Tasheel Al-Nahw PDF

َ‫تَسَهَيَلََالنَحَو‬ TASHEEL AL-NAHW based on ‘Ilm al-Nahw of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali  Copyright © DÉr al-Sa‘Édah Publications 2011 First Online Edition July 2011 “General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered dupli...

َ‫تَسَهَيَلََالنَحَو‬ TASHEEL AL-NAHW based on ‘Ilm al-Nahw of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali  Copyright © DÉr al-Sa‘Édah Publications 2011 First Online Edition July 2011 “General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.” In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.  TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents i List of Tables vii Introduction to the Text & Translation ix ُ‫ات الا َعَربِيَّة‬ ِ ‫ – اَاِْل‬Arabic Terms ُ ‫صط ََل َح‬ ‫ا‬ xi CHAPTER 1 1 1.1. ‫ح ُو‬ ‫ – اَلنَّ ا‬Arabic Grammar 1 1.2 ُ‫ – اَلا َكلِ َمة‬The Word 2 ‫ – اِ اسم‬Noun 2 ‫ – فِ اعل‬Verb 2 ‫ – َح ارف‬Particle 3 1.3 4 ِ ‫ – أَقاسام‬Types of Noun ‫اْل اس ِم‬ 4 َُ ِ ‫ – أَقا َس ُام الاف اع ِل‬Types of Verb 4 ‫ف‬ِ ‫الر‬ ‫ – أَقا َس ُام اَا‬Types of Particle 4 ُ َ‫ – اَ اْلُ َم ُل َو الا ُمَرَّكب‬Sentences and Phrases 1.4 ‫ات‬ 6 1.4.1 ‫َبيَِّة‬ ََِ‫اْل‬‫اْلُ املَ ِة ا‬‫أَقا َس ُام ا‬ 6 ‫ – جُالَة اِ اِسيَّة َخ ََِبيَّة‬Nominal Sentence 6 ‫ – جُالَة فِ اعلِيَّة َخ ََِبيَّة‬Verbal Sentence 7 1.4.2 ‫شائِيَّ ِة‬ َ ‫اْلُ املَ ِة ا ِلنا‬ ‫أَقا َس ُام ا‬ 8 1.4.3 ‫ص‬ ِ ِ‫ب النَّاق‬ ِ ‫ – أَقاس ُام الامرَّك‬Types of Phrases 9 َُ َ ِ 1. ‫كب تَ اوصايفى‬ ِ َّ‫ – ُمر‬Descriptive Phrase 9 َ 2. ‫ضاف‬ ِ ِ َّ َ ‫ – ُمَركب إ‬Possessive Phrase 9 3. ‫شا ِرى‬ َ ِ‫ – ُمَرَّكب إ‬Demonstrative Phrase 10 4. ‫ َع َد ِدى‬/‫كب بِنَائِي‬ َّ‫ – ُمر‬Numerical Phrase 10 َ 5. ‫ف‬ ِ ‫الصر‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ َّ ‫ك‬‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ – ُ َ َ ا ُ َّ ا‬Indeclinable Phrase 11 1.4.4 Additional Notes About ‫سيَّة‬ ِ‫جلَة اِ ا‬ ‫ُا‬ 13 Summary 14 i 1.5 15 ِ‫ – ع ََلمات ا‬Signs of a Noun ‫اْل اس ِم‬ ُ َ َ 15 ‫ات الا ِف اع ِل‬ ُ ‫ – َع ََل َم‬Signs of a Verb 15 ‫ف‬ِ ‫الر‬ ‫ – َع ََل َمةُ اَا‬Sign of a Particle 15 1.5.1 General Notes 16 1.6 ‫ض َمائُِر‬ َّ ‫ – اَل‬Personal Pronouns 17 1.7 ُ‫ارة‬ َّ َ‫اْل‬ ‫وف ا‬ ُ ‫ – اَ الُار‬Prepositions 18 1.8 ‫شبَّ َهةُ بِالا ِف اع ِل‬ َ ‫وف الا ُم‬ ُ ‫ – اَ الُُر‬Those Particles That Resemble the Verb 20 1.9 ُ‫صة‬ ِ ُ ‫ – اَالَفا ع‬Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs َ ‫ال النَّاق‬ َ 22 CHAPTER 2 25 ‫ – المعرب و المبنى‬Declinable and Indeclinable Nouns 2.1 25 ‫اب‬ِ ‫ال اعر‬ ِ ُ ‫ – َع ََل َم‬Signs of I‘raab َ ‫ات ا‬ 25 ‫ب‬ ِ ‫ت الام اعر‬ َ ُ ُ ‫ – َح َاْل‬Conditions of Mu‘rab 25 Difference Between ‫ض َّمة‬ َ – ‫ َك اسَرة – فَ ات َحة‬and ‫ضم‬ َ – ‫َك اسر – فَ اتح‬ 26 2.2 ‫ن‬‫ – اَلا َماب ِ ى‬Indeclinable Noun 27 2.3 ‫ب‬ ُ ‫ – اَلا ُم اعَر‬Declinable Noun 28 ِ ‫ – أَقاسام االَ اس‬Types of Indeclinable Nouns 2.4 ‫اء الا َمابنِيَّ ِة‬ َ َُ 29 2.4.1 ‫ض َمائُِر‬ َّ ‫ – اَل‬Personal Pronouns 30 2.4.2 ُ‫وصولَة‬ ُ ‫ اَالَ اسَاءُ الا َم‬- Relative Pronouns 36 2.4.3 ِ‫ارة‬ َ ‫ – أَ اسَاءُ اال َش‬Demonstrative Pronouns 39 2.4.4 ‫ال‬ ِ ‫ – أَ اسَاء االَفا ع‬Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs 41 َ ُ 2.4.5 ‫ص َوات‬ ِ ‫ – أَ اسَاءُ االَ ا‬Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound 42 2.4.6 ‫وف‬ ِ ‫ – أَ اساء الاظُر‬Adverbs ُ َُ 43 ِ‫الزمان‬ َ َّ ‫ف‬ ُ ‫ – ظَار‬Adverb of Time 43 ِ ‫ف الام َك‬ ‫ان‬ َ ُ ‫ – ظَار‬Adverb of Place 45 2.4.7 ‫ات‬ ِ ‫ – أَ اساء الا ِكنَاي‬Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified 47 َ َُ Quantity 2.4.8 ‫ب الابِنَائِ ىي‬ ُ ‫ – اَلا ُمَرَّك‬Numerical phrase 47 2.5 ُ‫ – اَالَ اسَاءُ الا ُم اعَربَة‬Types of Declinable Nouns 48 ‫ص ِرف‬ َ ‫ُمان‬ 48 ii  ‫ص ِرف‬ ‫َغاي ُر ُمان َ‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫الصر ِ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫اب َمان ِع َّ ا‬ ‫أَ اسبَ ُ‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫َس ِاء الامعرب ِ‬ ‫ات ‪2.6‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫اب أَقا َسام اال اَ ُ ا ََ‬‫‪ – I‘raab of the Various Types of Mu‘rab Nouns‬إ اعَر ُ‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪CHAPTER 3‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪Further Discussion of Nouns‬‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪ – Relative Adjective‬اَاْل اس ُم الا َمان ُس او ُ‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪ – Diminutive Noun‬اَاِْلسم الات ِ‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫صغيُ‬ ‫اُ َ ا‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬ ‫‪ – Definite and Common Nouns‬اَلا َم اع ِرفَةُ َو النَّكَِرةُ‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫‪ – Masculine and Feminine Nouns‬اَاِْل اس ُم الا ُم َذ َّكُر َو الا ُم َؤن ُ‬ ‫َّث‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫احد َو تَثانِيَة َو جَاع‬ ‫‪ – Singular, Dual and Plural‬و ِ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫اْلَ ام ِع‬ ‫‪ – Types of Plural‬أَقا َس ُام ا‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪3.7‬‬ ‫وعات‬ ‫‘‪َ - Words Which Are Always Marfoo‬م ارفُ َ‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫اعل ‪3.7.1‬‬ ‫‪ – Subject/Doer‬فَ ِ‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫ب الا َفاعِ ِل ‪3.7.2‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫فَاعل ‪ – Substitute of‬ف اع ُل َما ََلا يُ َس َّم فَاعلُهُ ‪ /‬نَائ ُ‬ ‫‪68‬‬ ‫ْي بِلَايس ‪3.7.3‬‬ ‫‪َْ, Which Is Similar‬ل ‪َ and‬ما ‪ – The Noun of‬اِ اسم َما و َْل اَلام َشبَّ َهتَ ا ِ‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ َ ُ‬ ‫لَايس ‪to‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫خبَ ُر َْل اَلَِِّت لِنَ اف ِي ا اْلانس ‪3.7.4‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪َْ Which Negates an Entire‬ل ‪َ of That‬خبَ ر ‪َ – The‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫)‪ِ (Class‬جانس‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫ص اوبَات‬ ‫‪َ – Words Which Are Always Mansoob‬مان ُ‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪َ – Object‬م افعُ اول بِِه ‪3.8.1‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫َم افعُ اول ُمطالَق ‪3.8.2‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫َجلِ ِه ‪َ /‬م اف ُعول لَهُ ‪3.8.3‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫َم افعُول ل ا‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫َم افعُ اول َم َعهُ ‪3.8.4‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫ف ‪ /‬م افعول فِ ِ‬ ‫يه ‪3.8.4‬‬ ‫اَلظَّار ُ َ ُ ا‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫ال ‪3.8.5‬‬ ‫‪ – State / Condition‬اَ الَ ُ‬ ‫‪76‬‬ ‫َّماي ُز ‪3.8.6‬‬ ‫اَلتَّميِي ز ‪ /‬اَلت ِ‬ ‫‪79‬‬ ‫ا اُ‬ ‫)‪ (Numerals‬أَ اسَاءُ الا َع َد ِد ‪Rules for‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫ستَثا ٰن ‪3.8.7‬‬ ‫اَلا ُم ا‬ ‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪3.9‬‬ ‫ات‬ ‫‪ – Words Which Are Always Majroor‬اَلا َم اجُراوَر ُ‬ ‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪3.10‬‬ ‫اَلتَّ َوابِ ُع‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪iii‬‬  ‫لص َفةُ ‪3.10.1‬‬ ‫ت أَاو اَ ِّ‬ ‫‪ – Adjective‬اَلن اَّع ُ‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪ – Emphasis‬اَلتَّأاكِاي ُد ‪3.10.2‬‬ ‫‪91‬‬ ‫‪ – Substitute‬اَلابَ َد ُل ‪3.10.3‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬ ‫س ِق ‪3.10.4‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ف النَّ َ‬ ‫‪َ – Conjunction‬عطاف بَارف‪َ /‬عطا ُ‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫عطاف الاب ي ِ‬ ‫ان ‪3.10.5‬‬‫َ ُ ََ‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪CHAPTER 4‬‬ ‫‪97‬‬ ‫‪ – Governing Words‬العوامل‬ ‫ف الاع ِ‬ ‫املَةُ ‪4.1‬‬ ‫‪ – Governing Particles‬اَ الُُراو ُ َ‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪Particles Which Govern Nouns‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫ضا ِرع ‪Particles Which Govern‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ف اعل ُم َ‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫ف النَّ ِ‬ ‫اصبَةُ ‪4.1.1‬‬ ‫‪ – Particles That Give Nasb‬اَ الُُراو ُ‬ ‫‪99‬‬ ‫اْلَا ِمَمةُ ‪4.1.2‬‬ ‫ف ا‬ ‫‪ – Particles That Give Jazm‬اَ الُُراو ُ‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫ال الاع ِ‬ ‫املَةُ ‪4.2‬‬ ‫‪ – Governing Verbs‬اَالَفا َع ُ َ‬ ‫‪104‬‬ ‫ل الا ُمتَ َع ِّدى ‪4.2.1‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪ – Transitive Verb‬اَلاف اع ُ‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫ىراوِع ‪4.2.2‬‬ ‫ال الامقارب ِة و َّ ِ‬ ‫الر َجاء َوالشُ‬‫أَفا َع ُ ُ َ ََ َ‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫ال الام اد ِح و َّ‬ ‫الذم ‪4.2.3‬‬ ‫‪ – Verbs of Praise and Blame‬أَفا َع ُ َ َ‬ ‫‪109‬‬ ‫َّع ىج ِ‬ ‫ب ‪4.2.4‬‬ ‫ال الت َ‬ ‫‪ – Verbs of Wonder‬أَفا َع ُ‬ ‫‪111‬‬ ‫‪ – Governing Nouns‬اَالَ اساء الاع ِ‬ ‫املَةُ ‪4.3‬‬ ‫َُ َ‬ ‫‪112‬‬ ‫َّر ِطيَّةُ ‪4.3.1‬‬ ‫‪ – Conditional Nouns‬اَالَ اسَاءُ الش ا‬ ‫‪112‬‬ ‫اِسم الا َف ِ‬ ‫اع ِل ‪4.3.2‬‬ ‫اُ‬ ‫‪114‬‬ ‫اِ اس ُم الا َم افعُ اوِل ‪4.3.3‬‬ ‫‪116‬‬ ‫لص َفةُ الام َشبَّهةُ بِاس ِم الا َف ِ‬ ‫اع ِل ‪4.3.4‬‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ا اس ُم ‪ – That Adjective Which Is Similar to‬اَ ِّ ُ َ ا‬ ‫‪117‬‬ ‫الا َف ِ‬ ‫اع ِل‬ ‫ضاي ِل ‪4.3.5‬‬‫اِسم التَّ اف ِ‬ ‫اُ‬ ‫‪118‬‬ ‫ص َد ُر ‪4.3.6‬‬ ‫اَلا َم ا‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫اف ‪4.3.7‬‬ ‫ض ُ‬‫اَلا ُم َ‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫اَاِْل اس ُم التَّامى ‪4.3.8‬‬ ‫‪121‬‬ ‫‪iv‬‬  ‫كنَايَِة ‪4.3.9‬‬ ‫أَ اساء الا ِ‬ ‫َُ‬ ‫‪122‬‬ ‫اِ اس ُم الا ُمبَالَغَ ِة ‪4.3.10‬‬ ‫‪123‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬ ‫ف الاغَاي ُر الا َع ِاملَ ِة‬‫‪ – Non-Governing Particles‬اَ الُُراو ُ‬ ‫‪124‬‬ ‫ف التَّ انبِاي ِه ‪1.‬‬ ‫‪ُ – Particles of Notification‬حُراو ُ‬ ‫‪124‬‬ ‫اب ‪2.‬‬ ‫ال اْيَ ِ‬ ‫ف اِ‬ ‫‪ُ – Particles of Affirmation‬حُراو ُ‬ ‫‪124‬‬ ‫ي ‪3.‬‬ ‫‪َ – Particles of Clarification‬حرفَا التَّ اف ِس اِ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪125‬‬ ‫ص َد ِريَّةُ ‪4.‬‬ ‫ف الا َم ا‬ ‫اَ الُُراو ُ‬ ‫‪125‬‬ ‫ض ‪5.‬‬ ‫ضاي ِ‬ ‫ف التَّح ِ‬ ‫‪ُ – Particles of Exhortation‬حُراو ُ ا‬ ‫‪125‬‬ ‫َّوقى ِع ‪6.‬‬ ‫ف الت َ‬ ‫‪َ – Particle of Anticipation‬ح ار ُ‬ ‫‪126‬‬ ‫اْل استِ اف َه ِام ‪7.‬‬ ‫‪ – Particles of Interrogation‬حرفَا اِ‬ ‫َا‬ ‫‪126‬‬ ‫الراد ِع ‪8.‬‬ ‫ف َّ‬ ‫‪َ – Particle of Rebuke‬ح ار ُ‬ ‫‪126‬‬ ‫اَلتَّ ان ِويا ُن ‪9.‬‬ ‫‪126‬‬ ‫نُ او ُن التَّأاكِاي ِد ‪10.‬‬ ‫‪127‬‬ ‫ف َل ‪11.‬‬ ‫َح ار ُ‬ ‫‪127‬‬ ‫الزائِ َدةُ ‪12.‬‬ ‫ف َّ‬‫‪ – Extra Particles‬اَ الُُراو ُ‬ ‫‪127‬‬ ‫َّر ِط ‪13.‬‬ ‫‪َ – Conditional Particles‬ح ارفَا الش ا‬ ‫‪128‬‬ ‫لَ اوَْل ‪14.‬‬ ‫‪129‬‬ ‫ام ‪15.‬‬ ‫َما – َما َد َ‬ ‫‪129‬‬ ‫ف الاعطا ِ‬ ‫ف ‪16.‬‬ ‫ُحُراو ُ َ‬ ‫‪129‬‬ ‫‪Bibliography‬‬ ‫‪131‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬  ‫‪LIST OF TABLES‬‬ ‫‪Table No‬‬ ‫‪Page No‬‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬ ‫‪ – Personal Pronouns‬اَلضَّ ََّمائَّ َّر‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬ ‫الَ َّارةَّ‬ ‫‪َّ – Prepositions‬اَ َّْلَّْرَّْوفََّّ َّْ‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬ ‫شبَّ ََّهةََّّبَّاَّلْفَّ َّْعلَّ‬ ‫‪َّ – Those Particles That Resemble the Verb‬اَ َّْلَّرَّْوفََّّاَّلْمَّ ََّ‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫صةَّ‬ ‫‪َّ – Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs‬اََّْلَفَّْ ََّعالََّّالنَّاقَّ ََّ‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫ضمْي رََّّمْن َفصلَّ‬ ‫الرَّفْعَّ ‪َّ( in‬بَ َّارزَّ)َّ َ‬ ‫ضمْي رََّّ َم ْرفَّْوعَّمْن َفصلَّ ‪ََّ (also called‬حاَّلَةََّّ َّ‬ ‫)َ‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫ضمْي رََّّمتصلَّ‬ ‫الرَّفْعَّ ‪َ in‬‬ ‫ضمْي رََّّ َم ْرفَّْوعَّمتصلَّ ‪ََّ (also called‬حاَّلَةََّّ َّ‬ ‫)َ‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫ضمْيَّرََّّمْن َفصلَّ‬ ‫ضمَّْيَّرََّّمتصلَّ ‪َ and‬‬ ‫صبَّ ‪َ in‬‬ ‫ضمْيَّرََّّ َمنْص َّْوبَّ ‪ََّ (also called‬حاَّلَةََّّالنَّ َّْ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫ضمْيَّرََّّ َمنْص َّْوبَّمتصلَّ ‪ and‬مْن َفصلَّ‬ ‫)َ‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬ ‫ضمْي رََّّمتصلََّّ(بَارزَّ)‬ ‫الَرَّ ‪َ in‬‬ ‫ضمْي رََّّ ََْمرَّْورَّمتصلَّ ‪ََّ (also called‬حاَّلَةََّّ َّْ‬ ‫)َ‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫سَاءََّّاَّلْ ََّم َّْوصَّ َّْوَّلَةََّّ(مَّ َذكرَّ)‬ ‫َّاََّْلَ َّْ‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫سَاءََّّاَّلْ ََّم َّْوصَّ َّْوَّلَةََّّ(م َؤنثَّ)‬ ‫َّاََّْلَ َّْ‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬ ‫ال ََش َارةَّلْم َذكرَّ‬ ‫سَاءََّّ َّْ‬ ‫َّأَ َّْ‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪2.8‬‬ ‫ال ََش َارةَّلْم َؤنثَّ‬ ‫سَاءََّّ َّْ‬ ‫َّأَ َّْ‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫اَلْف ْعلَّالْ َماضي ‪Nouns in the Meaning of‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪2.10‬‬ ‫َّالَاضرَّ ‪Nouns in the Meaning of‬‬ ‫اَْل َْمر ْ‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪2.11‬‬ ‫َسَاءَّالْم ْعَربَاتَّ‬ ‫َّال ْ‬ ‫إ ْعَرابَّأَقْ َسام ْ‬ ‫‪53‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫أََّْوَزانََّجَْعَّقْةَّ‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫أََّْوَزانََّجَْعََّّ َكثْ َرةَّ‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬ ‫َّالَ ْمعَّ‬ ‫أ َْمثَالََّجَْع ْ‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫ىَّالمَّْوعَّ‬ ‫أََّْوَزانَّمنْتَ َه ْ‬ ‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫بَّالْ َفاعلَّ‬ ‫َّح ْس َ‬ ‫ا ْست ْع َمالَّالْف ْعل َ‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫ل ‪Different Forms of the Noun of‬‬ ‫‪ََّ and Its I‘raab‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪3.7‬‬ ‫منَادٰى ‪Rules Governing the I‘raab of the‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫إ ْعَرابَّالْم ْستَثْ ٰ َّ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪4.1‬‬ ‫َّاَ َّْلَّرَّْوفََّّالنَّاصََّّبَةَّ‬ ‫‪99‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫الَازََّمةَّ‬ ‫َّاَ َّْلَّرَّْوفََّّ َّْ‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪vii‬‬ ‫‪4.3‬‬ ‫َّأَفْ َعالَّالْقْ ْوبَّ‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬ ‫َّاََّلْ ََّم َّْفعَّ َّْولََّّبَّوَّ ‪Verbs Requiring Three‬‬ ‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫أََّفْ َعالَّالْم َق ََّارَّبَةَّ َوالر َجاء ََّوالشُّرْو َّ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪4.6‬‬ ‫سَاءََّّالش ْرطيةَّ‬ ‫َّاََّْلَ َّْ‬ ‫‪112‬‬ ‫‪4.7‬‬ ‫أ َْوَزانَّا ْسمَّالت ْفضْيلَّ‬ ‫‪118‬‬ ‫‪viii‬‬  َّ‫بسمَّاهللَّالرمحنَّالرحيم‬ ‫حنمدهَّوَّنصْيَّعْىَّرسولوَّالكرمي‬ Introduction to the Text & Translation This book is a revised edition of Tasheel al-Nahw, which in turn is a somewhat expanded translation of the Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar, ‘Ilm al-Nahw by Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali. Mawlana Charthawali’s primers for Nahw (Arabic grammar) and Sarf (Arabic Morphology) are standard textbooks in Western madrasahs. The original English translation of ‘Ilm al-Nahw was prepared by scholars from Madrasah Islamiyyah, Benoni, South Africa. They put in a lot of hardwork and made the English translation much more beneficial than the Urdu original. May Allah reward them. At least two versions of this translation are available online. The first one had many errors and typing issues. The newer version has made some improvements but issues remain, especially with regards to language and clarity of the English and Arabic texts. We decided to bring out a revised edition of this translation to address these issues. During the course of our revision and editing, we consulted various grammar works including al-Nahw al-Wadih, Sharh ibn ‘Aqeel, Mu‘jam al-Qawa‘id al- ‘Arabiyyah, and A Simplified Arabic Grammar of Mawlana Hasan Dockrat. We have completely revised some sections, as well as a number of definitions. The organization has been changed in a way that we feel will make it easier for the student to understand how each section fits in the overall picture. This is a beginner-to-intermediate level text; therefore, we have not transliterated Arabic words exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, we have used approximate equivalents that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized. As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, we have not used the original Arabic duals and plurals; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an ‘s’ to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized so as to reflect its non-English origin. It should also be noted that the English equivalents of Arabic grammar terms are mere approximations. In some cases, they convey the exact meaning. In many cases, they do not. The student is, therefore, urged to focus on the original term in Arabic. To the best of our ability, we have tried to remove all errors. However, we are merely human. There are bound to be some mistakes in it. Your comments, constructive criticism, and suggestions are all welcome. You can contact us with your feedback at the email address given at the end. ix  We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. We also pray that Allah, the Exalted, accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way, especially the typists; and gives us the power to continue with more. We also request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their prayers. And He alone gives success. َّ‫ي‬ َ ْ ‫ََجَع‬ ْ ‫َّع ْٰىَّاٰلو ََّوَّأ‬ ْ ‫َص َحابوَّأ‬ َ ‫َّم ْوَلنَاََُّمَمدَّو‬ َ ‫اَّو‬ َ َ‫َّسيدن‬ َ ‫َّخْقو‬ َ ْٰ ‫َّع‬ َ ‫ىَّخ ْْي‬ َ ‫َّصْىَّاهللَّتَ َع ٰاٰل‬ َ ‫َو‬ ‘Aamir Bashir Buffalo, NY 9 Sha‘ban, 1432 (8 July, 2011) E-mail: [email protected] x  ُ ‫ص ِط ََل َح‬ ُ‫ات ال َاع َربِيَّة‬ ‫اَاِْل ا‬ ARABIC TERMS Approximate Equivalent English Term / Arabic Term Transliteration Description of the meaning َّ‫ا ْسم‬ ism Noun َّ‫ف ْعل‬ fi‘l Verb َّ‫َح ْرف‬ harf Particle َّ‫م َذكر‬ mudhakkar Masculine َّ‫م َؤنث‬ mu’annath Feminine َّ‫َواحد‬ waahid Singular َّ‫تَثْنيَة‬ tathniyah Dual َّ‫َجَْع‬ jam‘ Plural َّ‫ضمة‬ َ dammah ‫ﹹ‬ َّ‫فَ ْت َحة‬ fathah ‫ﹷ‬ ‫َك ْسَرَّة‬ kasrah ‫ﹻ‬ َّ‫َحَرَكة‬ harakah Short vowels, i.e., dammah ‫ﹹ‬, fathah ‫ﹷ‬, kasrah ‫ﹻ‬ َّ‫َّ َحَرَكات‬:َّ‫َجَْع‬ plural: harakaat َّ‫حرْوفَّالْعْة‬ huroof al-‘illah Long vowels i.e., ‫َّاَّ–َّي‬-َّ‫و‬ These are the variations at the end of the word, which َّ‫إ ْعَراب‬ i‘raab take place in accordance with the governing word. َّ‫تَْنويْن‬ tanween two fathahs ‫ﹱ‬, two dammahs ‒ٌَّ‒, two kasrahs ‒ٌَّ‒ َّ‫سك ْون‬ sukoon ‫ﹿ‬ َّ‫َساكن‬ saakin a letter with sukoon َّ‫تَ ْشديْد‬ tashdeed ‫ﹽ‬ َّ‫م َشدد‬ mushaddad A letter with tashdeed َّ‫فَاعل‬ faa‘il Subject i.e. the doer xi  Object i.e. the person or thing upon whom or which َّ‫َم ْفع ْول‬ maf‘ool the work is done. Governing word i.e. that word, which causes i‘raab َّ‫َعامل‬ ‘aamil change in the word(s) following it. The governed word i.e. that word in which the i‘raab َّ‫َم ْعم ْول‬ ma‘mool change occurred. The active verb i.e. that verb whose doer is َّ‫ف ْعل ََّم ْعرْوف‬ fi‘l ma‘roof known/mentioned. The passive verb i.e. that verb whose doer is not َّ‫ََّمه ْول‬ َْ ‫ف ْعل‬ fi‘l majhool known/mentioned. The intransitive verb i.e. that verb, which can be َّ‫ف ْعل ََّلزم‬ fi‘l laazim understood without a َّ‫ َم ْفع ْول‬. The transitive verb i.e. that verb, which cannot be ‫اَلْف ْعلَّالْمتَ َعدى‬ fi‘l muta‘addi fully understood without a َّ‫ َم ْفع ْول‬. Definite noun. It is generally indicated by an ‫ال‬. For ‫َم ْعرفََّو‬ ma‘rifah example, َّ‫ اَلْبَ ْيت‬the house (a particular/specific house). Common noun. It is generally indicated by a tanween. ‫نَكَرَّة‬ nakirah e.g. َّ‫ بَْيت‬a house (any house). It is that word, which is in the state of َّ‫ َرفْع‬, which is َّ‫َم ْرف ْوع‬ marfoo‘ generally represented by a dammah on the last letter. It is that word, which is in the state of ‫ب‬ َّ ‫ص‬ ْ َ‫ن‬, which is َّ‫َمْنص ْوب‬ mansoob generally represented by a fathah on the last letter. It is that word, which is in the state of َّ‫جر‬ َ , which is َّ‫ََْمرْور‬ majroor generally represented by a kasrah on the last letter. xii  CHAPTER 1 Section 1.1 َ‫ – اَلنَحَ ُو‬Arabic Grammar Definition: Nahw is that science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb and particle to form a correct ٌٌ ‫( إِ ْعَر‬condition) of the last letter of a word should be. sentence, as well as what the ‫اب‬ Subject Matter: Its subject matter is ٌ‫(ٌ َكلِ َمة‬word) and ‫(ٌ َك ََل ٌٌم‬sentence). Objective:  The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak correct Arabic, and to avoid making mistakesٌ in this. For example, ‫ َزيْد‬, ‫ َدار‬, ‫ل‬ ٌ ِ are four words. The ٌَ ‫ َد َخ‬, and ‫ف‬ science of Nahw teaches us how to put them together to form a correct sentence.  The mid-term objective is to use our Arabic skills to understand the Qur’an, Hadeeth, Fiqh and other Islamic sciences, so that we can act upon them.  The ultimate objective through the above is to gain the pleasure of Allah, the Exalted. 1 Section 1.2 ُ‫ – َالَ َكَلِ ََم َة‬The Word Any word uttered by humans is called a ‫ظ‬ ٌ ‫لَ ْف‬. If it has a meaning, it is called ٌ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ض ْو‬ ُ ‫( َم ْو‬meaningful); and if it does not have any meaning, it is called ‫ل‬ ٌٌ ‫( ُم ْه َم‬meaningless). In Arabic, ٌ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ض ْو‬ ُ ‫ظٌ َم ْو‬ ٌٌ ‫ ُمرَّك‬. ٌ ‫( لَ ْف‬meaningful word) is of two types: ‫ ُم ْفَرٌٌد‬and ‫ب‬ َ 1. ٌ‫ – ُم ْفَرٌد‬Singular: It is that single word, which conveys one meaning. It is also called ‫ َكلِ َم ٌة‬. ٌ ‫ – ُمَرَّك‬Compound: It is a group of words. They may form a complete sentence or an 2. ٌ‫ب‬ incomplete one. Types of ٌ‫َكَلِ َم َة‬ There are three types of ‫ َكلِ َم ٌة‬: ٌْ ِ‫( ٌا‬noun) 1. ‫س ٌٌم‬ ٌٌ ‫( ٌفِ ٌْع‬verb) 2. ‫ل‬ 3. ‫ف‬ ٌٌ ‫( ٌَحٌْر‬particle) َ‫ – اِس ٌم‬Noun:  It is that ‫ َكلِ َم ٌة‬whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with another word.  It is the name of a person, place or thing.  It does not have any tense. e.g. ٌ‫ل‬ ٌ ‫َر ُج‬ man ٌ‫ت‬ ُ ‫ اَلْبَ ْي‬house ٌٌ ْ‫( تَْن ِوي‬tanween) and an ‫ ال‬at the same time. Note: A noun can never have a ‫ن‬ َ‫ – فِع ٌل‬Verb:  It is that ‫ َكلِ َم ٌة‬whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with another word.  It has one of the three tenses: past, present, or future.  It denotes an action. e.g. ‫ب‬ ٌَ ‫ضَر‬ َ He hit. ٌ‫صَر‬ َ َ‫ن‬ He helped. ٌٌ ‫ فِ ْع‬can never have a ‫( تَْن ِويْ ٌٌن‬tanween) or an ‫ال‬. Note: A ‫ل‬ 2 َ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ – َحر‬Particle: ٌْ ِ‫ ٌا‬or a ‫ فِ ْع ٌٌل‬or both to it. It is that ٌ‫ َكلِ َمة‬whose meaning cannot be understood without joining a ‫س ٌٌم‬ e.g. ‫ن‬ٌْ ‫( ٌ ِم‬from) ٌ‫( َعلى‬on top) EXERCISE ٌْ ِ‫ٌٌا‬،ٌ‫ فِ ْع ٌٌل‬or ‫ف‬ 1. State with reason whether the following words are ٌ‫س ٌٌم‬ ٌٌ ‫ ٌَحٌْر‬. i. ٌ‫س‬ َ َ‫( َجل‬He sat.) iii. ٌ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫ٌبِْن‬ (girl) ii. ‫ٌَو‬ (and) iv. ‫َك َسٌَر‬ (He broke.) 2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary. ٌ‫قَلَ ٌم‬ ٌ‫اب‬ ِ i. iii. ٌ َ‫كت‬ ii. ‫ص ٌٌل‬ْ َ‫ف‬ iv. ٌ‫ُسبُّ ْوَرة‬ 3 Section 1.3 َ‫َم‬ِ ‫َالَس‬ِ ‫ – أَقسام‬Types of Noun َُ ‫ اِ ْس ٌٌم‬is of three types: 1. ‫ام ٌد‬ ٌِ ‫ – ٌَج‬Primary Noun: It is that ‫ اِ ْس ٌٌم‬which is neither derived from another word nor is any word derived from it. e.g. ٌٌ ‫فَ َر‬ ‫س‬ horse ٌ ‫بِْن‬ ٌ‫ت‬ girl ٌْ ‫ – ٌَم‬Root Noun: It is that ‫ اِ ْس ٌٌم‬from which many words are derived. 2. ٌ‫ص ٌَدٌر‬ e.g. ٌٌ ‫ض ْر‬ ‫ب‬ َ to hit ‫صٌٌر‬ ْ َ‫ ن‬to help ٌْ ‫ – ٌُم‬Derived Noun: It is that ‫ اِ ْس ٌٌم‬which is derived from a masdar. 3. ٌ‫شٌتَ ّّق‬ e.g. ٌٌ ‫ضا ِر‬ ‫ب‬ َ hitter ‫ص ْوٌٌر‬ ُ ‫ َمْن‬the helped َ‫َل‬ ِ ‫ – أَقسامٌَال‬Types of Verb ِ ‫َفَع‬ َُ ‫ فِ ْع ٌٌل‬is of four types: 1. ‫اضى‬ ِ ‫ اَلْم‬Past tense ٌ‫ب‬ َ e.g. َ ‫ضَر‬َ He hit. 2. ُ‫ع‬ ٌ‫ضاٌِر‬ ٌَ ‫ اٌَلْ ٌُم‬Present and Future tense e.g. ٌُ ‫ض ِر‬ ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫ي‬ He is hitting or will hit. ِ 3. ٌ‫اٌَْلٌَْمُر‬ Positive Command/ e.g. ْ ‫ض ِر‬ ٌ‫ب‬ ْ‫ا‬ Hit! Imperative 4. ٌ‫اَلنٌَّ ٌْه ُى‬ Negative Command/ e.g. ْ ‫ض ِر‬ ٌ‫ب‬ ْ َ‫ََلٌت‬ Don’t hit! Prohibitive ِ ‫ – أَقسامَالَحَر‬Types of Particle َ‫َف‬ َ َُ ٌ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ َح ْر‬is of two types: 1. ‫ل‬ ٌِ ‫ – ٌَع‬Causative Particle: It is that ‫ف‬ ٌٌ ‫ام‬ ٌٌ ‫ َح ْر‬, which causes ‫اب‬ ٌٌ ‫ إِ ْعَر‬change in the word after it. e.g. ‫ َزيْ ٌد ٌِفٌالْ َم ْس ِج ٌِد‬Zayd is in the mosque. 2. ‫ل‬ ٌِ ‫ – ٌَغْيٌٌُر ٌاٌلْ ٌَع ٌِام‬Non Causative: It is that ‫ف‬ ٌٌ ‫ َح ْر‬, which does not cause ‫اب‬ ٌٌ ‫ إِ ْعَر‬change in the following word. e.g. َّ‫ٌُث‬ then ٌ‫َو‬ and 4  EXERCISE 1. Correct the following words (stating a reason) and give its meaning. i. ٌ‫ت‬ ٌ ‫اَلْبَ ْي‬ iii. ٌ‫اَلْ َوَر ٌق‬ ii. ‫اَلْ َفتَ ٌَح‬ iv. ‫ََِس ٌٌع‬ 2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary. i. ٌ‫بُ ْستَان‬ iii. ٌ‫اب‬ ٌ َ‫ب‬ ii. ‫قَ َمٌٌر‬ iv. ٌٌ ‫َكٌْل‬ ‫ب‬ 5 Section 1.4 َ‫ات‬ ُ َ‫َوَال ُم َركب‬ َ ‫ – اَل ُج َم ُل‬Sentences and Phrases ِ ٌ ‫ مرَّك‬and ‫بٌغَي رٌم ِفي ٌٍد‬ ٌ ‫ ُمَرَّك‬is of two types: ‫بٌ ُمفْي ٌد‬ ٌ‫ب‬ ٌ َُ ْ ُ ُ ْ ٌٌ ‫ ُمَرَّك‬.  ‫ب ٌ ُم ِفْي ٌد‬ ٌٌ ‫ ُمَرَّك‬is also called ّّ‫ب ٌتَا ٌم‬ ٌٌ ‫ ُمَرَّك‬, ٌ‫ٌم ِفْي َدة‬ُ ٌ‫ ُجُْلَة‬and ّّ‫ ٌَك ََل ٌم ٌتَا ٌم‬. This is a complete sentence. Often, it is just called ‫ َك ََل ٌٌم‬.  ‫ٌم ِفْي ٌٍد‬ ٌٌ ‫ ُمَرَّك‬is also called ‫ص‬ ُ ‫ب ٌ َغْي ُر‬ ٌٌ ِ‫ب ٌنَاق‬ ٌٌ ‫ ٌ ُمَرَّك‬, ٍ‫ ُجُْلَةٌٌ َغْي ُر ٌ ُم ِفْي َدٌة‬and ‫ص‬ ٌٌ ِ‫ َك ََل ٌم ٌنَاق‬. This is a phrase, i.e., an incomplete sentence. From now onwards, when we use sentence, we will be referring to complete sentences; and when we use phrase, we will be referring to incomplete sentences. Types of Sentences There are two types of sentences: ٌَِ ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌ ٌَخ‬ A. ‫بٌيٌَّة‬ ٌ : It is that sentence, which has the possibility of being true or false. B. ٌ‫ش ٌائٌِيَّة‬ ٌَ ْ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌٌإٌِن‬ ٌ : It is that sentence, which does not have the possibility of being true or false. Section 1.4.1 َ‫امَال ُجملَ ِةَال َخبَ ِري ِة‬ ُ‫س‬ َ ‫أَق‬ ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌ ٌَخ ٌَِبٌيٌَّة‬ ٌ is of two types: 1. ٌ‫َبَ ِرَيَ َة‬ َ‫ََخ‬ ِ ‫ – جَمََلةٌََاَِس‬Nominal Sentence: َ ٌ‫َمَيَة‬ ُ  Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a noun.  The second part of the sentence can be a noun or a verb.  The first part of the sentence is called ٌ‫( ٌُمٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأ‬subject) or ‫سٌنَ ٌد ٌٌإٌِلٌَْي ٌِو‬ ٌْ ‫( ٌُم‬the word about which information is being given).  The second part of the sentence is called ‫خبٌٌٌَر‬ ٌَ (predicate) or ‫سٌنَ ٌد‬ ٌْ ‫( ٌُم‬the word giving the information).  ٌَ generally ٌ‫ٌنَ ٌِكٌَرة‬. The ٌ‫ ٌُمٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأ‬is generally ٌ‫ ٌَم ٌْعٌِرٌفَة‬and the ‫خبٌٌٌَر‬  Both parts (ٌ‫ ٌُمٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأ‬and ‫خبٌٌٌَر‬ ٌَ ) are ٌ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ٌَمٌْرفٌٌُْو‬. Sentence Analysis ٌ ‫نَ ِظي‬ َ‫ف‬ َ‫ت‬ ُ ‫ اَلبَ ي‬The house is clean. ٌِْ ِ‫ُجٌُْلَةٌٌٌا‬ ٌ‫َسٌيَّةٌٌ ٌَخ ٌَِبٌيَّة‬ ٌ = ‫ ٌَخبٌٌٌَر‬+ ٌ‫ٌُمٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأ‬ 6 Note: A sentence may have more than one ‫خبٌٌٌَر‬ ٌَ. Sentence Analysisَ َ‫قَ ِوي‬ َ‫طَ ِوي ٌل‬ َ‫ اَلر ُج ُل‬The man is tall and strong. ٌِْ ِ‫ = ُجٌٌُْلَةٌٌٌا‬2ٌ‫ َخٌبٌٌٌَر‬+ 1ٌ‫ ٌَخبٌٌٌَر‬+ ٌ‫ٌُمْبٌٌتَ ٌَدأ‬ ٌ‫َسٌيَّةٌٌ ٌَخ ٌَِبٌيَّة‬ َ ٌ‫ – ُجَمَلَةٌََفِعلِية‬Verbal Sentence: 2. ٌ‫َبَ ِرَيَ َة‬ َ‫َخ‬  Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a verb. ٌٌ ‫ ٌفِ ٌْع‬or ‫سٌنَ ٌد‬  The first part of the sentence is called ‫ل‬ ٌْ ‫ ٌُم‬.  The second part of the sentence is called ‫ل‬ ٌِ َ‫ ٌف‬or ‫سٌنَ ٌدٌٌإٌِلٌَْيٌِو‬ ٌٌ ‫اع‬ ٌْ ‫ ٌُم‬and is always ٌ‫ع‬ ٌ ‫ ٌَمٌْرفٌٌُْو‬. Sentence Analysis َ‫َزي ٌد‬ َ‫س‬ َ َ‫ َجل‬Zayd sat. ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌفِ ْعلِيٌَّةٌ ٌَخ ٌَِبٌيٌَّة‬ ٌ = ‫اع ٌٌل‬ٌِ َ‫ٌف‬ + ‫ل‬ ٌٌ ‫ٌفِ ٌْع‬ ٌَّ ٌ ‫ ٌاٌَلْ ٌِف ٌْع ٌُل‬i.e. it is a verb whose meaning can be Note: In the above example, the verb is ‫الَلٌِزٌُم‬ understood without a ‫ل‬ ٌٌ‫ ٌَم ٌْف ٌُعٌْو‬. ٌُ ‫ ٌاٌَلْ ٌِف ٌْع‬i.e. a verb whose meaning cannot be fully understood without Note: If the verb is ‫لٌاٌلْ ٌُمتٌَ ٌَع ٌّْدى‬ a‫ل‬ ٌٌ‫ ٌَم ٌْف ٌُعٌْو‬, then a ‫ ٌَم ٌْف ٌعٌُْوٌٌل‬will be added and will be ‫ب‬ ٌٌ ‫ص ٌْو‬ ٌُ ‫ ٌَمٌْن‬. Sentence Analysis َ‫اء‬ َ ‫الس َم‬ ُ‫الل‬ َ َ‫َخلَ َق‬ Allah created the sky. ‫ ٌَم ٌْف ٌعٌُْوٌٌل = ُجٌٌُْلٌَةٌفِ ْعلِيٌَّةٌ ٌَخ ٌَِبٌيٌَّة‬+ ‫اع ٌٌل‬ ٌِ َ‫ٌف‬ + ‫ٌفِ ٌْع ٌٌل‬ EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences. i. ‫املعلمٌحاضر‬ ii. ‫البستانٌُجيل‬ iii. ‫فتحٌنمدٌالباب‬ iv. ‫املدرسةٌكبريةٌنظيفة‬ v. ‫وقفٌالرجل‬ vi. ‫الرجلٌوقف‬ 2. What is the difference between (v) and (vi) above? 7 Section 1.4.2 ٌ‫ش َائِيَ َة‬ َ َ‫ َُجمَلَ َةٌََإِن‬is of ten types: ِ 1. ٌ‫اٌَْلٌَْمُر‬ Positive Command e.g. ٌ‫ب‬ْ ‫ض ِر‬ ْ‫ا‬ Hit! 2. ‫اَلنٌَّ ٌْه ٌُى‬ Negative Command e.g. ‫ب‬ٌْ ‫ض ِر‬ ْ َ‫ََلٌت‬ Don’t Hit! 3. ‫اٌََِْل ٌْسٌتِ ٌْف ٌَه ٌُام‬ Interrogative e.g. ‫ب ٌَزيْ ٌد؟‬ َ ‫ٌضَر‬ َ ‫َى ْل‬ Did Zayd hit? 4. ٌّْ ‫اَلٌتَّ ٌّم‬ ‫ّن‬ Desire e.g. !‫لَيتٌالشَّبابٌعائِ ٌد‬ I wish youth would َ َ َ َْ return. Note: ‫ت‬ ٌَ ‫ لَْي‬is generally used for something unattainable. ‫اَلتٌٌََّر ٌّْجى‬ ٌ‫ٌس ْه ٌل‬ ِ ِْ ‫لَع َّل‬ َ ‫ٌاَل ْمت َحا َن‬ 5. Hope e.g. Hopefully, the َ examination will be easy. Note: ‫ل‬ ٌَّ ‫ لَ َع‬is generally used for something attainable. 6. ُ‫اَلٌنّْ ٌَد ٌاء‬ Exclamation e.g. !ُ‫اٌالل‬ ٌ َ‫ي‬ O Allah! ٌُ ‫اٌَلْ ٌَعٌْر‬ ‫ض‬ ِ ‫ أٌَََلٌتٌَاْتِي ِِنٌفَاُع ِطي‬Will you not come to me e.g. !‫ٌدي نَارا‬ ً ْ ‫ك‬ 7. Request/Offer ََ ْ ْْ so that I may give you a Note: ‫ض‬ ٌُ ‫ اٌَلْ ٌَعٌْر‬is a mere request; no answer is anticipated. dinar? 8. ٌ‫س ُم‬ ٌَ ‫اَلْ ٌَق‬ Oath e.g. !ِ‫الل‬ ٌ ‫َو‬ By Allah! 9. ٌُ ‫ج‬ ‫ب‬ ٌُّ ‫اَلتٌَّ ٌَع‬ Amazement e.g. !‫َماٌأٌَ ْح َس َن ٌَزيْ ًدا‬ How good Zayd is! 10. ٌ‫اٌَلْ ٌع ٌُق ٌود‬ ُْ ُ Transaction e.g. ٌَ َ‫تٌى َذاٌالْ ِكت‬ The seller says ‫اب‬ ُ ‫ – بِ ْع‬I sold this book. and the buyer says ُ‫ – اِ ْشتَ َريْتٌُو‬I bought it. ٌَِ ‫ ٌَخ‬. However, in Islamic law, contracts require the Note: The sentences for ‫ اٌَلْ ٌُع ٌُق ٌْوٌُد‬appear to be ‫بٌيٌَّة‬ use of past tense verbal sentences to convey the meaning of ٌ‫شٌ ٌائٌِيَّة‬ َ ْ‫ُجٌُْلَةٌ ٌٌإٌِن‬ ٌ. Hence, these will be classified as ٌ‫ش ٌائٌِيَّة‬ ٌَ ْ‫ٌإٌِن‬. Sentence Analysis: ‫َزي ٌد؟‬ َ‫ب‬ َ ‫ض َر‬ َ َ‫َىل‬ Did Zayd hit? ٌ‫ش ٌائٌِيَّة‬ ٌَ ْ‫ُجٌُْلَةٌٌٌإٌِن‬ ٌِ َ‫ٌف‬ ٌ = ‫اع ٌٌل‬ + ‫ل‬ ٌٌ ‫ ٌفِ ٌْع‬+ ‫اَل ٌْسٌتٌِْف َهٌ ٌِام‬ ٌِْ ٌ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫َح ْر‬ EXERCISE 1. State what type of ٌ‫ش ٌائٌِيَّة‬ ٌَ ْ‫ُجٌُْلَةٌٌٌإٌِن‬ ٌ are the following sentences. ِ ‫ياٌاِب ر‬ i. ٌ‫اىْي ُم‬ iii. ‫ك؟‬ َْ َ َ ُ‫ٌحال‬ َ ‫ف‬ َ ‫َكْي‬ ِ ii. ‫اَسَ ٌْع‬ iv. ‫ل‬ٌْ ‫ََلٌتَ ْد ُخ‬ 8 Section 1.4.3 ِ ِ‫َبََالنَاق‬ َ‫َص‬ ِ ‫َمَرَك‬ َ ُ ‫امَال‬ ُ‫س‬ َ ‫ أَق‬- Types of Phrases Phrases are of five types: ِ ‫َصَي‬ 1. َ‫َفَى‬ ِ ‫ – مَرَكَبََتََو‬Descriptive Phrase:ٌ It is a phrase in which one word describes the other. ٌ َُ ِ.  The describing word is called ‫ص َف ٌة‬  The object being described is called ‫ف‬ ٌٌ ‫ص ٌْو‬ ٌُ ‫ ٌَم ٌْو‬.  The ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ ٌَم ٌْو‬and ‫ ِص َفٌة‬must correspond in four things: ٌٌ ‫ص ٌْو‬ 1. I‘raab. 2. Gender i.e. being masculine or feminine. 3. Number i.e. being singular, dual or plural. 4. Being ma‘rifah or nakirah. For example, َ‫الصالِ ُحون‬ َُ‫اَ ِّلر َجال‬ the righteous men ٌ‫ِص َفة‬ ٌ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ص ٌْو‬ ٌُ ‫ٌَم ٌْو‬ ِ ‫صالِح‬ َ‫ان‬ َ‫َر ُج ََل ِن‬ َ َ two righteous men ٌ‫ِص َفة‬ ٌٌ ‫ص ٌْو‬ ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ٌَم ٌْو‬ ُ‫ال َعاقِلََة‬ ُ ‫اَلبِن‬ َ‫ت‬ the intelligent/wise girl ٌ‫ِص َفة‬ ٌٌ ‫ص ٌْو‬ ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ٌَم ٌْو‬ 2. َ ِ‫َضَاف‬ ‫َى‬ َ ِ‫َبََإ‬ ٌ ‫َرَك‬ َ ‫ – ُم‬Possessive Phrase: It is a phrase in which the first word (‫ٌاف‬ ٌٌ ‫ٌض‬ َ ‫ ) ُم‬is attributed to the second one (‫اف ٌٌإٌِلٌَْي ٌِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ٌَ ‫) ٌُم‬. In some cases, this means that the second word owns or possesses the first.  The ‫اف‬ ٌَ ‫ ٌُم‬never gets an ‫ ال‬or a ‫تَْن ِويْ ٌٌن‬. ٌٌ ‫ض‬  The ‫افٌٌإٌِلٌَْي ٌِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ٌَ ‫ ٌُم‬is always ‫ ٌَْمٌُرٌْوٌٌر‬.  The i‘raab of the ‫اف‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ٌِ ‫ ٌَع‬governing it. For example, ٌَ ‫ ٌُم‬will be according to the ‫ام ٌٌل‬ َ‫َزي ٍد‬ َ‫اب‬ ِ ُ َ‫كت‬ Zayd’s book ٌ‫افٌإِلَْي ِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ َ ‫ٌ ُم‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ‫اف‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ٌٌٌ 9 Notes: ِ ٌٌ ‫ ٌمض‬are found in one single phrase. For example, 1. Sometimes many ‫اف‬ َ ‫ ُم‬/‫افٌإِلَْيٌو‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ َُ َ‫الر ُج ِل‬ َِ ‫بَي‬ ‫ت‬ َُ َ‫ب‬ ‫اب‬ the door of the man’s house ‫افٌإِلَْيٌِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ َ ‫اف ُم‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ِ ٌٌ ‫مض‬ َ ‫افٌإِلَْيٌوٌوٌ ُم‬ َُ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ‫اف‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ِ of the ‫اف‬ ِ ٌٌ ‫ مض‬with an ‫ال‬ 2. ٌIf a ٌ‫ص َفة‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬َ ‫ ُم‬is brought, it should come immediately after the ‫اف ٌإِلَْيٌو‬ َُ and should have the same i‘raab as that of the ‫اف‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ َ ‫ ُم‬. For example, ‫ال َج ِدي َُد‬ َِ ‫البَ ي‬ ‫ت‬ َُ َ‫ب‬ ‫اب‬ the new door of the house ٌِ ‫ض‬ ‫اف‬ ٌَ ‫ِص َفةٌاٌلْ ٌُم‬ ‫افٌإِلَْيٌِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ‫اف‬ َ ‫ُم‬ ِ of the ‫افٌإِلَيٌِو‬ ِ ٌٌ ‫)مض‬, and it 3. ٌIf a ٌ‫ص َفة‬ ْ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ َ ‫ ُم‬is brought, it should come immediately after it (‫افٌإِلَْيٌو‬ َُ should correspond to it (‫افٌإلَْي ٌو‬ ِ ِ ٌٌ ‫ض‬َ ‫ ) ُم‬i.e. in the four aspects mentioned earlier. For example, ‫ال َج ِدي َِد‬ َِ ‫البَ ي‬ ‫ت‬ َُ َ‫ب‬ ‫اب‬ The door of the new house. ‫ِص َفٌة‬ ٌٌ ‫ص ٌْو‬ ‫ف‬ ٌُ ‫ٌَم ٌْو‬ ٌ‫افٌٌإٌِلٌَْي ِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ٌَ ‫ٌُم‬ ٌ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ٌَ ‫ٌُم‬ َ ‫َبَََإِ َشَا ِر‬ 3. ‫َى‬ It is a phrase in which one noun (ٌِ‫ٌارة‬ ِْ ‫ٌسٌم‬ِ ٌ ‫َرَك‬ َ ‫ – ُم‬Demonstrative Phrase: ٌَ ‫ٌش‬ َ ‫ٌٌال‬ ُ ْ ‫ )ا‬points towards another noun (‫ارٌٌإٌِلٌَْي ٌِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ش‬ ٌَ ‫) ٌُم‬.  The ‫ارٌٌإٌِلٌَْي ٌِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ش‬ ٌَ ‫ ٌُم‬must have an ‫ال‬. e.g. َ‫الر ُج ُل‬ ‫ٰى َذا‬ This man ‫ارٌٌإٌِلٌَْيٌِو‬ ِ‫ال ٌَش ٌارٌة‬ ِ ٌٌ ‫ش‬ ٌَ ‫ٌُم‬ َ ٌِْ ٌ‫ٌا ٌْس ٌُم‬ Note: If the ‫ارٌٌإٌِلٌَْي ٌِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ش‬ ٌَ ‫ ٌُم‬does not have an ‫ال‬, it would be a complete sentence. e.g. َ‫َر ُج ٌل‬ ‫ٰى َذا‬ This is a man. ٌِْ ِ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌٌا‬ ‫َسٌيٌَّة‬ ٌ = ‫ٌَخبٌٌٌَر‬ + ٌ‫ٌُمٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأ‬ 4. ‫َى‬ِ ‫َع َد‬/َ َ ‫َد‬ ََ ‫َبََبَِنََائَِي‬ ٌ ‫َرَك‬ َ ‫َم‬ ُ – Numerical Phrase: It is a phrase in which two numerals are joined to form a single word (number).  A‫ف‬ٌٌ ‫ ٌَحٌْر‬originally linked the two.  This phrase is found only in numbers 11-19.  Both parts of this phrase will be ‫ح‬ ٌٌ ‫ ٌَم ٌْفتٌٌُْو‬except the number 12 (‫اٌع َشٌَر‬ ِ َ َ‫)اثْن‬. e.g. ٌ‫ٌع َشَر‬ َ ‫( ٌأَ َح َد‬eleven) It was originally ‫شٌٌر‬ َ ‫ٌع‬ َ ‫أٌَ َح ٌد ٌَو‬. 10  Note: The first part of the number ‫شٌَر‬ ِ ٌَ ْ‫ )اِث‬in َ ‫اٌع‬ َ َ‫ اثْن‬will be given a ‫ ي‬in place of the ‫ِنٌ َع َشٌَر( ا‬ ْ ِ‫ص‬ ٌ‫ب‬ ٌْ َّ‫ ٌَحاٌلٌَةٌُالٌن‬and ‫الٌَّْر‬ ٌْ ٌُ‫ ٌَحاٌلٌَة‬. e.g. ًٌ ‫ِنٌ َع َشَر ٌَر ُج‬ ‫َل‬ ٌَْ ْ‫تٌاِث‬ ُ ْ‫ٌَرأٌٌَي‬ ٌِ ‫ص‬ (‫ب‬ ٌْ َّ‫) ٌَحاٌلٌَةٌُالٌن‬ ٌ‫ٌع َشَر ٌَر ُج ًَل‬ ِ ‫مرر‬ َ ‫تٌبِاثْ َ ّْن‬ ُ ََْ (‫الٌَّْر‬ ٌْ ٌُ‫) ٌَحاٌلٌَة‬ I saw twelve men. I passed by twelve men. َِ ‫َعََالصَر‬ 5. ‫َف‬ ُ ‫ََمَن‬ َ ‫َب‬ ٌ ‫َرَك‬ َ ‫ – ُم‬Indeclinable Phrase: It is a phrase in which two words are joined to form a single word.  The first part of this phrase is always ‫ح‬ ٌٌ ‫ ٌَم ٌْفتٌٌُْو‬.  The second part changes according to the ‫ل‬ ٌِ ‫ ٌَع‬. ٌٌ ‫ام‬ e.g. ٌ‫ت‬ ُ ‫ٌم ْو‬ َ ‫ضَر‬ َ ‫َح‬ (‫ت‬ ٌٌ ‫ٌ ٌَم ٌْو‬+ٌ‫ضٌَر‬ ٌَ ‫) ٌَح‬ A region in Yemen. ‫ضٌَر‬ ٌَ ‫ ٌَح‬is a verb, which means “he/it became present” and ‫ت‬ ٌٌ ‫ ٌَمٌْو‬is a noun, which means “death.” ٌُّ َ‫بَ ٌْعلَب‬ ‫ك‬ (ٌَّ‫ٌٌبَك‬+ٌ‫ل‬ ٌٌ ‫)بٌَ ٌْع‬ A city in Lebanon. ‫ بٌَ ٌْع ٌٌل‬was the name of an idol and ٌَّ‫ ٌبَك‬was the name of a king. Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of a complete sentence. Example 1 َ‫الَِمي ُن‬ ِ ‫الت‬ َ‫اج ُر‬ َ‫َربِ َح‬ The trustworthy/honest trader gained profit. ٌِ ‫ص ٌَفٌة‬ + ٌ‫ف‬ ٌ ‫ص ٌْو‬ ٌُ ‫ٌَم ٌْو‬ ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌٌفٌِْعٌلٌِيٌَّةٌ ٌَخ ٌِْبٌيٌَّة‬ ٌ = ٌِ َ‫ٌف‬ ٌ‫اع ٌل‬ + ٌ‫ل‬ ِ ٌ ‫ٌف ٌْع‬ Example 2 ٌ‫ع‬ َ ‫َمرفُو‬ ِ َ‫ف‬ َ‫اع ٍل‬ َ‫ُكل‬ Every faa‘il is marfoo‘ َ‫َمَفعُو ٍل‬ and every maf‘ool is َ‫ب‬ ٌ ‫صو‬ ُ ‫َمن‬ َ‫ُكل‬ ٌ‫َو‬ mansoob. ٌ‫افٌٌإٌِلٌَْي ِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ٌَ ‫ ٌُم‬+ ٌ‫اف‬ ٌ ‫ض‬ٌَ ‫ٌُم‬ ٌِْ ِ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌٌا‬ ‫َسٌيٌَّةٌ ٌَخ ٌِْبٌيٌَّة‬ ٌ = ٌ‫َخبَ ٌر‬ + ٌ‫ٌُمٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأ‬ 11  ‫ابَ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫الكتَ َ‬ ‫ٰى َذا‬ ‫تَ‬ ‫اشتَ َري ُ‬ ‫‪Example 3‬‬ ‫‪I bought this book.‬‬ ‫ارٌٌإٌِلٌَْيٌِو‬ ‫ش ٌٌ‬ ‫ٌاِ ٌْس ٌُمٌ ٌِْ‬ ‫ال ٌَش ٌَارٌةِ ‪ٌُ +‬م ٌَ‬ ‫ُجٌُْلَةٌٌفِ ْعلِيَّةٌٌ ٌَخ ٌِْبٌيَّةٌ‬ ‫= ٌ‬ ‫ولٌ‬ ‫ٌَم ٌْف ٌعُ ٌ‬ ‫اعِلٌٌِِو ‪+‬‬ ‫ٌفِ ٌْع ٌٌلٌ ٌَم ٌَعٌٌفَ ٌ‬ ‫‪Example 4‬‬ ‫َر ُج ًَلَ‬ ‫ش َر َ‬‫َع َ‬ ‫أََربَ َع َ‬ ‫‪َ Fourteen men came.‬ج ََ‬ ‫اء‬ ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌفِ ْعلِيٌَّةٌ ٌَخ ٌِْبٌيٌَّة‬ ‫= ٌ‬ ‫ٌفَ ٌِ‬ ‫اع ٌٌل‬ ‫لٌ ‪+‬‬‫ٌفِ ٌْع ٌٌ‬ ‫‪Example 5‬‬ ‫بَعَلَبَكَ‬ ‫‪ٰ This is Ba‘labakk.‬ى ِذَهِ‬ ‫ُمٌٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأٌ ‪َ +‬خبَ ٌٌر = ُجٌٌُْلَةٌٌٌاِ ٌِْ‬ ‫َسٌيَّةٌٌ ٌَخ ٌِْبٌيَّةٌ‬ ‫‪EXERCISE‬‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following phrases.‬‬ ‫‪i.‬‬ ‫سيارةٌالرجل‬ ‫الوردةٌالميلة‬ ‫‪v.‬‬ ‫أربعٌعشر ‪ii.‬‬ ‫قلمٌرخيص ‪vi.‬‬ ‫بابٌفصلٌاملدرسة ‪iii.‬‬ ‫معديكرب ‪vii.‬‬ ‫قلمٌالرجلٌالطويل ‪iv.‬‬ ‫ذلكٌالكتاب ‪viii.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫?‪What is the difference between the following sentences‬‬ ‫‪i.‬‬ ‫ٌعاقِ ٌلٌ‬ ‫غُ ََل ٌم َ‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫ٌعاقِ ٍلٌ‬ ‫غُ ََل ُم َ‬ ‫ىذهٌتفاحة ‪ii.‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫ىذهٌالتفاحة‬ ‫نافذةٌالسيارةٌالكبريٌةُ ‪iii.‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫نافذةٌالسيارةٌالكبريةِ‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫الثوبٌنظيف ‪iv.‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫الثوبٌالنظيف‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪Correct the following and state the reason(s).‬‬ ‫ٌالقبيحٌ‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫‪i.‬‬ ‫ٌَولَ ٌد ٌ‬ ‫ٌاملدرسةٌ ‪iii.‬‬ ‫املعلم‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫الرجَلنٌالطويل ‪ii.‬‬ ‫ش ٌِر ‪iv.‬‬ ‫ٌع َ‬ ‫مثانيةُ َ‬ ‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following.‬‬ ‫‪i.‬‬ ‫بابٌفضلٌقيامٌليلةٌالقدر‬ ‫‪12‬‬ Section 1.4.4 ِ ‫جَمَلَةٌََاَِس‬ Additional Notes About ٌ‫َمَيَ َة‬ ُ 1. Sometimes, the ‫خبَ ٌٌر‬ َ is not mentioned, in which case it will be regarded as hidden (‫َّر‬ ٌٌ‫) ُم َقد‬.1 e.g. ٌ‫ٌفٌالْ َم ْس ِج ِد‬ ٌ ِ ‫اٌَِْل َم ُام‬ The Imam is in the mosque. َ‫ال َمس ِج ِد‬ ‫فَِي‬ ]‫َر‬ ِ ‫[ح‬ ٌَ ‫َاض‬ َ َ‫ام‬ َ ‫اَ ِل‬ ُ ‫َم‬ ‫ٌَْمٌُرٌْوٌٌر‬ + ٌ‫فٌ ٌَجر‬ ٌُ ‫ٌَحٌْر‬ ٌِْ ِ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌٌا‬ ‫َسٌيٌَّةٌ ٌَخ ٌِْبٌيٌَّة‬ ٌ = ٌ‫ٌُمتٌَ ٌَعٌلّْ ٌٌقٌٌبِا ٌْلَِْب‬ + ٌ‫َخبَ ٌٌرٌ ٌُم ٌَق ٌَّدٌر‬ + ٌ‫ٌُمٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأ‬ 2. The ‫خبَ ٌٌر‬ َ can be a complete sentence. Example 1: ٌِ ‫ٌع‬ ٌ‫ال‬ َ ُ‫َزيْ ٌدٌأَبُ ْوه‬ Zayd’s father is knowledgable. َ‫َعالِ ٌم‬ ُ‫أَبُوَه‬ َ‫َزي ٌد‬ ‫افٌٌإٌِلٌَْيٌِو‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ٌَ ‫ٌ ٌُم‬+ٌ‫اف‬ ٌٌ ‫ض‬ ٌَ ‫ٌُم‬ ٌِْ ِ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌٌا‬ ‫َسٌيٌَّةٌ ٌَخ ٌِْبٌيٌَّة‬ ٌ = ٌ‫َخبَ ٌر‬ + ٌ‫ٌُمٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأ‬ ٌِْ ِ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌٌا‬ ‫َسٌيٌَّةٌ ٌَخ ٌِْبٌيٌَّة‬ ٌ = ٌ‫ٌٌٌٌٌٌٌٌٌ َخبَ ٌٌر‬ + ٌٌ‫ٌُمٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأ‬ Example 2: ٌ‫ َزيْ ٌدٌأَ َك َلٌالطَّ َع َام‬Zayd ate the food. َ‫ام‬ َ ‫الط َع‬ َ‫أَ َك َل‬ َ‫َزي ٌد‬ ‫ُجٌُْلٌَةٌفِ ْعٌلٌِيٌَّةٌ ٌَخ ٌِْبٌيٌَّة‬ ٌ = ‫ َم ْفعُ ْوٌٌل‬+ ‫فِ ْع ٌٌلٌ َم َعٌفَاعِلٌِِو‬ ٌِْ ِ‫ُجٌُْلَةٌٌٌا‬ ٌ‫َسٌيَّةٌٌ ٌَخ ٌِْبٌيَّة‬ ٌ = ٌ‫ٌٌٌٌٌٌ َخبَ ٌٌر‬ + ٌٌ‫ٌُمٌْبٌتَ ٌَدأ‬ EXERCISE 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences. i. ‫القلمٌىفٌالفصل‬ ii. ‫الثورٌحيرثٌاَلرض‬ 1 ٌٌ ّْ‫ ٌُمتٌَ ٌَعٌل‬is taken to be ‫ ٌَخبَ ٌٌر‬. See Hasan Dockrat, A However, generally, to simplify matters, the ‫ق‬ Simplified Arabic Grammar, (Azaadvillle: Madrasa Arabia Islamia, 2003 ), 37. 13 ‫‪Summary‬‬ ‫ٌلَْفظٌ‬ ‫عٌ‬ ‫ض ْو ٌ‬ ‫َم ٌْو ُ‬ ‫ُم ْه َم ٌلٌ‬ ‫ُم ْفَرٌدٌ‬ ‫ُمَرَّك ٌ‬ ‫بٌ‬ ‫اِ ْس ٌمٌ‬ ‫فِ ْع ٌلٌ‬ ‫فٌ‬ ‫َحْر ٌ‬ ‫ٌم ِفْي َدةٌٌ‬ ‫ُجُْلَةٌ ُ‬ ‫ُجلَةٌٌ َغي رٌم ِفي َدٌةٍ‬