TCW-REVIEW-THIS-GHURL PDF - History of Palestine
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This document provides a historical overview of Palestine, covering various periods from ancient settlements to modern conflicts. It details events including the Canaan settlement, the rise of Islam, and the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The text includes a discussion of international law and global governance related to the situation.
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1. Canaan Settlement (Ancient Period) - Israelites settled between the River Jordan and the Mediterranean, calling the region Canaan. - The Philistines lived in Philistia. 2. Kingdom of Israel - The 12 Israelite tribes formed the Kingdom of Israel with Jerusalem as its capital. - The kingdo...
1. Canaan Settlement (Ancient Period) - Israelites settled between the River Jordan and the Mediterranean, calling the region Canaan. - The Philistines lived in Philistia. 2. Kingdom of Israel - The 12 Israelite tribes formed the Kingdom of Israel with Jerusalem as its capital. - The kingdom divided into Israel and Judea, giving rise to the term "Jews." 3. Invasions and Captivity - Assyrians and Babylonians invaded, burning Jerusalem and exiling Jews to Babylon. 4. Persian and Greek Periods - Persians freed Jews to rebuild the temple. - Greeks banned Jewish practices, sparking the Maccabean revolt (Hanukkah). 5. Rise of Islam and Arab Rule - Muhammad established an Islamic state in Medina, leading to Arab conquest of Palestine. - The Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem. - The Crusaders briefly captured Jerusalem but were defeated by Muslims under Salahuddin. 6. Ottoman and Zionist Movement - Ottoman Empire captured Palestine, and Jews began migrating to the region. - Theodor Herzl's Zionist movement sought a Jewish homeland in Palestine. - Jewish immigration increased, leading to tensions with Arab Palestinians. 7. World War I & British Mandate - Britain supported a Jewish homeland in Palestine with the Balfour Declaration (1917). - Post-WWI, Britain took control of Palestine, increasing Jewish immigration. 8. UN Partition Plan (1947) - The UN proposed dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states. - Arabs rejected the plan, leading to civil war. 9. Israeli Independence & Nakba (1948) - Israel declared independence, leading to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. 10. 1967 Six-Day War - Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, capturing the West Bank, Gaza, Golan Heights, and Sinai Peninsula. 11. PLO and Resistance - The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed in 1964. - The PLO declared Palestine's independence in exile (1988). 12. Oslo Accords & Peace Efforts - In the 1990s, the Oslo Accords aimed at a two-state solution. - Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated (1995), halting peace efforts. 13. Second Intifada and Gaza Blockade - The Second Intifada erupted in 2000 after Ariel Sharon’s visit to Al-Aqsa. - Hamas won the Gaza elections (2006), leading to a blockade and violent clashes with Fatah. 14. Recent Developments (2020s) - The U.S. recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital (2017). - Hamas launched a large-scale attack on Israel in October 2023, leading to Israel's response with extensive bombings. 15. Ongoing Issues - Continued violence, settlement expansions, and humanitarian crises, particularly in Gaza. - International criticism of Israeli policies and U.S. involvement persists. A political map - shows the world with countries, sovereign states and dependencies or areas of special sovereignty. STATE - independent political entity - enjoys freedom from external control ELEMENTS OF A STATE: 1. People - an entity can have billions of people 2. Territory - Aerial, Terrestrial, Fluvial and Maritime 3. Government - institution of a ruling power - has national bureaucracy 4. Sovereignty - ability to carry out actions or policies - controls money - controls legitimate use - makes rules within territory NATION - a large body of people united by common descent - imagined communities - notion of unity around religion BENEDICT ANDERSON - shares same culture NATION-STATE -form of political organization in which a group of people under one government A nation-state should have: Shared national identity Physical borders Single government Westphalian System process of 1648 Spanish-Dutch treaty - signed on January 30, 1648 The Treaty of October 24, 1648 - comprehended: Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III, other German princes, France and Sweden - Not represented in 2 assemblies: England, Poland, Russia and Ottoman Empire GLOBAL GOVERNANCE - sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, private or public , manage their common affairs (Commission on Global Governance) Collection of governance-related activities, rules and mechanisms (Kams & Mingst) Concrete cooperative problem-solving (Thomas G, Weiss) Movement towards political cooperation Jus Cogens - override Treaty - agreement Subjects of international law - person or entity Doctrine of Transformation - perception of two distinct systems of law, ‘transformed’ customary use Doctrine of Incorporation - international law is part of municipal law, ‘automatically’, domestic law Doctrine of Stare Decisis - follow historical cases International Law - set or body of rules generally regarded and accepted in relations among international subjects. 5 sources of international law treaties: treaties or conventions; customary practices; the writings of legal scholars; judicial decisions; general principles of law 1. International Treaties - cogent source, ‘hard law” 2. International Customs - obligatory/obligations, ‘opinio juris sive necessitatis’ 3. General Principles of International Law - vague and controversial, ‘virtually’ 4. Judicial decisions - competent publicists International norms - standards of behavior such as human rights International organizations such as the UN, WTO Advocates of human rights Issues Resolved: 1) Human Rights - individual can demand rights 2) The Protection of Individuals During Wars and Armed Conflicts - humanitarian law 3) The Fight Against Terrorism and Other Serious Crimes - threats 4) Environment - protecting climate change & natural resources 5) Trade and Development - international order 6) Telecommunications - telephone call abroad 7) Transport - international air & rail travel UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED) Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1. UNITED NATIONS - 1945, Member countries: 193, Headquarters: New York City,United States to promote international peace and stability, human rights, and economic development 2. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATIONS (NATO) - 1949, MC: 30, Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium to safeguard its members’ freedom and security by both political and military means 3. EUROPEAN UNION (EU) - 1993, MC: 27, H: Brussels, Belgium to help member countries cooperate on economic, political, and security matters 4. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) - 1995, MC: 164, H: Geneva, Switzerland To manage the rules of international trade, and ensure the fair and equitable treatment of all members 5. GROUP OF TWENTY(G20) - 1999, MC: 20, H: Washington, D.C to convene officials from the world’s largest economies, both advanced 6. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) - 2002, MC: 123, H: The Hague, Netherlands to investigate and try those charged with crimes NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE - socio-economic and political grouping of states - created during COLD WAR ERA, mid-20th century - “developed and developing countries” NORTH - 1st world states and most 2nd world states - Australia, New Zealand, Soviet Union, China, Japan, South Korea, US, CANADA SOUTH - 3rd world states - Philippines, Venezuela, Egypt, Papua New Guinea, Africa, South America, Asia, Latin America - Carl Oglesby: wrote liberal Catholic Journal Commonweal - low GDP and high POPULATION COLD WAR - struggle between 2 world superpowers: United States of America (USA) & Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) IN 1947, end of WWII DEC. 26, 1991 - dissolution of Soviet Union Brandt Line - 1980s, geographically split: richer | poorer nations Argentina, Malaysia & Botswana - above GDP but still part of GLOBAL SOUTH Ukraine - poorer India - largest concentration of poor people Conditions of Economic Progress - by Colin Clark in 1940 - world to be hopelessly poor place Third World - introduced in 1952 by French historian Alfred Sauvy First State - clergy and monarch Second State - nobility Third State - balance of 18th century French population = 98% A. FIRST WORLD - non-Communist B. SECOND WORLD - Communist ASIAN-AFRICAN CONFERENCE - by Egypt, Indonesia, Burma & 3 powers of Indian: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) - held in Bandung, Indonesia - led the development of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC) Developed by 5 developing countries Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, & Venezuela at Baghdad Conference GROUP OF 77 - BY INDIA joined by BRAZIL with 130 members NATIONAL ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) or the Communist Bloc United Nations - diminish divide throught Millenium Development Goals 2030 Agenda for SDG ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) - alliance of 10 member Asian States - promote intergovernmental cooperation ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) - regional forum by 21 member states to support sustainable economic growth EUROPEAN UNION (EU) ASEAN PLUS THREE (APT) - cooperation process began in 1997 - regional organization CONTRUCTIVISTS - norms of cooperation - ASEAN as a grand norm CULTURE - accumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values - totality of the person’s learned, accumulated experience - way of life of a group of people, language, art, faith/religion CULTURAL DETERMINISM - ideas, meanings, beliefs & values learn as members of community Optimistic version - inifinitely malleable Pessimistic version - people are what they are conditioned to be - passive creatures 1. LOW CULTURE - habits, tastes & interests of the masses E.g. enjoiying gossips, magazines, pop music, and reality telivision 2. HIGH CULTURE - upper-class elites - theater, opera, fine art, horse riding, expensive wine MAINSTREAM CULTURE - widespread culture in social media NORMS - rules that are socially enforced 1. FOLKWAYS - customs not written, intuition as we grow up 2. TABOOS - negative forms, things that people find offensive 3. MORES - moral norms, if you break them you would be seen as immoral, often linked to religious rules. 4. LAWS - legal or illegal, you could get in trouble for breaking them SUBCULTURE - smaller group of people separate from mainstream culture - consistent with the mainstream culture - e.g. LGBT community, bodybuilders,grunge COUNTERCULTURE - odds with the prevailing ideas - inconsistent with the ideas of mainstream culture - e.g. Suffragettes, Hippies & polygamists CULTURAL ETHNOCENTRISM - one’s own culture is superior to other cultures - reduces the “other way” ACCULTURATION - adaptation process that occurs when 2 or more cultures come into contact. - adopting new beliefs - doesn’t require rejection ASSIMILATION - more extreme form of cultural change, involves the complete adoption CULTURAL RELATIVISM - different cultural groups think, feel differently - no specific standards - no universal right way - cultural differences between societies Feminism - notion & advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of equality of the sexes - belief in the social, economic and political equality of the sexes 19th century in France - GERMANY; HUSBAND SELL THEIR WIFE Early 20th century - women could neither vote nor hold elective office I EUROPE HUMAN VOICE - form of media, technological means of mass media 1920’s & 1960’s - radio and television 1990’s & up - use of internet MARSHALL MCLUHAN - MEDIA THEORIST, AUTHOR OF 1967 book “The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects” - famous phrase, “The Medium is the message” Smart Phone - not only a bearer of message, but also shapes the social behavior of an individual that makes up a family THE DARK SIDE OF SOCIAL MEDIA 7.7 BILLION POPULATION ACCORD. TO WORLD METER & INTERNET - 7.6 billion users 1. TROLLING - creating discord on the Internet by starting quarrels - off topic 2. FAKE NEWS - depend on websites that display the content that attracts the most attention 3. CYBER BULLYING - takes place over digital devices - Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 (RA 10627); REVISED PENAL CODEA DN THE CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT CYBERLIBEL - holds liable only the original author 4. PRIVACY OF INFORMATION - RA 10173 / DATA PRIVACY ACT; protect all forms of information 5. CATFISHING - “Online Dating” - creates fake profiles on social media - TINDER “CHANGE IS INEVITABLE” SOCIAL MEDIA FAST - buzzing around where individuals abstain from any sort of Social Media Network for a week or more to “reconnect” with the non-virtual world. NON-VIOLENT MOVEMENTS - DESMOND TUTU; MAHATMA GHANDI; MARTIN LUTHER KING RELIGION - focus on what’s sacred RELIGIOUS PEOPLE - less concerned with wealth GLOBALISTS - less worried whether they end up in Heaven or Hell INTERFAITH DIALOGUE - RESOLVE INTERFAITH TENSIONS 2007; 138 MUSLIM SCHOLARS COMMON WRD BETWEEN US AND YOU - statement that declared common ground between Christianity and Islam CITIES - ecosystem for businesses and innovation GLOBAL CITY - urban center that enjoys significant competitive advantages 1st global cities- London, New York City & Tokyo Others: Amsterdam, Frankurt, Houston, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Paris, Sao Paolo, Sydney, Zurich and Singapore A.T KEARNEY - GLOBAL MANAGEMENT CONSULTING FIRM - business activity; 30%, human capital;30%, informatione exchange;15%, cultural experience;15%, political management;10% - New York: world leader in global cities index Leads in business activity and human capital - Paris: leader in information exchange - London: cultural experience - Washington D.C: political engagement Personal wellbeing;25%, economics;25%, innovation;25%, governance;25% SAN FRANCISCO - leader in general outlook and innovation MELBOURNE - LEADS IN personal well-being NEW YORK - Economics GENEVA & ZURICH - governance DEMOGRAPHY - study of human populations, size, composition and distribution across space. BIG THREE IN demography: BIRTHS, DEATHS & MIGRATION Produces stability or change DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION - declines in fertility and mortality that started in Europe from 18th - 19th century (LESTHAENGE) THOMAS MALTHUS - refers to equilibrium, devised two natural responses: POSITIVE CHECK - mortality response, faster population response - rise of famines, wars and diseases /MISERY. PREVENTIVE CHECK - marriage postponement lead to prostitution and contraception /VICES. 4 MAJOR TURNS IN DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION: 1. Mortality decline 2. Reduced fertility 3. Decreasing population growth 4. Population aging 1st DT FERTITLITY DECLINE - EUROPE: 40%, bearing and rearing of children - contraceptive POPULATION GROWTH - RAPID GLOBAL CONVERGENCE POPULATION AGING - lowering fertility & greater longevity of life 2ND DT EXPECTS NO SUCH STABILITY AS THE END POINT Declining of population sizes if not replaced by immigrants “multicultural societies” MIGRATION - crossing the boundary of a political/administrative unit UNESCO: TWO MAJOR TYPES OF MIGRATION: 1) Internal Migration - movement of people within one country from one area to another. 2) International Migration - crossing the boundary of one state to another Types of International Migrants: 1. Temporary labour migrants / guest-workers/OCW - migrate for a limited period to take up employment 2. Highly skilled and business migrants - people with very high qualifications who move within internal labour markets of transnational corporations 3. Irregular migrants / illegal migrants - enter a country w/out necessary documents 4. Refugees - person residing outside his country of nationality who is unable to return 5. Asylum-seekers: people who move across borders in search for protection 6. Forced migrants - forced to move by environment catastrophes 7. Family members /family reunion migrants - belonging to the same family crossing borders to join people 8. Return migrants - people who return to their countries of origin after a period in another country. TRANSNATIONAL NETWORK - can take the form of transnational corporations. Theories of the causes of migration: 1. Neo-classical Economic Perspective - disparity in levels of income and employment. 2. New Economics of Labour Migration’ Approach - perspective propounds that chances to secure employment 3. The Development Perspective - migration is both a result and cause of development 4. Migration System Theory - migration system is comprised of 2 or more states 5. The Refugee Phenomenon Perspective - most dramatic form of migration Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) SEBASTIAN PLOCEINNIK - states that global economy had become a sphere of extreme uncertainty and risk at the 1st decade of the 21st century. ULRICH BECK - GERMAN SOCIOLOGIST - coined the term “risk society” - asserts the inability of modern societies to produce enough stability & sustainability STABILITY - firmness in position / permanence International Monetary Fund (IMF) - describing it as avoiding large swings in economic activity. “Economy is Stable” - syste is in one of the calm phases of the business cycle JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES - government should interfere and raise spending in harsh times, in order to prevent long-lasting depressions MILTON FRIEDMAN - coined the term “monetarism” SUSTAINABILITY - long term capacities of a system to exist BRUNDTLAND REPORT - development meets the needs of the present KYOTO PROTOCOL - reduce greenhouse gases United Nations (September 2000) - Millennium Summit Adopted the UN Millennium Declaration 2015; Millenium Development Goals MDG - 15 year period Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - “Global Goals” - new set of goals that guide policy and funding for the next 15 years on Sept. 25, 2015, EFFECTIVE: JAN. 2016 UNTIL 2030 2030 AGENDA - 17 SDGs CITIZENSHIP - Political and legal term, one’s membership to a polity particularly a democratic state. - owing allegiance to a sovereign state CITIZEN - individuals with distinct relationships to the state - someone who owns allegiance to the sovereign state GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP or COSMOPOLITANISM - moral and ethical disposition that can guide the understanding of individuals or groups of local and global contexts - way of living that recognizes our world GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP - nurtures personal respect and respect for others - acquired social identity that is shaped by how individuals prioritize values such as universalism & self-enhancement SHERMAN - states that GC usually involves 3 dimensions: awareness (of self and others); responsibility; participation DIOGENES - 412 BC - 323 BC: cry to be a “citizen of the world”, coined cosmopolitanism DESMOND TUTU - “My humanity is caught up and inextricably bound up in yours” CONFUCIANISM - concern for “all under heaven” (tianxia) or unity of heaven and man WHY THE NEED FOR GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP The fact that there is no world government There is no governing body that has the power to call for every human person However, it is a reality that everyone is affected, one way or another to all the things that are happening around us. UNITED NATIONS - LEADING ORGANIZATION of states in the world, has issued a number of covenants, policies and agreements GAWAD KALINGA - social-cultural-economic aspect in the Philippines GRAMEEN BANK - Bangladesh ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE - Spain OXFAM INTERNATIONAL - England GLOBAL CITIZEN - any person who not only feels a sense of civic responsibility to his or her local community, but also to the greater human race - doesn’t have to owe allegiance to any state or any global organization, but rather to the common good. A community is not defined by borders and labels but rather by the commonalities that all humans share. Hannah Arendt - “as an ethic of care for the world” YOLANDA / HAIYAN - typhoon that hits the PH in 2013 The World Values Survey - started by scientiests in 1981. - often conducted F2F with representatives samples of adults - used by Researchers: Pippa Norries & Roland Inglehart - 82%; identified with their nation - 74%; higly proud of their nation - 68%; strong moderate degree of global citizenship BREXIT - the case of United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union Global citizens do not seem to like conformity, status quo and convention AFS PHILIPPINES - an international, voluntary, non-governmental, non-profit organization that provides intercultural learning opportunities to help people develop the knowledge, skills and understanding. 5 REASONS: 1. Embodying global competence; 2. Empowering the 21st century educators and institutions; 3. Connect and build network of people; 4. Coping up in the technological and educational innovation; 5. Understand and resolve global issues.