Globalization of Religion PDF

GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION WHAT IS RELIGION? GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION RELIGION-is a set of belief, practices, and values that guide the behavior and worldview of a group of people. It often involves the worship of one or more deities and can provide a framework for understanding the purpose...

GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION WHAT IS RELIGION? GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION RELIGION-is a set of belief, practices, and values that guide the behavior and worldview of a group of people. It often involves the worship of one or more deities and can provide a framework for understanding the purpose of life. Religion has played the significant role in human history, shaping culture, politics, and social norms. GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION The major religions of the world include Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism and many others. Christianity, is the most largest religion with over 2.4 billion followers, and it based on the life and teaching of Jesus Christ. Islam, the second largest religion, with over 1.9 billion followers and is based of teaching prophet Muhammad Hinduism, with over 1.2 billion followers, is the oldest religion in the world and is mainly practice in India. GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Buddhism, with over 535 million followers, is based on the teaching of Sidharta Gautama in is practice in many parts of Asia. Sikhism, with over 30 million followers, originated in India and emphasizes the importance of quality and services. Judaism, with over 14 million followers is based on the belief of one God and the covenant between God and Jewish people. GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION The link between religion and globalization is complex and multifaceted. On the one hand, globalization has led to the spread of religious ideas and practices around the world, as people move, communicate and share information more easily than ever before. This has led to the growth of new religious movements and increased visibility of traditional religions in new parts of the world. On the other hand, globalization has also a challenged traditional religious beliefs and practices, as people encounter new ideas and ways of life that may conflict with their religious teachings. GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION For instance the rise of secularism and individualism in Western societies has led to a decline in religion participation and influence. Technology has played a significant role in globalization of religion. The internet, social media and other forms of digital communication have made it easier for religious groups to connect with people around the world and to spread their ideas to new audiences. This has led to the growth of online religious communities and increased visibility of religious ideas and practices and global public sphere.  GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION The process of globalization and regionalization reemerged during the 1980’s and heightened after the end of the Cold War in 1990’s. At first, it seems that these two processes are contradicting- the very nature of globalizations is, by definition, global while regionalization is naturally regional. In a 2007 survey, the Financial Times revealed that majority of Europeans consider that globalization brings negative effects to their societies. Many policy makers and scholars think that globalization must be regulated and managed. The threats of “ ungoverned globalization” can be countered what Jacoby and Meunier called managed globalization; it refers to “all attempts to make globalization more palatable to citizens”  GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION It is important, however, to consider the gradual development of interregional relations such as Association of South East Asian Nation(ASEAN),the European Union (EU), or the South American trade bloc.  GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION GLOBALIZATION- The growing interdependence of the worlds economies, culture, populations, brought about by cross-border, trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people and information. REGIONALIZATION- The process of dividing area into a smaller segments or units. Ex. Division of the nation into state or provinces  ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION 5 DIFFERENT PERSPRCTIVE REGARDING THE ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION ✓ HARDWIRED- According to Nayan Chanda, It is because of our basic human need to make our lives better that globalization possible. ✓ CYCLES- For some, globalization is a long term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task. What the important is the cycles that globalization has gone through. ✓ EPOCH- Ritzer cited Therborn’s six great epochs of globalization. These are so called “waves” and each has its own origin. ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION 6 GREAT EPOHCS ✓ 1. Globalization of religion (4th to 7th centuries) ✓ 2. European colonial conquest ( late 15th centuries) ✓ 3. Intra-European wars (late 18th to early 19th centuries) ✓ 4. Heyday of European Imperialism ( mid-19th centuries) ✓ 5. Post-World War II period ✓ 6. Post-Cold War period ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION ✓ EVENT-Specific events are also considered as part of the forth view in explaining the origin of globalization. ✓ Examples: Gibbon (1998) argued that Roman conquests centuries before Christ were its origin. ✓ The rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe in the thirteenth century. ✓ Rosenthal (2007) gave premium to voyages of discovery- Christopher Columbus’ discovery of America in 1942, Vasco de Gama Cape of Good Hope in 1498, and Ferdinand Magellan’s completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522. ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION The recent years could also be regarded as the beginnings of globalization with reference to a specific technological advances in transportation and communication. Some example include the first transatlantic telephone cable (1956) The first transatlantic television broadcast (1962) The founding of the modern internet in 1988 The terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New York in 2001  ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES- Recent changes comprised the fifth view. These broad changes happened in the last half of the 20th century. Scholars today point three notable changes as the origin of globalization that we know today. They are as follows: 1. The emergence of the United States as the global power (post-World War II) 2. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs) 3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.  GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY DEMOGRAPHY- the study of the worldwide population rather than the population of a specific country, region, or city. Global demography is useful because it provides the "big picture" of the entire human population without influence from local economic, cultural, or geographic factors. Demographic Transition- is a singular historical period during which mortality and fertility rates decline from high to low levels in a particular country or region. The transition started in mid-or late 1700s in Europe. During that time, death rates and fertility began to decline. High to low fertility happened 200 years in France and 100 years in the United States. In other parts of world, the transition began later. It was only twentieth century that mortality decline in Africa and Asia, with the exemption of Japan. According to Madison (2001), life expectancy in India was only 24 years in the early 20 th century the same life expectancy occurred in China 1929 until 1931. Fertility decline in Asia did not begin until the 1950s and so on.  GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY In the case of Japan, it was until 1930s that “total fertility rate did not drop below five births per woman”. This resulted in rapid population growth after the Second World War, affecting the age structure of Asia and developing world was caused by the decline of infant and child mortality rates. The West on the other hand, experienced baby boom that resulted from rising birth rates.  GLOBAL MIGRATION Another term for global migration is international migration. This type of migration occurs when people cross state boundaries and stay in a host state for a certain amount of time. People migrate (move) across the globe, either voluntarily or involuntarily (forced). With the latter, the movement is not of the person's own will, where people may be forced to migrate from conflict or natural disaster. This freedom of movement is a protected human right. You can read more about human rights in our Human Rights explanation!  GLOBAL MIGRATION Migrants A migrant is a person who is moving from one place to another. Someone may be considered a migrant regardless of a person's legal status, the cause of migration (voluntary or involuntary), or how long they intend to stay.  GLOBAL MIGRATION There are different types of migrants Asylum seeker: this is a person who is applying for asylum. Usually, asylum seekers have had to flee their home countries and cannot return due to fear of persecution, or even death. An asylum seeker searches for international protection, however, the claim for refugee status has not yet (and may not at all) been granted. Refugee: A refugee describes someone who is leaving a country (or fleeing), due to things like conflict or natural disaster, or other forms of persecution. Legally speaking, a refugee is an asylum seeker whose claim for asylum has been successful, meaning they are granted refugee status in a new country to live there permanently. Economic migrant: a person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to seek, by legal or illegal means, employment in another country.  GLOBAL MIGRATION Types of migration Although migration always involves the movement of a person from one place to another, there can be many reasons for this movement and many different ways it can occur. This gives rise to different types of migration: Labor migration Labor migration is the movement of individuals from one country to another for work, or in response to recruitment drives. High-skilled labor migration is a type of migration most demanded by host countries looking to attract highly skilled workers. In most cases, countries seek highly skilled workers in certain occupations when there is a shortage. This type of migration is not as common.  GLOBAL MIGRATION Forced migration Forced migration may occur when people are forced to flee their home country due to conflict or political repression (refugees and asylum seekers). Forced migration can also happen due to natural disasters, limited food production and water insecurity, (often exacerbated by climate change). Human trafficking is also characterized by forced migration. Internal migration Separately to international and global migration, this type of migration involves a person moving from one area to another within the same country, such as from the north of England to the south of England. No international borders are crossed.  GLOBAL MIGRATION Why do people migrate? International migration can have so-called 'push' and 'pull' factors: Push factors are based upon the country of origin. These are factors which may cause the migrants to have the desire to move. Examples: Wars, conflict, political instability, and economic crisis Ethnic and religious persecution  Pull factors are based upon the intended destination of the migrant (the host country). These are factors that attract people to a new place. Examples: Better quality of life and standard of living Varied employment opportunities, higher wages THANK YOU!