History Midterm Exam Notes PDF

The Spark - Details about Franz Ferdinand. Who is on this doc Assassination : Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist. Impact: His death triggered a series of events that led to the outbreak of...

The Spark - Details about Franz Ferdinand. Who is on this doc Assassination : Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb nationalist. Impact: His death triggered a series of events that led to the outbreak of World War I, as Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, leading to a chain reaction among allied nations. Canadian Identity - When and How Did It Develop? Emergence: Canadian identity began to solidify during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, influenced by factors like immigration, language, and regional diversity. War Influence: Participation in WWI fostered a sense of national pride and unity, as Canadians fought alongside British forces, leading to greater recognition of Canada as an independent nation. Canada Joining the War - Attitudes, Society at the Time, Enlisting, Economy of War Initial Enthusiasm: Many Canadians initially supported the war effort, driven by patriotism and a sense of duty. Enlistment: Over 600,000 Canadians enlisted, with recruitment drives and propaganda encouraging participation. Economic Impact: The war stimulated the economy through munitions production, agriculture, and manufacturing, but also led to inflation and labor shortages. War Measures Act Enacted: Passed in 1914, it allowed the government to assume greater control over the economy and society during wartime. Consequences: Included censorship, internment of enemy aliens, and restrictions on civil liberties to maintain national security. Life in the Trenches Conditions: Soldiers faced horrific living conditions, including mud, vermin, disease, and constant threat of enemy fire. Psychological Impact: Many suffered from shell shock (now known as PTSD) due to the stress and trauma of trench warfare. Battles: Ypres, Somme, Vimy Ridge, Canada’s Hundred Days  Ypres (1915): First major battle involving Canadian troops; marked the first use of chemical weapons. Somme (1916): One of the bloodiest battles; Canada faced heavy casualties but gained valuable experience. Vimy Ridge (1917): Significant Canadian victory; marked a turning point in national identity and military reputation. Canada’s Hundred Days (1918): A series of offensives that led to the final victory for the Allies, showcasing Canada’s military capabilities. Ypres (1915) Involved Forces: ○ Allied Forces: Primarily British Empire troops, including Canadian soldiers. ○ Central Powers: German army, which was the first to use chemical weapons in warfare. Somme (1916) Involved Forces: ○ Allied Forces: British and French forces, with significant contributions from Canadian troops. ○ Central Powers: German army, heavily fortified in their positions. Vimy Ridge (1917) Involved Forces: ○ Allied Forces: Canadian Corps, which was made up of four divisions that worked together. ○ Central Powers: German army, defending a strategically important ridge. Canada’s Hundred Days (1918) Involved Forces: ○ Allied Forces: Primarily Canadian Corps, which played a crucial role in several offensives during this period. ○ Central Powers: Mainly the German army, facing multiple attacks from the Allies. End of the War - Armistice/Outcomes Armistice: Signed on November 11, 1918, at 11 a.m., effectively ending fighting. Outcomes: Massive loss of life, reshaping of national borders, and laying the groundwork for future conflicts, including WWII. Treaty of Versailles Signed: In 1919, it officially ended the war. Terms: Imposed heavy reparations on Germany, redrew European borders, and established the League of Nations, aiming to prevent future conflicts. League of Nations Founded: Established as part of the Treaty of Versailles, aimed at promoting peace and cooperation among nations. Challenges: Lacked enforcement power and ultimately failed to prevent aggression, leading to WWII. British North America Act Date: Enacted in 1867. Purpose: Established the Dominion of Canada, uniting Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Significance: Laid the foundation for Canadian Confederation and created a framework for governance. Residential Schools Definition: Institutions aimed at assimilating Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Duration: Operated from the late 19th century until the 1990s. Impact: Led to cultural loss, trauma, and intergenerational effects on Indigenous communities; significant part of Canada’s colonial history. Land Acknowledgements Purpose: Recognize the traditional territories of Indigenous peoples prior to colonial settlement. Significance: Acknowledge historical injustices and promote reconciliation; often included at events and gatherings in Canada. First Explorers of Canada Notable Figures: John Cabot (1497), Jacques Cartier (1534), Samuel de Champlain (1608).  Contributions: Explored and mapped parts of Canada, established contact with Indigenous peoples, and laid the groundwork for future colonization. Indigenous Oral History Definition: Traditional stories and teachings passed down through generations by Indigenous peoples. Significance: Preserves cultural knowledge, values, and history; serves as an important method of education and community identity. M.A.I.N (Causes of WWI) Militarism: Arms race and military preparedness heightened tensions among nations. Alliances: Complex system of treaties and alliances created a web of obligations that escalated conflicts. Imperialism: Competition for colonies and resources led to rivalries and conflicts between European powers. Nationalism: Strong national pride and competition fueled desires for independence and dominance, contributing to the outbreak of war. The creeping barrage A military tactic in which artillery fire is directed just ahead of advancing infantry to provide cover and suppress enemy defenses. The artillery "creeps" forward in timed increments to allow soldiers to move under its protection. -Originated during World War I as armies sought solutions to break through entrenched enemy lines. Inspired by the need to coordinate artillery and infantry movements effectively. The creeping barrage was mainly used in Vimy Ridge.