PDF: Dream Textbook - Learn Arabic

This textbook is the product of over two decades of teaching students the ancient language of the Quran, but doing so in English. It was inspired by the unconventional yet effective the way I learned the Arabic of the Quran and was able to organize a curriculum and teaching method that showed un...

This textbook is the product of over two decades of teaching students the ancient language of the Quran, but doing so in English. It was inspired by the unconventional yet effective the way I learned the Arabic of the Quran and was able to organize a curriculum and teaching method that showed unprecedented results by the grace of the Almighty. My students went on to become teachers themselves and they also made several enhancements and improvements to the curriculum. I believe in this approach because I have seen first hand what it has done for thousands of students. It is, in my humble opinion, one of the most systematic and successful curricula for the teaching of the Qurans language and based on what I've seen it accomplish, I and my team hope to inspire students to be part of a worldwide effort of shortening the gap between the Ummah and direct access to their book in Allah's original words. Our vision is to provide this resource as a solid foundation for students, teachers and potential teachers and it is our hope that with this globally growing community we can create versions of this work adapted to languages from around the world so even people who don't have access to English can benefit from this work. My prayers are with you, the student or the teacher, who make an effort to learn and teach Allah's words and I hope every step you take in this path brings you many steps closer to guidance.  SECTION 1: NAHW The science of how words interact with each other TABLE OF CONTENTS – ‫الفهرس‬ Chapter 1 – Types of Words In Arabic.......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 – ‫اإلعراب‬......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Status – ‫ اإلعراب‬........................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 how to tell Status....................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Light vs Heavy.......................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 flexibility................................................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Pronouns.................................................................................................................................. 18 2.6 Status in action......................................................................................................................... 21 2.7 ‫ اجلار واملجرور‬................................................................................................................................ 21 2.8 ‫ حرف انلصب واسمها‬........................................................................................................................ 23 2.9 ‫ اإلضافة‬........................................................................................................................................ 24 Chapter 3 – ‫ القسم‬- ‫ العدد‬-‫ اجلنس‬..................................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Gender – ‫الجنس‬......................................................................................................................... 32 3.2 Number – ‫ العدد‬......................................................................................................................... 35 3.3 Type - ‫القسم‬............................................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 4 – ‫ اسم‬in action............................................................................................................................. 43 4.1 ‫ املوصوف والصفة‬............................................................................................................................. 43 4.2 ‫ اسم اإلشارة واملشار إيله‬..................................................................................................................... 44 4.3 Connector Letters – ‫ حروف العطف‬.............................................................................................. 49 ُ ْ َُُْ Chapter 5 – ‫االس ِم َّية‬ ‫ اجلملة‬............................................................................................................................... 54 5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 54 5.2 Finding the Invisible “IS”.......................................................................................................... 54 5.3 ‫ – إعراب الجملة االسمية‬Grammatical Labeling.............................................................................. 59 5.4 Abnormal Sentence Structure.................................................................................................. 62 5.5 “HE HAS” and “THERE IS” Sentences....................................................................................... 64 5.6 Complex Sentences.................................................................................................................. 66 َ ‫ الف ْع ُل‬............................................................................................................................... 71 ْ ِ ‫الم‬ Chapter 6 – ‫اض‬ ِ ِ 6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 71 1  6.2 ‫الماضي‬ ِ ‫ الفعل‬............................................................................................................................... 72 6.3 ‫ الفاعل‬......................................................................................................................................... 73 6.4 ‫ المفعول‬....................................................................................................................................... 74 6.6 Abnormal Sentence Structure.................................................................................................. 78 6.7 Complex Sentences.................................................................................................................. 79 6.8 Question Words....................................................................................................................... 80 Chapter 7 – ‫ الفعل المضارع‬.............................................................................................................................. 84 7.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 84 7.2 ‫الفعل المضارع‬............................................................................................................................... 84 7.3 ‫ حروف‬Associated with ‫ الفعل المضارع‬.......................................................................................... 85 7.4 Commanding and forbidding................................................................................................... 89 7.6 Abnormal Sentence Structure.................................................................................................. 93 7.7 ‫ نون التوكيد‬................................................................................................................................... 94 7.8 Distinguishing Between ‫ أسماء‬and ‫ أفعال‬.................................................................................... 96 Chapter 8 – ‫المبي للمجهول‬ ِ ‫ الفعل‬.................................................................................................................. 103 8.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 103 8.2 Sentence structure................................................................................................................. 103 8.3 The Rhetorical Benefits of the Passive Voice......................................................................... 110 8.4 Transitivity.............................................................................................................................. 111 Summary of Passives.................................................................................................................... 113 Chapter 9 - Negation................................................................................................................................. 117 9.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 117 9.2 Negating ‫ الجملة الفعلية‬............................................................................................................. 117 9.3 Negating ‫ الجملة االسمية‬............................................................................................................ 118 9.4 Shared Tools of Negation....................................................................................................... 122 SUmmary of Negation.................................................................................................................. 126 Chapter 10 – ‫ األفعال الناقصة‬......................................................................................................................... 129 10.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 129 10.2 Sentence structure............................................................................................................... 130 10.3 Abnormal Sentence Structure.............................................................................................. 134 10.4 Complex Sentence Structure............................................................................................... 134 10.5 Translating ‫ كان‬Sentences..................................................................................................... 135 10.6 Negating ‫ كان‬Sentences........................................................................................................ 135 2 Chapter 11 – The compound ‫ اسم‬.............................................................................................................. 140 11.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 140 ْ 11.2 ‫ أن‬AND‫ أن‬............................................................................................................................... 140 11.3 tools that create Compound ‫مضاف إليه‬................................................................................. 141 The ‫ حرف‬Reference Sheet......................................................................................................................... 143 3  CHAPTER 1 – TYPES OF WORDS IN ARABIC INTRODUCTION The smallest unit in language is the letter. Letters come together to form words, words come together to form fragments, and fragments come together to form sentences. We will begin our study by learning about the unit that is second from the bottom on the hierarchy – words. There are THREE TYPES of WORDS in Arabic: 1. ‫ا ِْسم‬ ْ 2. ‫ف ِعل‬ 3. ‫َح ْرف‬ Every word in Arabic falls into one of these three categories. Let us learn the definition of each. ُ‫ا ِالسْم‬ An ‫ اسم‬is defined as A PERSON , PLACE , THING, IDEA, ADJECTIVE , ADVERB, and MORE. Let us look at examples of each. A few examples of a PERSON would be: - Muhammad - Maryam - teacher - writer Notice that the name of the person can be specific (Muhammad/Maryam) or general (teacher/writer). A few examples of a PLACE would be: - Egypt - Arabia - school - store Notice again that the name of the place can be specific (Egypt/Arabia) or general (school/store) A few examples of a THING would be: - book - pen - camera - table A thing is a material object that can be touched (see the examples above). A few examples of an IDEA would be: 4  - justice - happiness - education - authority Ideas are different than things in that they are abstract and intangible – things that cannot be touched (see the examples above). A few examples of an ADJECTIVE would be: - tall - short - boring - exciting Adjectives are words that are used to describe other words. A few examples of an ADVERB would be: - slowly - quickly - gently - happily Adverbs are words that describe how an action took place. They usually end in –ly. The “MORE” category will be discussed in a later chapter. ُ‫ال ِف ْعل‬ A ‫ فعل‬is defined as A WORD THAT HAS A TENSE. A ‫ فعل‬can be in the past, present, or future tense. A few examples of a PAST -TENSE ‫ فعل‬would be: - He stopped. - He gave. The action is complete; it is something that occurred in the past. A few examples of a PRESENT - TENSE ‫ فعل‬would be: - He searches. - He learns. The action is ongoing; it is something that is occurring in the present. A few examples of a FUTURE -TENSE ‫ فعل‬would be: - He will succeed. - He will give up. The action has not yet occurred; it is something that will occur in the future. To test whether a word is a ‫ فعل‬or not, place the word “I” before it. If it makes sense, it is a ‫فعل‬. Otherwise, it is not. 5 Let us put the word “came” to the test. → I came → This makes sense, so “came” is a ‫ﻓﻌل‬ Let us put the word “ice cream” to the test. → I ice cream → This does not make sense, so “ice cream is not a ‫”ﻓﻌل‬. َ ُ ‫اﻟﺣ ْر‬ ‫ف‬ A ‫ ﺣرف‬is defined as A WORD THAT IS INCOMPLETE UNLESS IT IS FOLLOWED BY EITHER AN ‫ اﺳم‬OR A ‫ﻓﻌل‬. Another definition for a ‫ ﺣرف‬is a word that is neither an ‫ اﺳم‬nor a ‫ﻓﻌل‬. A few examples of a ‫ ﺣرف‬would be: - to - from - in - with - until - if For instance, “I came from” is an incomplete thought. The word “from” is a ‫حرف‬. For this reason, it makes no sense on its own and requires either an ‫ اسم‬or ‫ فعل‬after it. “I came from home,” on the other hand, is a complete thought because the ‫ حرف‬is followed by an ‫اسم‬. DRILL 1 Determine whether the words below are ‫( اسم‬I) or ‫( فعل‬F) or ‫( حرف‬H ). We invited guests for dinner. They arrived early. I told my son to give them fruits and drinks and I put the chicken in the oven hurriedly. He dropped the tray on the white carpet and the drinks spilled. Guests are coming again today. I will remind him to carry the tray carefully this time. 6  CHAPTER 1 & 2 MEMORIZATION VOCABULARY ( SINGULAR - PLURAL ) ٌ ‫ِا ْم َرأَ ٌة – ن ِ َس‬ ‫اء‬ ٌ ٌ ‫َر ُجل – ِر َجال‬ ٌ ‫َز ْو ٌج – أَ ْز‬ ‫واج‬ ٌ ُ ُ ‫أ ٌّم – أ َّم َهات‬ ٌ َ‫أَ ٌب – آب‬ ‫اء‬ woman Man spouse mother father ٌَ ْ ٌ ْ ٌ َ َ ٌ َ‫اب ٌن – أَبْن‬ ٌ ُ ٌ ٌ ْ ‫بن‬ ٌ َ َ ‫ ِإخوة‬/‫أخ – ِإخوان‬ ‫ َبنُ ْون‬/‫اء‬ ْ ‫ذ ِّر َّية‬ ‫ت – َبنَات‬ ِ ‫َو ٌَل – أ ْوالد‬ brother son/child offspring girl/daughters boy/child ٌَ َْ ٌ َ ٌ ْ‫َف ٌم – أَف‬ ٌ‫َص ْد ٌر – ُص ُد ْور‬ ٌ َْ ٌ ََ َ ٌ ‫أُ ْخ‬ ‫لِسان – أل ِسنة‬ ‫واه‬ ‫تْنيْل‬ ‫ت – أخوات‬ tongue/language mouth chest revelation sister ٌ َ ٌَ ٌَ َْ ٌ َُ ُُ ٌ َْ ٌ‫َو ْج ٌه – ُو ُج ْوه‬ ٌَ َْ ٌ َُْ ٌ ‫َو َرقة – أ ْو َراق‬ ‫فؤاد – أفئِدة‬ ‫ب – قل ْو ٌب‬ ‫قل‬ ‫بنيان – أبنِية‬/‫بِناء‬ paper/leaf heart/intellect heart face building/structure ٌَ ُ ٌ ٌ ْ‫َبي‬ ٌ ُ‫تاب – ُكت‬ ٌ ‫ك‬ ٌ ْ‫ أَق‬- ‫قَلَ ٌم‬ – ‫غ ْرفة‬ ٌ ْ ‫ أَب‬- ‫باب‬ ٌ ‫ت – ُبيُ ْوت‬ ‫ب‬ ِ ‫الم‬ ٌ َ ُ ٌ ُ ‫واب‬ ‫غ ُرفات‬/‫غ َرف‬ house book pen door room ‫اك ُن‬ ََ ٌ َ َ ُ ٌ َ ‫ق ْر َية – ق ًرى‬ ٌ َ ٌَ َ ‫َك َمات‬ ٌ ‫َم‬ ٌ ‫َحيَاة‬ ِ ‫مَكن – أم‬ ِ – ‫َكمة‬ ِ ‫اء‬ place town word water life In addition to the vocabulary listed above you are responsible for the following tables included in these chapters: - Muslim Chart o Normal o Light - Pronouns - Harf of Jarr - Harf of Nasb - Special Mudhaaf - 5 Special Isms 7  CHAPTER 2 – ‫اإلعراب‬ INTRODUCTION The first of the three types of words that we will study is the ‫اسم‬. Every ‫ اسم‬has four properties. Their four properties are status (‫)اإلعراب‬, gender (‫)اجلنس‬, number (‫)العدد‬, and type (‫)القسم‬. Remember not to lose sight of where we are in our studies. Status ‫إعراب‬ Gender ‫جنس‬ ‫اسم‬ Language Number ‫عدد‬ Sentences Fragments Words ‫حرف‬ ‫فعل‬ Type ‫قسم‬ 2.1 STATUS – ‫اإلعراب‬ Status ‫إعراب‬ Gender ‫جنس‬ ‫اسم‬ Words Number ‫عدد‬ ‫حرف‬ ‫فعل‬ Type ‫قسم‬ Status is the first of the four properties. Status has to do with the role an ‫ اسم‬is playing in a sentence. In Arabic, an ‫ اسم‬can have one of three statuses. The status depends on the role the ‫ اسم‬is playing. ْ STATUS #1 : THE DOER - ‫رَ ف ع‬ The doer is the one who carries out the action. Take a look at the following examples. I ate too much chocolate. 8  The action here is “ate”. Now ask yourself who it was who ate. It is the speaker “I” who did the action. In this sentence “I” is the doer. My tooth is aching. The action here is “aching”. Now asking yourself what is doing the aching. It is the tooth. In this sentence “tooth” is the doer. The dentist gave me a filling. The action here is “gave”. Now ask yourself who is the one who gave. It is the dentist. In this sentence, “dentist” is the doer. When searching for the doer in a sentence, follow a two-step process: 1. Identify the action 2. Ask yourself “Who is doing the action?” Note that it is possible for the doer to be non-human. ‫ رفع‬is also known as the default status. If there is no reason for an ‫ اسم‬to be put in another status, it remains in the ‫ رفع‬status. ْ ْ ٌ ُ َ The doer is always in the ‫ َرف ٌع‬status. The way you say “in the ‫ َرفع‬status” in Arabic is ‫م ْرف ْوع‬. MEMORIZE this term and use it. ْ َ STATUS #2 : THE DETAIL - ‫نصب‬ The detail refers to additional information about the action. When looking for a detail in a sentence, follow a two-step process: 1) Find the action and the doer 2) Everything else in the sentence is a detail Muhammad ate chocolate at home yesterday happily because he was hungry. doer action detail detail detail detail detail ْ َ ْ َ َْ The detail is always in the ‫ نصب‬status. The way you say “in the ‫ نصب‬status” in Arabic is ‫من ُص ْو ٌب‬. MEMORIZE this term and use it. STATUS #3 : AFTER-OF - ‫جر‬ َ After-of is, quite literally, the word that occurs after “of”. Take a look at the following example: advisor of the king In this fragment, “the king” is the word after “of”. 9 This status is straightforward and easy to spot. There are some cases, however, in which the “of” is not clear and the sentence must be rearranged to make the “of” easy to spot. The fragment “my book” for instance, can be rearranged to read “book of mine.” In this case, the word “my” or “mine” is the word after of. How do you know when a fragment needs rearranging? Whenever you see possession (his, hers, my, our etc.), the fragment can be rearranged to show the “of”. َْ The after-of is always in the ‫ َجر‬status. The way you say “in the ‫ َجر‬status” in Arabic is ‫َم ُر ْو ٌر‬. MEMORIZE this term and use it. DRILL 1 Determine the status of each ‫اسم‬. Label them ‫( رفع‬R) or ‫( نصب‬N) or ‫( جر‬J ). The teacher entered the classroom. His student was sleeping soundly. He threw a pencil, and the student woke up suddenly. The student’s mother called the teacher the next day and confronted him angrily. The teacher lost his job. 2.2 HOW TO TELL STAT US In English, we were able to determine the status based on the meaning. In Arabic, however, status is determined by a marker or sign at the end of the word. As you know, there are three statuses in Arabic. There are, however, more than three status markers or signs. In other words, there are more than three ways that the status of a word can show. This is because each status can show in different ways depending on the number and the gender of the word. It is important to keep in mind that whenever you are trying to figure out the status of an Ism you must look at the ending of the word. There are two types of endings we will see, ending sounds (vowel change at the end) and ending combinations (letters added to the end of a word). The number/gender variations are singular, pair, masculine plural, and feminine plural. Take a look at the charts below. Notice how each status looks different depending on the number and the gender of the word. The word ‫ مسلم‬is the base. Anything beyond the last letter – in this case, the ‫( – م‬whether it is a ‫ حركة‬or letters) is part of the status marker. MEMORIZE these charts. Plural Pair Singular َ ‫ُم ْس ِل ُم ْون‬ ‫مان‬ ْ ُ ِ ‫مس ِل‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل ٌم‬ ‫رفع‬ 10  َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ َْ ْ ُ ‫ُم ْس ِل ًما‬ ِِ ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫ي‬َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ ‫ي‬ َْ ْ ُ ‫ُم ْس ِلم‬ ِِ ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫جر‬ Plural Feminine Pair Feminine Singular Feminine ٌ ٌ ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫تان‬ َ ْ ُ ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل َمة‬ ‫رفع‬ ََْ ْ ُ ً ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ي‬ِ ‫مس ِلمت‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل َمة‬ ‫نصب‬ ََْ ْ ُ ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫مس ِلمت‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل َمة‬ ‫جر‬ ً *Note that the ‫ )تنوين فتح( ًـ‬must sit on either an ‫ ا‬or a ‫ ة‬or a ‫ء‬. This is why the ‫ ا‬is added to the word ‫مسلما‬ when it is in the ‫ نصب‬status. Let us now take a closer look at each number/gender combination. SINGULAR The word ‫ مسلم‬is the base and the status marker is the ‫ حركة‬that sits on the last letter. This type of status marker is called an ENDING SOUND. Status Ending Sound ‫رفع‬ ٌ ‫مسلم‬ ‫نصب‬ ً ‫مسلما‬ ‫جر‬ ‫مسلم‬ To make a singular word feminine, just add a ‫ ة‬to the end of the word. This makes the base for the feminine ‫مسلمة‬. The status marker is the ‫حركة‬. Status Ending Sound ٌَ ‫رفع‬ ‫مسلمة‬ ًَ ‫نصب‬ ‫مسلمة‬ ‫جر‬ َ ‫مسلمة‬ ***N OTE that when adding a ‫ ة‬to any word, the letter before the ‫ ة‬gets a ‫فتحة‬. 11 PAIR The base is ‫ مسلم‬and everything beyond that is the status marker. Here, the ‫ فتحة‬on the ‫ م‬as well as the ‫ان‬ make up the status marker. We call this an ENDING COMBINATION because it is made up of more than a single ‫حركة‬. Status Ending Combination ‫رفع‬ ‫ان‬ َ ِ ‫مسلم‬ َْ ‫نصب‬ ‫ي‬ِ ‫مسلم‬ َْ ‫جر‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫مسلم‬ Notice that the ‫ نصب‬and ‫ جر‬forms are exactly the same. The way to distinguish between them is context. By the time we complete our study of fragments and sentences, you will easily be able to distinguish between the ‫ نصب‬and ‫ جر‬forms. When creating the pair form of the feminine, the base is ‫ مسلمة‬and the ending combination is the ‫ان‬ ِ that attaches to the end. In script, however, nothing can attach to a ‫ة‬, so it opens up and becomes a ‫ت‬. Status Ending Combination ‫رفع‬ ‫تان‬ َ ِ ‫مسلم‬ ََْ ‫نصب‬ ‫ي‬ِ ‫مسلمت‬ ََْ ‫جر‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫مسلمت‬ Notice that the ‫ ت‬always takes a ‫فتحة‬. PLURAL There are two variations of the plural: masculine and feminine. Take a look at the charts below. MASCULINE In the plural masculine form, the status is determined by an ending combination just as it is in the pair form. The combination is made up of two letters that attach to the end of the word. Status Ending Combination 12  َ ُ ‫رفع‬ ‫مسلم ْون‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫ي‬َ ْ ‫مسلم‬ ِ ‫جر‬ ‫ي‬ َ ْ ‫مسلم‬ ِ Notice that word ‫ مسلم‬remains the same throughout. The ending combination acts as an add-on and does not change the make-up of the word. Notice that the last letter in the word, the ‫م‬, gets a ‫ ضمة‬in the ‫ رفع‬form and a ‫ كرسة‬in the ‫ نصب‬and ‫ جر‬forms. Also notice that the ‫ نصب‬and ‫ جر‬forms are exactly the same. The way to distinguish between the ‫ نصب‬and ‫ جر‬forms is context. FEMININE In the plural feminine form, the status is determined by an ending combination just as it is in the pair and plural masculine forms. The combination is made up of two letters that attach to the end of the word. Status Ending Combination ٌ َ ‫رفع‬ ‫مسلمات‬ ‫نصب‬ َ ‫مسلمات‬ ‫جر‬ َ ‫مسلمات‬ Notice that the ‫ م‬gets a ‫ فتحة‬in all the forms. Also notice that the ‫ نصب‬and ‫ جر‬forms are exactly the same. The way to distinguish between them is context. Now that you are familiar with all of the status markers, you should be able to determine the status of a word in Arabic. It is important to note that when determining status, you should ALWAYS look for ending combinations BEFORE you look for ending sounds. Furthermore, notice that there is no real difference in ending sounds or combinations for singular masculine/feminine and pair masculine/feminine. Therefore, the Muslim Chart can be further simplified as follows: Plural Feminine Plural Masculine Pair Singular ٌ َ ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل ُم ْون‬ ‫مان‬ ِ ‫مس ِل‬ ْ ُ ‫ُم ْس ِل ٌم‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ي‬ َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ ‫ي‬ َْ ْ ُ ‫ُم ْس ِل ًما‬ ِِ ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫نصب‬ 13  ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ َْ ْ ُ ْ ُ ِِ ِ ‫مس ِلم مس ِلم‬ ‫جر‬ DRILL 2 Is the word “Muslim” ‫( رفع‬R) or ‫( نصب‬N) or ‫( جر‬J). ٌ ْ ُ َ ْ ُ ْ ُ R/N/J 7. ‫م س ِل َم ة‬ R/N/J 4. ‫ان‬ ِ ‫م س ِل م‬ R/N/J 1. ‫م س ِل ًم ا‬ َ ْ ‫ُم ْس ل م‬ 8. ‫ي‬ 5. ‫م س لِ مات‬ ْ ُ َ ْ ُ 2. ‫م س لِ ُم ْو ن‬ R/N/J ِِ R/N/J R/N/J َ َ ْ ُ ْ ُ َ ْ ْ ُ R/N/J 9. ‫ان‬ ِ ‫م س لِ م ت‬ R/N/J 6. ‫م س لِ م‬ R/N/J 3. ‫ي‬ ِ ‫م س لِ م‬ ْ ُ ََْ ْ ُ ٌ َ ْ ُ R/N/J 10. ‫م س ِل ٌم‬ R/N/J 7. ‫ي‬ ِ ‫م س لِ م ت‬ R/N/J 4. ‫م س لِ م ات‬ DRILL 3 Is the word “Muslim” ‫( رفع‬R) or ‫( نصب‬N) or ‫( جر‬J). How would you write the word in Arabic? 1. A Muslim woman travelled. R/N/J 2. The religion of a Muslim is Islam. R/N/J 3. I met a Muslim woman. R/N/J 4. The religion of Muslims is Islam. R/N/J 5. Two Muslims travelled. R/N/J 6. Muslims travelled. R/N/J 7. I met a Muslim. R/N/J 8. The religion of two Muslims is Islam. R/N/J 9. I met Muslims. R/N/J 10. The house of a Muslim woman is clean. R/N/J 2.3 LIGHT VS HEAVY Lightness and heaviness are not from among the four properties of the ‫اسم‬. Rather, the discussion of light and heavy is a sub-topic that falls under status. Now that we have learned about the different 14 markers that we can use to determine status, we will learn about different variations and forms that these markers can take. Notice that every word in the ‫ مسلم‬chart ends in an ‘n’ sound, whether it be an ending sound or combination. These words are considered heavy. HEAVY is the DEFAULT. To make a word light, all you have to do is remove the ‘n’ sound at the end. Plural Pair Singular muslimoo na muslimaa ni muslimu n ‫رفع‬ muslimee na muslimay ni muslima n ‫نصب‬ muslimee na muslimay ni muslimi n ‫جر‬ Plural Pair Singular muslimaatu n muslimataa ni muslimatu n ‫رفع‬ muslimaati n muslimatay ni muslimata n ‫نصب‬ muslimaati n muslimatay ni muslimati n ‫جر‬ To get rid of the ‫ ن‬sound in Arabic, use the following rules. ْ َّ َ َ 1) If the word ends in a double accent (‫)اتلن ِويْن‬, replace the double accent with a single ‫ح َركة‬. For ٌ instance, the word ‫مسلم‬ would become ‫مسلم‬. ُ The word ‫ مسلمات‬would become ‫مسلمات‬. ِ 2) If the word ends in the letter ‫ن‬, all you have to do is drop the ‫ن‬. For instance, the word ‫مسلمون‬ becomes ‫مسلمو‬. Below are the ‫ مسلم‬charts in the light form. MEMORIZE them. Plural Pair Singular ‫ُم ْس ِل ُم ْو‬ ‫ُم ْس ِلما‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل ُم‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫م‬ ْ ِ ‫ُم ْس ِل‬ ‫م‬ْ َ ‫ُم ْس ِل‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل َم‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫م‬ ْ ِ ‫ُم ْس ِل‬ ْ َ ‫ُم ْس ِل‬ ‫م‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل ِم‬ ‫جر‬ Plural Pair Singular ُ ُ ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل َمتا‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل َمة‬ ‫رفع‬ 15  ْ ُ ْ َ ‫ُم ْس ِل َم‬ َ ‫مات‬ ِ ‫مس ِل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل َمة‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫مات‬ ْ ُ ْ َ ‫ُم ْس ِل َم‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل َم ِة‬ ِ ‫مس ِل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫جر‬ As stated previously, the heavy form is the default form for an ‫اسم‬. An ‫ اسم‬is not made light unless there is a reason. The details pertaining to these reasons will be discussed later on in the book. Status ‫إعراب‬ light and heavy Gender ‫جنس‬ ‫االسم‬ Number ‫عدد‬ Type ‫قسم‬ *Note that the discussion of heavy and light becomes irrelevant when the word has an ‫ ال‬on it. This is ٌ because ‫ تنوين‬and ‫ ال‬NEVER come together. For example, the word ‫املسلم‬ is incorrect. You can only say ُ ‫املسلم‬. The words that end in ‫ن‬, on the other hand, keep their ‫ ن‬even when there is an ‫ ال‬on the word. The word ‫ املسلمون‬is correct; there is no need to drop the ‫ن‬. DRILL 4 Are the following words light, heavy, or irrelevant? L IGHT , H EAVY , OR I RRELEVANT WORD L IGHT , H EAVY , OR I RRELEVANT WORD ْ َ ََ L /H/ I 1. ‫عصف‬ L /H/ I 2. ‫مغانِ َم‬ َْ َ َ ْ َّ ُ L /H/ I 3. ‫لل‬ ِ ‫س ِبيل ا‬ L /H/ I 4. ‫مت ِقي‬ L /H/ I ْ ُ ُْ 5. ‫مه ِلكو‬ L /H/ I َْ 6. ‫القائِ ِلي‬ َ َ َ َ ًْ ُ L /H/ I 7. ‫اجد‬ ِ ‫مس‬ L /H/ I 8. ‫م ِبينا‬ َ َ َّ ََْْ L /H/ I 9. ‫ات‬ ِ ‫السمو‬ L /H/ I 10. ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ِابنت‬ 2.4 FLEXIBILITY Flexibility is not one of the four properties of the ‫اسم‬. Rather, it is a sub-topic under status. This topic, just like light and heavy, deals with the different forms the status markers can take. ** The discussion of flexibility only pertains to words that have an ENDING SOUND. ** Therefore, for flexibility we are only focused on the following parts of the Muslim Chart: 16  Plural Feminine Plural Masculine Pair Singular ٌ َ ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل ُم ْون‬ ‫مان‬ ِ ‫مس ِل‬ ْ ُ ‫ُم ْس ِل ٌم‬ ‫رفع‬ ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ي‬ َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ ‫ي‬ َْ ْ ُ ‫ُم ْس ِل ًما‬ ِِ ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ي‬ َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ ‫ي‬ َْ ْ ُ ‫ُم ْس ِلم‬ ِِ ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫جر‬ There are three forms of flexibility. They are: ْ ُ 1) fully-flexible (‫مع َرب‬/‫ف‬ ‫َص‬َ ُْ ِ ‫)من‬ ْ َّ ‫ع من‬ ٌ ُْْ َ 2) partly-flexible (‫الَص ِف‬ ِ ‫)ممنو‬ َْ 3) non-flexible (‫)مب ِن‬ We will discuss partly-flexible last, because it requires the most attention. ْ ُ FULLY-FLEXIBLE (‫مع َرب‬/‫ف‬‫َص‬َ ُْ ِ ‫ )من‬is the default state for a word. It is the broadest category. A fully-flexible word is a word that can show all three statuses in a normal way according to what we learned in the ‫ مسلم‬chart. Fully-Flexible Endings are: ٌ ‫ رفع‬: ‫مسلم‬ (un) ً ‫ نصب‬: ‫مسلما‬ (an) ‫ جر‬: ‫( مسلم‬in) (3 Statuses have 3 Unique Endings) NON-FLEXIBLE (‫)مبْ ِن‬ َ words are the opposite of fully-flexible words. They can never show their status. This means that they look the same in the ‫ رفع‬status, the ‫ نصب‬status, and the ‫ جر‬status. Words that end ْ َ َ ُ ُ ََ in ‫ (ى) أ ِلف َمق ُص ْو َرة‬or a normal ‫ (ا) ا‬are non-flexible. Words like ‫م ْوس‬, ‫ه ًدى‬, and ‫زك ِر َّيا‬, for example, are non- flexible. All of the pointer words (‫ار ِة‬ ُ ‫ )أ ْس َم‬in the singular and plural forms as well as all of the ‫أَ ْس َماء‬ َ ‫اء اإل َش‬ َ ِ َ ‫ موصولة‬are non-flexible. We will learn about these types of ‫ أ ْس َماء‬in detail later. For the time being, learn to recognize them and know that they are non-flexible. ‫األسماء املوصولة‬ ‫أسماء اإلشارة‬ 17  ْ َّ َّ َ َ َ ‫اَّلي َن‬ ِ ‫اَّل ْي‬ ِ ‫ذلِك‬ ‫هذا‬ ْ ‫ َّاال‬،‫وات‬ ‫ئ‬ ْ َّ ‫ال‬،‫ت‬ َّ ْ ‫اال‬ ‫ت‬ْ َّ‫ال‬ َ ْ ‫تِلك‬ ‫ه ِذ ِه‬ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ َ ُْ َ ‫َم ْن‬ ‫ما‬ ‫أوالئِك‬ ‫ه ُؤال ِء‬ Non-Flexible Endings all look the same, there is no way to distinguish them by looking at the word alone: ‫ُم ْو َ ى‬ ‫ رفع‬: ‫س‬ ‫ُم ْو َ ى‬ ‫ نصب‬: ‫س‬ ‫ُم ْو َ ى‬ ‫ جر‬: ‫س‬ (3 Statuses have 1 Ending) ٌ ُْْ َ ْ َّ ‫ع من‬ PARTLY-FLEXIBLE (‫الَص ِف‬ ِ ‫ )ممنو‬are words that can only display their status in two ways. A partly- َْ flexible word can only take a ‫ ضمة‬and a ‫فتحة‬. A partly-flexible word can also never take ‫تن ِويْن‬. This type of word takes a single ‫ ضمة‬in the ‫ رفع‬form, a single ‫ فتحة‬in the ‫ نصب‬form, and a single ‫ فتحة‬in the ‫ جر‬form. Partly-Flexible Endings are: ُ ‫ رفع‬:‫( ُي ْو ُسف‬u) َ ‫ نصب‬:‫( ُي ْو ُسف‬a) َ ‫ جر‬: ‫( ُي ْو ُسف‬a) Notice that ‫ نصب‬and ‫ جر‬look the same. We have seen this problem before in ending combinations. (3 Statuses have 2 Endings) **Unlike a non-flexible word, there are times when a partly-flexible word can be made fully flexible by showing a ‫ كرسة‬in the ‫ جر‬form. A partly-flexible word can be made fully-flexible in two ways: 1) by adding an ‫ال‬ 2) by making it a ‫( مضاف‬discussed in a later chapter) HOW TO INDENTIFY PARTLY FLEXIBLE WORDS 18 There is no clear marker for partly flexible words. You will become accustomed to identifying partly- flexible words as you are exposed to more vocabulary. However, there are a few categories of partly- flexible words we can familiarize ourselves with to make identification of partly-flexible words easier. A. NON-ARAB NAMES Non-Arab names are partly-flexible. Arab names are fully-flexible. There are four Arab prophet’s names ٌ َُ ٌ ُ ُ ٌ ْ‫ش َعي‬. mentioned in the Quran. They are: ‫ُم َّمد‬, ‫ه ْود‬, ‫صا ِل ٌح‬, and ‫ب‬ Take a look at the chart below. Take note of the differences between how the partly-flexible names and the fully-flexible names look in each status. ‫جر‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫رفع‬ َ َ ُ ‫يُ ْو ُسف‬ ‫يُ ْو ُسف‬ ‫يُ ْو ُسف‬ َْ ْ َْ ْ ُْ ْ Partly-flexible ‫ِإسما ِعيل‬ ‫ِإسما ِعيل‬ ‫ِإسما ِعيل‬ ْ ْ ْ ‫إِبْرا ِهي َم‬ ‫إِبْرا ِهي َم‬ ‫إِبْرا ِهي ُم‬ َُْ َُْ َُْ ‫يعق ْو َب‬ ‫يعق ْو َب‬ ‫يعق ْو ُب‬ ‫َم ْر َي َم‬ ‫َم ْر َي َم‬ ‫َم ْر َي ُم‬ َُ ً َُ ٌ َُ ‫ُم َّمد‬ ‫ُم َّمدا‬ ‫ُم َّمد‬ ُ ً ُ ٌ ُ ‫ه ْود‬ ‫ه ْودا‬ ‫ه ْود‬ Fully-flexible ‫صا ِلح‬ ‫صاِلًا‬ ِ ‫صا ِل ٌح‬ ْ ُ ْ ُ ٌ ْ‫ُش َعي‬ ‫ش َعيب‬ ‫ش َعيبًا‬ ‫ب‬ There is one exception to this rule. Three-letter names with a ‫ سكون‬on the middle letter are always fully- flexible, even if they are non-Arab names. ‫جر‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫رفع‬ Fully-flexible ُ ُ ُ ‫ل ْوط‬ ‫ل ْو ًطا‬ ‫ل ْو ٌط‬ ُ ُ ٌ ُ ‫ن ْوح‬ ‫ن ْو ًحا‬ ‫ن ْوح‬ B. FEMININE NAMES AND UNIQUELY MASCULINE NAMES 19 All feminine names are partly-flexible. Masculine names that have no feminine counterpart are also partly flexible. Below are some commonly occurring uniquely masculine names. Memorize them. We will learn the rest as we encounter them. ‫جر‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫رفع‬ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ‫اعئِشة‬ ‫اعئِشة‬ ‫اعئِشة‬ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ُ ْ َ ‫خ ِدْيَة‬ ‫خ ِدْيَة‬ ‫خ ِدْيَة‬ Feminine ‫ب‬ َ َ‫َزيْن‬ ‫ب‬ َ َ‫َزيْن‬ ‫ب‬ ُ َ‫َزيْن‬ َ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ ‫ِإي َمان‬ ‫ِإي َمان‬ ‫ِإي َمان‬ َ َْ َ َْ ُ َْ ‫َح َزة‬ ‫َح َزة‬ ‫َح َزة‬ َ َ ُ Uniquely masculine ‫عاو َية‬ ُ ‫عاو َية‬ ُ ‫عاو َية‬ ُ ِ ‫م‬ ِ ‫م‬ ِ ‫م‬ ُ ُ ُ ‫ع َم َر‬ ‫ع َم َر‬ ‫ع َم ُر‬ َ ُْ َ ُْ ُ ُْ ‫عث َمان‬ ‫عث َمان‬ ‫عث َمان‬ Again, three-letter names with a ‫ سكون‬on the middle letter are always fully-flexible. C. PROPER NAMES OF PLACES Proper names of places are partly-flexible. ‫جر‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫رفع‬ َ َّ َ َّ ُ َّ ‫َمكة‬ ‫َمكة‬ ‫َمكة‬ َْ َْ َْ ‫ْث َب‬ ِ ‫ي‬ ‫ْث َب‬ ِ ‫ي‬ ‫ْث ُب‬ ِ ‫ي‬ َّ َّ َّ ‫َج َهن َم‬ ‫َج َهن َم‬ ‫َج َهن ُم‬ Some names of places have an ‫ال‬. In such cases, the name is fully-flexible. ‫جر‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫رفع‬ َ ُ ‫راق‬ ِ ‫ال ِع‬ ‫ال ِعراق‬ ‫ال ِعراق‬ 20  ْ َْ ْ ‫الهن ِد‬ ِ ‫الهند‬ ِ ‫الهن ُد‬ ِ Names of places that are three letters with a ‫ سكون‬on the middle letter are fully-flexible. ‫جر‬ ‫نصب‬ ‫رفع‬ ْ ًْ ٌ ْ ‫َعدن‬ ‫َعدنا‬ ‫َعدن‬ There are certain word patterns that are partly-flexible. We will look at these patterns in our study of Sarf. Note: In your vocabulary, partly flexible words will be denoted by having a single vowel ending, not a ‫تنوين‬. For now, as you memorize new vocabulary, make a note of which words are partly-flexible. light and heavy fully flexible Status ‫إعراب‬ flexibility partly flexible Gender ‫جنس‬ non flexible Number ‫عدد‬ Type ‫قسم‬ DRILL 5 Are the following words fully, partly, or non-flexible? Why? R EASON F LEXIBILITY WORD R EASON F LEXIBILITY WORD َّ َ ُ َ ْ‫َطل‬ F / P / N 1. ‫ُممد‬ F/P/N 2. ‫حة‬ ً ُ َ F / P / N 3. ‫هدى‬ F/P/N 4. ‫صا ِلح‬ َّ َ َ ُْ F / P / N 5. ‫جهنم‬ F/P/N 6. ‫نوح‬ َّ َ ْ F / P / N 7. ‫مكة‬ F/P/N 8.‫َعدن‬ َ ُ َّ َ َ F / P / N 9. ‫عمر‬ F/P/N 10. ‫زكريا‬ ِ 2.5 PRONOUNS Before we continue with our study of the remaining 3 properties of the Ism, lets take a look at Isms that don’t follow the rules of status mentioned above: Pronouns. Pronouns are a special type of ‫ اسم‬that do not display their four properties in a standard way. We will 21  َ َُْ َ learn about two types of pronouns in this chapter. They are independent pronouns (‫المنف ِصلة‬ ‫ )الضمائِر‬and َ ُ attached pronouns (‫الم َّت ِصلة‬ َ ‫)الضمائِر‬. We will see how each type of pronoun shows status. Pronouns are an integral part of the Arabic language, as almost every sentence contains a pronoun. INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS Independent pronouns are pronouns that stand alone as their own word and do not attach to another word. Independent pronouns are always in the ‫ رفع‬status. As for type, pronouns are always proper. The number and gender of each pronoun is based on its meaning and labeled in the chart below. MEMORIZE the pronouns and their meanings and know their properties. Plural Pair Singular ُ ُ ُ ‫ه ْم‬ ‫هما‬ ‫ه َو‬ masculine third person They Both of them He ُ ُ ‫ه َّن‬ ‫هما‬ َ ِ ‫ه‬ feminine They Both of them She ْ‫أَ ْنتُم‬ ُ َْ ‫أنتما‬ َ‫أَنْت‬ masculine second person َّ‫أَنْ ُت‬ َْ َْ All of you You two You ُ ‫أنتما‬ ‫ت‬ ِ ‫أن‬ feminine All of you You two You ُ‫ََنْن‬ َ ‫أنا‬ first person both We I ATTACHED PRONOUNS Every independent pronoun has an attached counterpart. Attached pronouns attach either to a ‫ حرف‬or a ‫ فعل‬or another ‫اسم‬. Attached pronouns are always either in the ‫ نصب‬or ‫ جر‬status. All attached pronouns look the same in the ‫ نصب‬and ‫ جر‬status except for the ‫ أنا‬version. The way to tell what is ‫ نصب‬and what is ‫ جر‬is to look at what the pronoun is attached to. This will be discussed further in later chapters. MEMORIZE the attached pronouns and their meanings. Review the independent pronouns. MEMORIZE the two in conjunction. Plural Pair Singular third person 22  ُ ُ ُ ‫ِه ْم‬ ‫ه ْم‬ masculine ‫ِهما‬ ‫هما‬ ‫ـ ِه‬ ‫ـه‬ They Both of them He ُ ُ َ ‫ِه َّن‬ ‫ه َّن‬ ‫هما ِهما‬ ‫ها‬ feminine They Both of them She ُ ُ ‫ك ْم‬ ‫كما‬ ‫َك‬ masculine All of you You two You ُ ُ ‫ك َّن‬ ‫كما‬ ‫ِك‬ feminine All of you You two You ‫نا‬ ْ )‫ِن (نصب) ي (جر‬ِ both We I Notice that for many of the pronouns, there are two variations with differences in the ‫حركة‬. These variations do not indicate a change in status or any other property. Rather, the ‫ حركة‬on the attached pronoun may change depending on the last ‫ حركة‬on the word it attaches to. You will get a feel for this with time. The only exception to this is the ‫ أنا‬version, where the different versions indicate different statuses. SUMMARY OF STATUS So far in our discussion of status, we have seen the 3 forms of status, ‫ رفع نصب جر‬, show themselves in many different ways. The following chart is a summary of the different ways we see the 3 forms of status: Pronouns Ending Ending Ending Ending Ending Ending (Independent vs Combination Combination Combination Sound Sound Sound Attached) (Feminine (Masculine (Pair) (Partly- (Non- (Fully Plural) Plural) Flexible) Flexible) Flexible) ٌ َ ُ ‫ُم ْو َ ى‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل ُم ْون‬ ‫مان‬ ِ ‫مس ِل‬ ْ ُ ‫يُ ْو ُسف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل ٌم‬ ‫رفع‬ ُ َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ َْ ْ ُ َ ‫ُم ْو َ ى‬ ‫ـه‬- ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ي‬ ِِ ‫ي‬ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫يُ ْو ُسف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل ًما‬ ‫نصب‬ ُ َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ َْ ْ ُ َ ‫ُم ْو َ ى‬ ‫ـه‬- ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ي‬ ِِ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫يُ ْو ُسف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ُم ْس ِلم‬ ‫جر‬ 23  **Remember the whole objective behind our study of the ways status is shown is so that we can accurately and confidently identify whether a word is ‫ رفع‬, ‫ نصب‬, or ‫جر‬.** 2.6 STATUS IN ACTION Before we continue on to the remaining 3 properties of an Ism, we are going to pause for a moment and learn some fragments that will help us put our knowledge of status into action. Learning these fragments will also allow us to solve the problem of words that look the same in the ‫ نصب‬and ‫ جر‬forms. Once we learn these fragments we will know when to expect a word to be ‫ نصب‬and when we should expect a word to be ‫جر‬. WHAT IS A FRAGMENT? َّ ُ A fragment (‫)م َركبَة ناقِ َصة‬ is less than a sentence but more than a word. A fragment is formed when two or more words come together but do not form a complete thought. The words in a fragment have a relationship with each other. Sometimes this relationship is between a ‫ حرف‬and an ‫ اسم‬and sometimes it is between an ‫ اسم‬and another ‫اسم‬. There are five basic fragments in the Arabic language. In order to observe “status in action” we will begin with the first three fragments: ْ َ ُ 1) ‫والمج ُر ْو ُر‬ ‫اجلار‬ ‫ حرف‬+ ‫ اسم‬fragments 2) ‫واس ُمها‬ ْ ‫انل ْصب‬َّ ‫َح ْر ُف‬ ِ َُ 3) ‫اإلضافة‬ ِ ‫ اسم‬+ ‫ اسم‬fragment The first two fragments mentioned are fragments in which the relationship is a relationship between a ‫ حرف‬and an ‫اسم‬. The remaining fragment is between an ‫ اسم‬and another ‫اسم‬. 2.7 ‫اجلار واملجرور‬ This fragment is made up of two parts. The first is what is called ‫ حرف جر‬or a ‫جار‬. This is a ‫ حرف‬that puts the ‫ اسم‬that comes after it in the ‫ جر‬status. The second is an ‫ اسم‬that follows and is in the ‫ جر‬status. This part is called the ‫َمرور‬. This is the first of two reasons for a word to be in ‫ جر‬status. Nothing can come between a ‫ جار‬and a ‫ – َمرور‬the two parts of this fragment cannot have a long-distance relationship. Also know that a ‫ حرف جر‬can only affect an ‫اسم‬. It is never followed by a ‫ فعل‬or a ‫حرف‬. There are seventeen ‫حروف اجلر‬. Once you memorize them, recognizing and constructing ‫ اجلار واملجرور‬is very easy. MEMORIZE the ‫ حروف‬below along with their meanings. َ َ َ I swear by ‫َو‬ For (possession) ‫لـ‬ Like (comparison) ‫كـ‬ I swear (by Allah only) ‫ تـ‬With ‫بَـ‬ 24  َ ْ ُْ Except ‫خال‬ Since ‫ُمذ‬ Since/For ‫ُمنذ‬ Except ‫َعدا‬ From ‫ِم ْن‬ Except ‫حاشا‬ Maybe ‫ُر َّب‬ َ َ To/Towards ‫إِىل‬ Until ‫َح َّّت‬ On/Upon/Against ‫َع‬ About/Away from ‫ع ْن‬ In ِْ ‫ف‬ ***N OTE that all the letters in the top row attach directly to the word following it. َ ْ‫ َفت‬when it comes before all attached pronouns ***N OTE The ‫ لـ‬takes ‫ كرسة‬usually, but it takes a ‫حة‬ (except for the ‫ي‬, the attached version of ‫)أنا‬. Remember that the ‫ حرف جر‬makes the ‫ اسم‬after it ‫جر‬. Let’s look back at the different ways the ‫ جر‬status shows itself: Pronouns Ending Ending Ending Ending Ending Ending (Attached) Combination Combination Combination Sound Sound Sound (Feminine (Masculine (Pair) (Partly- (Non- (Fully Plural) Plural) Flexible) Flexible) Flexible) ُ َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ َْ ْ ُ َ ‫ُم ْو َ ى‬ ‫ـه‬- ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ي‬ ِِ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫يُ ْو ُسف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ُم ْس ِلم‬ ‫جر‬ Let us take a look at a few examples of ‫ حروف جر‬from the Quran. َ ََْ َ ‫الس‬ َّ ‫عن‬ ْ َ َ ‫نلا‬ ‫ِف أدن‬ ‫اع ِة‬ ‫َص‬ ِ ‫والع‬ ‫جار‬ attached Non-flexible, ‫جار‬ ‫جمرور‬ ‫جار‬ ‫جمرور‬ ‫جار‬ pronoun but still ‫جمرور‬ ‫فتحة = جمرور‬ on ‫لـ‬ DRILL 6 Are the following ‫ جار وَمرور‬fragments? If they are, underline the ‫ جار‬and circle the ‫َمرور‬. ْ ُ َ َ ْ َ َ Y / N ‫رس‬ ِ ‫م ع الع‬ Y / N ‫ح َّّت َم ْط ل ِع الف ج ِر‬ َ Y / N ‫ج ي ْل‬ ِّ ‫جار ة م ْن س‬ ِ ِ َ ‫ِب‬ِِ ْ ْ َ ََ ُ ْ ْ َ ْ َ Y / N ‫ي‬ِ ‫ك‬ ِ ‫َع ط عامِ ال ِم س‬ Y / N ‫ك َع ص ف َم أ ك ْو ل‬ Y / N ‫َم ْن أ ع َط ى‬ 25  ََْ ْ َ ُ ِّ ُ ْ Y / N ‫ال‬ ِ ‫ع ن األ ن‬ ‫ف‬ Y / N ‫لُِك ه َم َز ة‬ Y / N ‫ِفْ َم ع ِز ل‬ َ َ ْ ِّ َ ْ Y / N ‫يات‬ ِ ‫والع ا ِد‬ Y / N ‫َب ع د اَّل ك ِر‬ Y / N ‫لل‬ ِ ‫تا‬ 2.8 ‫حرف انلصب واسمها‬ This fragment is made up of two parts. The first is what is called ‫حرف انلصب‬. This is a ‫ حرف‬that puts the ‫ اسم‬that comes after it in the ‫ نصب‬status. The second is an ‫ اسم‬that follows and is in the ‫ نصب‬status. Unlike the ‫جار وَمرور‬, the two parts of this fragment can have a long-distance relationship. In cases where the ‫ اسم‬directly follows the ‫حرف انلصب‬, this fragment is very easy to spot and construct. In cases where something does come between the two parts (always a ‫ جار وَمرور‬or a special ‫)مضاف‬, simply look for the first word in the ‫ نصب‬status and ignore everything in between. Remember that EVERY ‫ حرف انلصب‬NEEDS AN ‫اسم‬. You will NEVER find a ‫ حرف نصب‬alone. MEMORIZE the ‫ حروف انلصب‬and their meanings. َ َّ However ‫ك َّن‬ ِ ‫ل‬ Certainly ‫ِإن‬ َّ َ َّ َ So that, hopefully, maybe ‫ل َعل‬ That ‫أن‬ َّ َ َّ َ َ Because ‫بِأن‬ As though ‫كأن‬ َّ َ َ ْ‫َيل‬ Because ‫ِألن‬ If only ‫ت‬ ***Note that if the ‫ حرف‬ends in a ‫ ن‬and it is followed by an attached pronoun that begins with a ‫نا( ن‬/‫)ِن‬, the two َّ ِّ ْ ‫إ َِّن‬. ‫ ن‬can merge or remain separate. For example ‫ ِِن‬+ ‫ إِن‬can become ‫ إ ِ ِْن‬or ‫ن‬ِ Remember that the ‫ حرف انلصب‬makes the ‫ اسم‬after it ‫نصب‬. Let’s look back at the different ways the ‫نصب‬ status shows itself: Pronouns Ending Ending Ending Ending Ending Ending (Attached) Combination Combination Combination Sound Sound Sound (Feminine (Masculine (Pair) (Partly- (Non- (Fully Plural) Plural) Flexible) Flexible) Flexible) ُ َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ َْ ْ ُ َ ‫ُم ْو َ ى‬ ‫ـه‬- ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ي‬ ِِ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫يُ ْو ُسف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ُم ْس ِل ًما‬ ‫نصب‬ Let us take a look at a few examples of ‫ حروف انلصب‬from the Quran. ‫ جار وجمرور‬comes in between ‫اسمه‬ ‫حرف نصب‬ 26  َ َ ً‫أ َّن ل َ ُه ْم أ ْجرا‬ َ‫ِف َعنْها‬ َ َّ َ َ َ ‫إ َّن‬ ٌّ ِ ‫ك َح‬ ‫كأن‬ ‫كيْ ٌم‬ ِ َ ‫الل َعليْ ٌم‬ ‫ح‬ ِ ِ ‫اسمه‬ ‫حرف نصب‬ ‫اسمه‬ ‫حرف نصب‬ DRILL 7 Are the following ‫ حرف انلصب واسمها‬fragments? If so, circle the ‫ حرف انلصب‬and underline its ‫اسم‬. َّ َ َ ُ َُ ْ َ Y / N ‫أ ن ُه ْم‬ Y / N ‫يل ْتَ ِن‬ Y / N ‫أ ن ت ق ْو ل وا‬ ََ ْ َ َ ‫إن‬َّ ُ ‫ِيل َ ْع لَ َم‬ َ Y / N ‫الص فا والم رو ة‬ Y / N ‫الل‬ Y / N ‫َلُ َو ِيل ًّا‬ ُ ْ َ َ َّ َّ َ َ َّ َ َ Y / N ‫إِن ه َو‬ Y / N ‫اع ة‬ ‫ل ع ل الس‬ Y / N ‫ك أ ن ُه ْم‬ َ َّ ‫إِن ه ذا‬ َ َ ْ َّ َ َ َّ ‫إِن َع ل يْك الل ع ن ة‬ ‫اس‬ ِ َّ‫ْث انل‬ َ َ ‫َو ل َك َّن أ َ ْك‬ Y / N Y / N Y / N ِ 2.9 ‫اإلضافة‬ MEANING AND PARTS An ‫ إضافة‬is a construction that indicates possession or belonging. In English, belonging can be expressed using the word “of”. For example, “the book of Allah” expresses possession and would be considered an ‫إضافة‬. This fragment is made up of two parts. The first is the word before the “of” and is called the ‫مضاف‬. The word before “of” is that which is possessed. The second part is the word after the “of”. This is called the ‫مضاف إيله‬. The word after “of” is the owner or the one who possesses. the book of Allah ‫مضاف‬ ‫مضاف إيله‬ When you see a fragment that seems to indicate belonging but does not contain an “of,” the fragment can be rearranged to make the “of” apparent. For example, “the cat’s paws” can be rearranged to read “the paws of the cat.” The fragment “his eyes” can be rearranged to read “eyes of his”. DRILL 8 Underline the ‫ مضاف‬once and the ‫ مضاف إيله‬twice. 27  my ears a book of fiqh his opinions the king of Persia their tears the capital of Malaysia her strategy the king of the jungle our mother THE GRAMMAR OF ‫اإلضافة‬ There are three grammatical conditions that an ‫ إضافة‬must meet. 1) The ‫ مضاف‬must be light 2) The ‫ مضاف‬cannot have an ‫ال‬ 3) The ‫ مضاف إيله‬must be in the ‫ جر‬status Also know that nothing can come between a ‫ مضاف‬and ‫مضاف إيله‬. **Remember, there are times when a partly-flexible word can be made fully flexible by showing a ‫كرسة‬ in the ‫ جر‬form. A partly-flexible word can be made fully-flexible in two ways: 1) by adding an ‫ال‬ 2) by making it a ‫مضاف‬ Remember that the ‫ مضاف إيله‬must be ‫جر‬. Let’s look back at the different ways the ‫ جر‬status shows itself: Pronouns Ending Ending Ending Ending Ending Ending (Attached) Combination Combination Combination Sound Sound Sound (Feminine (Masculine (Pair) (Partly- (Non- (Fully Plural) Plural) Flexible) Flexible) Flexible) ُ َ ْ ‫ُم ْسلم‬ َْ ْ ُ َ ‫ُم ْو َ ى‬ ‫ـه‬- ‫ُم ْس ِلمات‬ ‫ي‬ ِِ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫مس ِلم‬ ‫يُ ْو ُسف‬ ‫س‬ ‫ُم ْس ِلم‬ ‫جر‬ Let us look at a few examples. ُْ َُ - followed by ‫جر‬ ‫لل‬ ِ ‫رسول ا‬ - light - no ‫ال‬ the Prophet of Allah ْ ُ ‫َو ُجنُ ْود ِإب ْ ِلي َس‬ - partly-flexible word, - light shows ‫ جر‬with a ‫فتحة‬ - no ‫ال‬ the soldiers of Iblis 28  َ ‫ق ْو ُم ُم ْوس‬ - non-flexible word - light cannot show status - no ‫ال‬ the people of Musa Note that when a partly or non-flexible word is preceded by a word that is light and has no ‫ال‬, it is likely an ‫إضافة‬, even if the status of the word is not clear. ‫َر َّبنا‬ - attached pronoun as - light ‫مضاف إيله‬ - no ‫ال‬ - followed by ‫جر‬ attached pronoun our Master Note that a pronoun attached to an ‫ اسم‬always makes an ‫إضافة‬. - light by dropping the ‫ن‬ َ َّ ‫ُم ْس ِل ُمو َمكة‬ - partly-flexible word, - no ‫ال‬ shows ‫ جر‬with a ‫فتحة‬ - followed by ‫جر‬ the Muslims of Mecca Recall that there are very few reasons to make something light. If you see an ‫ اسم‬that is light with no ‫ال‬ followed directly by another ‫اسم‬, chances are it is an ‫إضافة‬, even if you cannot be completely sure that the word after it is in the ‫ جر‬status. This is the second of two reasons for a word to be in ‫ جر‬status. You may also recall that the ‫ إضافة‬construction was referenced in passing a few times in previous