance and Democracy: Economic and Social Equity: Canada in the Global Context: Canadian Identity and Multiculturalism: Environmental Sustainability: Indigenous Perspectives and Reconciliation:  ESSAY The period from the 1930s to the 1980s marked a time of profound transformation for Canada, as the country navigated both internal and external challenges. From the Great Depression to the post-war boom, this era saw critical developments in governance, social policy, and global relations. The evolution of Canadian democracy, efforts towards economic and social equity, and shifts in national identity were all central to shaping modern Canada. The 1960s and 1970s, in particular, witnessed a growing awareness of Indigenous rights and environmental concerns, setting the stage for ongoing conversations about reconciliation and sustainability. Additionally, Canada’s evolving role on the world stage, as well as its embrace of multiculturalism, helped define its unique identity as a nation. This essay will examine the progress made in Canada during these decades across six key areas: Governance and Democracy, Economic and Social Equity, Canada in the Global Context, Canadian Identity and Multiculturalism, Environmental Sustainability, and Indigenous Perspectives and Reconciliation. Governance and Democracy -​ Governance and democratic structures had evolved from the 1930s to 1980s with the development of civil rights, political parties, and legislative reforms. -​ As Canada moved away from its colonial roots and towards a more independent nation, political reforms were essential -​ Canadian Bill of Rights, Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Medicare and Canada Pension Plan -​ Timeline of PMs -​ Parliament structure Economic and social equity -​ Oil and gas development -​ Trans-canada pipeline ( briefly )  -​ Trans-canada highway ( briefly ) Canada in the global context -​ UN, NATO, NORAD, OAS -​ Some of the events that showed our role in different global organizations are Cuban Missile Crisis(Fidel Castro), Moscow Olympics Boycott, Vietnam War, October Crisis, Suez Crisis Canadian Identity and Multiculturalism -​ Bilingualism(Official languages act), Multiculturalism Act, Quiet Revolution in Quebec, Referendum on Quebec Sovereignty (Parti Quebecois), Indian Act, Red Scare Environmental Sustainability -​ Between the 1930s and 1980s, environmental sustainability emerged as a growing concern in Canada, influenced by industrialization, urbanization, and increased resource extraction. As the country’s economy expanded, particularly during the post-World War II boom, the impact of rapid development on Canada’s vast natural landscapes became more evident -​ St. Lawrence Seaway, trans-canada highway, pipeline -​ Canadian Environmental Assessment Act Indigenous Perspectives and Reconciliation -