Syllabus Summary_ Sophie O'Leary_ Power and Authority (2) PDF

Answering Questions: - Because → explain why you are telling the marker this - Explain the relevance of what you are talking about to the marker - Use specific examples - Use SSTs Power and Authority SSTs Fascism: A far right authoritarian, ultra nationalist political ideology...

Answering Questions: - Because → explain why you are telling the marker this - Explain the relevance of what you are talking about to the marker - Use specific examples - Use SSTs Power and Authority SSTs Fascism: A far right authoritarian, ultra nationalist political ideology characterised by a dictator, centralised autocracy, militarism and forcible suppression of opposition. Totalitarianism: A system of government that is centralised and dictatorial and requires complete subservience tp the state. Militarist: a person who believes in militarism, that a country should maintain a strong military capability and that the military and the state should be closely aligned. Realpolitik: a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations. Plutocracy: a state or society governed by the wealthy Mandate: an official order or commission to do something. Which carries authority Theocracy: a system of government where priests rul ein the name of God or a god Central Powers: Germany , Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (WW1) Allies: US, UK, Soviet Union and China (WW2) Axis Powers: Germany, Japan and Italy (WW2) Imperialism: A policy of extending a countires power by colonisation. Ruled by an emperor. Arms Race: Two or more groups compete in military superiority. Conscription: The State mandated enrollment of people into National Service. Blockade: The seal of a location to prevent people from moving in or out. League of Nations: The league of nations was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation, its principal mission was to maintain peace. It began on the 10th of January 1920 and was a part of Woodrow Wilson 14 points. It was decided on at the Paris Peasce Conference which ended WW1. Ratify: Give formal conent to (a treaty, contract etc) making it officially valid. Propaganda: Info of a biased or misleading nature used to promote a political cause or point of view. Armaments: military weapons and equipment Diktat: an order or decree imposed by someone in power without popular consent Isolationism: a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups especially political affairs. Other Cool Words to Use Demagogue: A political leader who seeks support by appealing to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people rather than using rational argument. Social Darwinism: The idea that Darwins theory of Natural Selectio napplied to humans too. That certain races ‘outcompeted others’ and therefore were naturally superior to the weaker races. This fed conservative racist thought. This theory has been disproven. Nomenklatura: political nepotism in the Soviet Union. Socialist Realism: A cultural ideology in Soviet Russia which demanded literature and art depict a glorified version of life under socialism. Putsch: Violent overthrow of authority Anti semitic demagogy: Anti Jewish political practises that irrationally appeal to the fears, desires and prejudices of ordinary people without using logical argument. Reichstag: German democratic government. Proportional Representation: A political system where parties get a number of seats depending on the amount of votes cast for them. Gleichschaltung was the process of the Nazi Party taking control over or reforming all aspects of government in Germany. Palingenesis: national rebirth and renewal (return to glory) after a period of decay. Führerprinzip: the basis of executive authority in Nazi Germany, that the word of the Führer (Hitler) is above all law, and that all policies, works and actions should be to appease the will of the Führer. Volksgemeinschaft: ‘peoples community’ (national/ racial community). Aurtarky: economic independence or self-sufficiency (so if everyone sanctioned them and they had no international trade GER could survive) Progeny: (descendants/s) Eugenics: selectively breeding to genetically and racially ‘purify’ a population. Untermenschen: the impure or inferior races (as viewed by the Nazis) Pseudo-speciation: a phenomenon where a dominant group views another group as sub-human Ghettoisation: Jews were forcibly removed from their homes into ghettos where they were rationed 120 calories a day. They were starved, denied medical assisstance and died of disease due to the poor hygiene. The Final Solution: the extermination of the Jewish race in Europe (the Holocaust) Lebensraum: German expansionism SURVEY Main Ideas Summary What were the key terms of Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) was the Treaty of Versailles? a collection of informal diplomatic meetings An overview of the The key terms of the Treaty of where the victorious allies negotiated to peace treaties Versailles were: set out the terms of the peace treaties. which ended - German military World War I and restriction to 100,000 Treaty of Versailles their - The Navy restricted to - The treaty which ended the war consequences 6 battleships Influences on the treaty: - No airforce - Unprecedented death - Reparations - Psychological damages - Territorial Provisions - European borders redrawn (Germany lost 13% of - Europe on the brink of economic its land mass) collapse - Loss of all colonies - Governments feared the spread of - League of Nationa communism - Article 231: ‘The Guilt What was the goal of the treaty? Clause’ - Peace What were the contents of the treaty? Why do the Treaties - German military restricted to become important? 100,000 - The treaties leave - Navy restricted to 6 battleships some nations on both - No airforce the dealing and - Reparations receiving ends, feeling - Territorial provisions (Germany lost hard done by. 13% of its land mass) Famously including - Loss of all its colonies Japan, due to the - League of nations omission of the ‘racial What were the consequences? equality’ clause, Italy, - Article 231 the ‘War Guilt Clause’  for the lack of reward - Justified the punitive aspects of the for their involvement in treaty the war effort and - Most controversial Germany for the - Many Germans felt like they had severity of punishment been stabbed in the back by the they received, for a new politicians who had replaced war they didn't believe Kaiser Wilhelm l they’d started nor did - Laid the foundations for WW2 they think they had lost. This forms a The Treaty of Saint-Germain-En-Laye significant part of why (1919)(Austria) world war two broke - Austria lost massive territories out, it also during the war (eg the whole foreshadows future ‘Hungarian’ bit in 1918) alliances (eg Axis - The terms saw Austria lose even Powers of WW2 GER, more territory JAP and ITA) - Their military was limited to 35 000 and they were not permitted a navy What were the influences on the Treaties? The Treaty of Trianon (1920) (Hungary) - The Big 3 dominated - Made the Austrian split official drew negotiations up the borders of each new country (Lloyd-George, Wilson - Lost territory and Clemenceau), - Capped military at 35 000 not thus the unique allowed a navy political agendas of each man and their The Treaty of Neuilly-Sur-Seine (1919) country greatly (Bulgaria) influenced the treaties. - Bulgaria were very aggressive Collectively, the desire during WW1 and their punishment for prolonged peace, reflected this the devastation - They lost alot of land caused by the war, - Most notably the ‘Western Thrace’ unprecedented levels region to Greece which meant of death, fear of Bulgaria no longer had access to communist revolution the Mediterranean Sea and the failure of the - Reparations: 100 million pounds European economy on - Military to 20,000 the back of the war, all influenced the terms of The Treaty of Sevres (1920) the treaty. It is also - The treaty signed with the Ottoman important that due to Empire prior to the Turkish the severity of the Nationalist movement treaty of Brest-Litovsk - Colonies of the Ottoman Empire in handed to Russia by the Middle East and North Africa Germany, the allies felt given to France and Great Britain justified in handing a - Army capped at 50 000 severe treaty to - Reparations Germany, as they ‘wouldve done it to us’. The Treaty of Lausanne (1923)  - Updated treaty signed by the Turkish post the Turkish nationalist Paris Peace Conference movement (1919-1920) - Colonies lost remained lost - Army and reparation clauses 5 Treaties were Signed at the removed from original treaty Paris Peace Conference - Allies gave small parcels of land to them from Greece The Treaty of Versailles (Germany) (June 28, 1919) The Treaty of Saint Germain en Laye (Austria) (1919) The Treaty of Trianon (Hungary) (1920) The Treaty of Neuilly-Sur-Seine (Bulgaria) (1919) The Treaty of Sevres (Ottoman Empire) (1920) & Treaty of Lausanne (Türkiye) (1923) KEY DATES 11 November 1918 - Armistice signed by German and Allied delegations 3 February 1919 - League of Nations Negotiations start 7 May 1919 - Germany presented with the Treaty of Versailles 28 June 1919 - Treaty of Versailles signed by Germany 10 September 1919 - Treaty of Saint-Germain signed by Austria  27 November 1919 - Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine signed by Bulgaria 5 June 1920 - Treaty of Trianon signed by Hungary 10 August 1920 - Treaty of Sevres signed by Turkey Quotes/Sources/Primary Evidence “This is not peace, this is an armistice for 20 years” - Ferdinand Foch, French Marshall (1919) “Today the disgraceful treaty is being signed…The German people will reconquer the place among the nations to which it is entitled” - from Deutsche Zeitung (German News) on the day the treaty was signed. The Rise of Dictatorships Main Ideas Summary What were the conditions Impact of WW1 that enabled dictators to rise The ‘total war’ of WW1 meant The conditions to power in the inter- war populations got used to the that enabled period? government having increased dictators to rise to control over them power in the → Impact of WW1 For example British ‘Defence of interwar period → Impact of 1919 (The the Realm Act’ (DORA) and Treaties) German ‘War Precautions Act’ → Flaws of Democracy Men had been brutalisd by war → → Mass Politics and Mass they got used to intense violence Society and thus politics got more violent → Nationalism and which was condusive to the rise of Pseudo-Scientific Race dictatorships Theories Mass wartime propaganda → Post-1919 Economic Issues showed political groups how easy it was to manipulate the masses and was adopted by dictators of the interwar period. Impact of 1919 (The Treaties) Some nations angered by 1919 (eg Italy, Germany and Japan) were easy targets for radical nationalist figures who promised to rip up the treaties and serve justice and regain respect for their proud countries on the world stage Minority presence and increased racism provided east scape goats for parties espousing nationalism and even racial cleansing Military figures became able to prey on internal and international conflict to promote themselves Come to rule Poland (Pilsudski), Hungary (Horthy) ans Spain (France). Flaws of Democracy Many new european constitutions post WW1 and the fall of many empires, were too democratic Coalitions became the norm → because of the overly democratic nature of these constitutions noone could ever achieve majority so coalitions took over, because of this politics became weighed down by the endless wrangling of ideas and petty politics between parties within the coalitions The people sought a leader who transcended this petty politicing Demagogues appeared and promised quick fix solutions to complex problems, essentially promising to fix problems they couldn’t. Using peoples fear and anger to their benefit in order to secure more power. Mass Politics and Mass Society Mass politics and mass society became a feature of many countries before 1914 This did not create dictatorship  BUT created an environment that made the rise of dictatorships possible Provided means for large scale political activity and the dissemination of radical ideas Became factors post war Nationalism and Pseudo-Scientific Race Theories The 19th century saw an enormous growth in nationalism also saw the rise of racist thinking linked to pseudo-scientific race theory (natural selection but with people → white people are more suited due to civilisation and intelligence and ae therefore outcompeting the black population and by murdering them they were merely helping the process). Education, media and technology made transmission of these ideas easier Outside of RUssia all iner war dictatorships would be nationalistic with some embracing racial superiority ideologies (eg Japan) (Italy had cultural superiority ideologies) Post-1919 Economic Issues Post war depression created mass distress → increased the allure of the ‘strong man’ figure. Depression didnt put Hitler in power however without it he would not have gained power. Hyperinflation in Germany (1924)Vsaw German currency become almost worthless The Great Depression of 1929 had a great impact on domestic and international economies Quotes/Sources/Primary Evidence Discontent with party and parliamentary government became widespread, already foreshadowing the transformation into an authoritarian presidential regime - Professor Eberhard Kolb ​(historian who lived through regime as child) Weakness of the Weimar regime were obvious. There were too many political parties. - U.S historian William L. Shirer 1959 Main Ideas Summary What were the key features Russia of Stalin's dictatorship in Ideology: Totalitarianism an overview of the Russia? Total power to a smaller group of features of the - Stalins dictatorship was people dictatorships that a communist Using authority to reshape society emerged in totalitarian regime. As a Attempting to create new mass Russia, Italy, political leader he had political movement by promoting Japan a strong cult of new ideology in an attempt at personality, control nationa cohesion which would over the media, and bring political, economic or social economy, he was well change known to eliminate is Gain control of media opposition through Extends control over entire nomenklatura, public economy executions, exile or Communism other terror tactics. He Advocates for a classless society where the means of production are What were the key features owned communally and private of Mussolini’s dictatorship property/ enterprise is abolished. in Italy? Territory and military exapnsion: USSR creation Ukraine, Poland etc What were the key features Political Leader of Tojo’s dictatorship in Cult of personality Japan? Pictures of him on every building and corner Became an absolute dictator of a totalitarian government Elimination of Opposition Established absolute control over Russia through socialism Nomenklatura: “(in the former Soviet Union) the system whereby influential posts in government and industry were filled by Party appointees.” → political non-familial nepotism Utilised terror tactics to repress  opposition Utilised political executions and exile Methods of Control Propaganda extolling (enthusiastically praising) Stalins achievements Cultural conformity fear of not following the ‘Party Line’ Socialist realism → art to be optimistic other wised it was banned or purged 3.7 million people were sentenced for counter-revolutionary crimes Gulags (soviet forced labour camps) Show trials (public trials where a verdict has already been determined the whole thing is more or less an exercise of power and social control) Narodny Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del (NKVD) translated: People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. → soviet secret police Economic Control Controlled nation with economic plans → collectivisation and industrialisation → 5 year plans “2+2=5” Italy Ideology: Fascism Mussolini established the Fascist Party in 1919 1922 declares himself authoritarian dictator takin over the previous form of government a constitutional monarchy Fascism: far right wing form of authoritarianism that emphasises nationalism (1919 result) and sees political power as being exercised by the state rather than its people Personality cult of Benito Mussolini Hostility towards communism and socialism Establishment of a polic state Suspension of civil liberties Use of terror and propaganda to maintain control Conditions that gave rise to Mussolini 1) Dissatisfaction with the treaty of Versailles Italy only gave a small portion of what it was initially promised (promised massive gains from A-H but only got a small torsol) Bitter at the allies → felt undercut on world stage Contributed to totalitarianism Mussolini rejected the terms of the treaty as an insult to the nation 2) Alignment With Germany and Rejection of Iternationalism As the losers of the post war peace treaties Germany and Italy were aligned Both countries rejected the internaitonalism of the allies Hitler admired Mussolini’s leadership Germany and Italy had similar foreign affairs (for example, sent troops to the spanish Civil War at the same time) Signed the military Rome-Berlin Axis in 1936 (coalition Italy Germany) 3) The Great Depression 1929: Italians left vulnerable from financial hardship/inflation, unemployment. Led them to seek ‘strong man’ figures → bring security to people → bring glory to the nation WW1 and Great Deperession resulted in extreme nationalism → encouraged view that democracies are not strong enough to fix economic and social problems. 4) Mussolini as a ‘strong man’ Highly skilled orator and in PR Fear and mythbuilding Executions, secret police (blackshirts) (terror and repression) Myth building → cultural superiority (roman empire) → national glory Features of Fascist Dictatorship in Italy 1) Totalitatianism Total control over the population Largely a result of the economic and social panic of the 1929 Great Depression Masses opt for the stabilitiy of hardline politics (eg Italian fascism and russian socialism) Mussolini was the traditional ‘strong man’ figure 2) Extreme Nationalism Mussolinis fascism was underpinned by extreme nationalism and support for a class based society → Italys interests superseded all othe rnations interests Rejected idealistic nationalism (Woodrow Wilson Ideology) League of nations Balila (evidence) (see quotes box)\ Fascist italy → resurrection of the Great Roman empire → influenced imperial aggression → Mussolini as a genius for bringing it back (Propaganda) Emphasised military power (governments can legitimately use force on their own people to exert and maintain control) Blackshirt → secret police 3) The Corporate State No democracy Also excessively anti communist and anti socialist (therefore no teaming up with Stalin) ‘Corpporate state’ a class based system of government where all members of a society are organised into corporations which work for the state and are controlled by the state Authoritarian system of governemtn Corporate state remained popular due to its focus on economic improvements, social stability (including strengthening social  stability with the Catholic Church) 4) Aggressive Foreign Policy Extreme nationalism manifested in an aggressive foreign policy Italy = culturally superior → therefore not many alliances Another Roman Empire → exert international dominance by conquering lands Italy had been promised post WW1 at the Treaty of London but denied at Treaty of Versailles Racial superiority of the Nazis is NOT the same thing as cultural superiority of the Italians. Territory and military expansion Japan Ideology: Militarism The Conditions that Gave Rise to Dictatorships in Japan 1902: Anglo-japanese alliance → Japan aligned itself with western powers through a diplomatic alliance with the UK → Japans navy supported UKs war effort → Japan expected to be rewarded → felt undercut and underappreciated 1919: Paris Peace Conference → treaty (mainly US) refused a ‘racial equality clause’ → personal insult to Japan 1922: Washington Naval Treaty → severely capped Japans navy → super embarassing 1930: London Naval Treaty → navy was cut further → another insult Created resentment towards western countries The Rise of Militaristic Nationalism (Kodo): Nationalism based on the idea that strong armed forces are of critical importance and should be at the centre of social and political spheres. Racial and culturally superiority (see themselves as divinely  chosen) Army and navy ministers increased power dramatically and had direct access to the emperor The military all but ruled the State The Divine Emperor Hirohito Kodo was a gov in the name of the Divine Emperor Hirohito Hirohito ruled 1926-1989 He benefitted from militaristic nationalism Advocated kodo via education programs Worshipped by military and population Quite literally considered God like Important symbol/figurehead → not so important leader Tojo Prime Minister under Hirohito High influence Minister for war 1940 Signed tripartite act 1940 (GER, ITA alliance) PM 1941 He ordered pearl harbour in 1942 Features of Dictatorship in Japan Background 1850s → keen to modernise swiftly Nationa project ‘Meiji Restoration’ (make sure industrial advancement will make them a new global power) Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) and Great Depression (1929) greatly impacted JAP socially and economically Created a desire to strengthen economy again → look to Hirohito → blind trust in militarists such as Tojo Self Sufficieny, Independence from the West and the New World Order Japan blamed the West for the depression → more resentment →  become independent from the West Wanted to be economically self sufficient (at best) and independent of western resources (at worst). JAP had little resources → made foreign policy and imperial aggrwssion worse (eg Manchuria) → for economic growth Concept of the Greater East Asia Co Propserity Sphere (JAP, CHI and all pacific islands AU and NZ too) Seen as the ‘new economic order’ of the Asia pacific The Policy of Imperial Expansionism Invasion for resources to fulfill independence desires Plus desire to exert national strength/ dominance Practiced in territorial aggression asserting themselves on world stage to the West Lots of imperial campaigns for which they were condemned by league of nations, JAP withdrew, signed anti-cominterm pact w/ Italy and Germany (1937) 1940 tripartite now allies US imposed sanctions and trade cutoff (final nail in JAP USA coffiin) Military Culture: Tojo ran rampant and unchecked Military had increased political power Attack on Pearl Harbour (most famous case of japanese aggressive militarism, US were barrier to JAP expansion, ‘retaliate in advance’ 7/12/1941) Important to understand the motivators for Japanese aggression. Quotes/Sources/Primary Evidence Italy: The Nazi Regime to 1939 Main Ideas Summary  Anti semitic demagogy The Rise of the Nazi Party Hitlers backgrounf The rise of the Nazi party and Why did the Weimar Republic Hitler in Germany Collapse? NSDAP and the collapse of the Weimar Republic Munich Putsch Was the Collapse of the Weimar Republic inevitable? The Collapse of the Weimar republic What was NSDAP (the Nazi Party) The Weimar Constitution: doing before 1933? - Created January 1919 - Super democratic - Had flaws Outline some key reasons for Adolf - The constitution Hitler's ascension to power. guaranteed basic civil liberties and gave al mrn and women over the age of 20 the right to vote - The head of state was a president elected by the people for seven year (the president could apoint/dismiss the chancellor, and under article 25, close the Reichstag and call electors - Article 48 gave the president emergency powers in times of crisis the right to close parliament and issues decrees. Known as the ‘suicide clause’ - Partliament had 2 houses the Reichstag and the Reichstrat. Reichstag members were elected on the basis of Proportional Representation 1 seat for every 60 000 votes. (very democratic all but the smallest parties were represented - Makes it almost impossible to gain majority → constant coalition →  causing political instability Early Issues: - Blamed for defeat in war and armistice - ‘Stab in the back’ legend spread (labelled ‘november criminals’ - Sparticist rebellion (1919) → failed but spread anti democratic ideas - Republic forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles → millstone around their necks → reparations severely damage GER and EU economy → failure to make reparations bill led to France sizing coalmines as payment → FRA violence met with ‘passive resistance’ (Hindenburg) → humiliation for WR - March 1920 R wing rebels (led by Wolfgang Kapp) made a coup the military refused to support the government - The republic treated R wing criminals leniently compared to L wing (communist) criminals → inspired by fear of L wing revolution (‘german’ bolshevik revolution) - Hyperinflation → GER = bankrupt → mark is worth nothing, houses worth loaves of bread etc Weimar After 1923 - Chaos and damage from french occupation and hyperinflation were overcome quickly - Mis 1920s GER were the most dynamic nation in EU (opinion) - Best social welfare - Political instability calmed down  - However it was merely superficial - Relying on US loans … therefore Gr Dep was BAD The Impact of the Great Depression Social and psychological impacts: - Unemployment skyrocketed - Working class families became destitute → suffered eviction forced to live in shanty towns → health levels plummeted → families broke up as men left to seek work or fled their family responsibilities. → children forced to leave school early - Transcending class was the shared feeling of humiliation of not being able to look after/ provide for ones family. Political Issues - the spectrum - Lots of diversity in thought - Therefore under the overly democratic weimar constitution petty politicking was inevitable The Rise of the Nazi Party Leadership and Votes. Leadership September 1930: Nazi Vote rises from 2.6% (1928) to 18.3% (12 seats to 107 seats) → the second biggest party Votes Quotes/Sources/Primary Evidence Text Book Image Hitlers Rise to Power Weakness of the Weimar regime were obvious. There were too many political parties. By 1923 political power was concentrated in hands of a senile president and in the house a few shallow, ambitious men around him. Hitler saw this clearly, and it suited his power - U.S historian William L. Shirer 1959 - U.S historian William L. Shirer 1959 “There were the people who later turned to Adolf Hitler as the messiah to lead them out of financial chaos” - L Snyder, (author) the Weimar Republic. “ Main Ideas Summary Hitlers Ascension to How did the Nazis establish/ Chancellorship The initial consolidate their power in the early - Hitler was appointed consolidation of years of Hitler’s chancellorship? Chancellor on 30 January Nazi power 1933 as a response to 1933–1934 public support who desired strength and security in leadership - Began to work towards a one party state (would run as a dictatorship) - As chancellor capitalised on executive powers allowing him to overrule the constitution in ‘emergencies’ - Hitler imprisoned Weimar political and military figures (abuse of power) Nazi Maintenance of Power: Reichstag Fire - 27 February 1933 the Reichstag was set on fire - Communist Marnus van der Lubbe was blamed - Some believe the Nazis → gave him a legitimate reason to incite fear among following and persecute communists/ other opposing political ideologies → heightened nation to official state of emergency Reichstag Fire Decree (28/2/1933)  - Eliminated the civil liberties of German people → they didnt really care though as the fear of communist revolution was overwhelming - Enabled police to imprison political opponents/ non conformists General Election (5/3/1933) - Nazi 44% (not majority but still the largest vote percentage of any party) - No single party majority → gov was inefficient Led Hitler to be able 1 party rule and national submission Enabling Act 1933 - Was an amendment to the weimar constitution which gavr Hitler power to enact laws without Parliaments approval (end of democracy) - Transferred all power to the Nazis - Effective removal of democracy Night Of the Long Knives - 30 June 1934 to July 2 1934 - Nazi’s ran a one party state but still feared internal threats - The night of the long knives was a siege on disloyal members of the party - Officials that didnt fully support hitler were executed - Including Roehm head of SA Consequences: - Consolidated Hitlers power by removing internal opposition and scaring  fence sitters into submission - Hitlers personal guar (SS) became the unrivalled paramilitary group of the party the highest authority → Germany was now a police state as well as a one party state Quotes/Sources/Primary Evidence Main Ideas Summary What were the Primary Sources of Social Darwinism: Nazi Ideology? - ‘Survival of the fittest’ The nature of Nazi The primary sources of Nazi ideology theory appled to humans ideology were social darwinism, Friedrich - The idea that some Nietze, European fascism, voilkisch cultures, nations and races nationalism, the Weimer republic, are inherently superior to Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Mein others and more likely to Kampf, Richard Wagner and other be successful because individual Nazi thinkers. they are the ‘fittest’ - Therefore weaker races will die oout/ be outcompeted annyways - And the Aryan race was destined to rule the earth therefore racial purity was crucial. Anti Semitism: - Deep rooted anti semitism not just in Germany (if it weren’t in Germany it would have happened somewhere else → blamed for death of Christ) - Therefore Jews were easy scapegoats - Hostility to Jews had existed in nearly all countries since the  expulsion of Jews from palestine in the 1st century AD. - The best place for Jews to live in the late 19th century and early 20th century w2as Germany as the Jews had succesfully assimilated. - Jews willingly fought for Germany during the war. - Prominent pseudo-scientific ideas (race inequality as a scientific fact) made anti-semitism worse Richard Wagner - Operas of Richard Wagner influenced Htler, they were rich in nordic mythology (white people, blonde hair blue eyes.) Houston Stewart Chamberlain - British Germanophile→ thought Teutons (ancient Germanic tribes) were th beginning of culture in Europe → buddy buddy with Hitler → development of german superiority ideas Friedrich Nietshe → Ideas of the philosopher Friedrich Nietsche eg ‘the will to power’ often misunderstood and adopted by the Nazis. Volkisch Nationalism → had become prominent. → Notion that the German race possessed a mysterious essence thar could only be protected by ensuring racial purity Weimar Republic → after the events of 1918 and how fed up people were with the republic, the WR became the perfect scapegoats along with socialists, democrats and jews. The Aryan Race → Aryan race = supreme race → not only german but loosely Scandinavian english → the Germans were the modern Aryans destined to rule the world → inferior races like Slavs were destined to be the slaves of the Aryans. Mein Kampf/ Adolf Hitler → ‘My Struggle’ written from Landsberg prison in 1924 → Hitler dominated party thinking but was also influenced by other Nazi thinkers → These men werent looking to undermine Hitler → each man was working ‘towards the Führer” and seeking his support to further their ideas → this led to rivalry amongst prominent Nazis → which led to the radicalisation of the nazi regime Leading Nazis: Gregor Strass: from the industrial north → represented the ‘socialist’ part of NSDAP, was anti capitalist and sought land redistribution Alfred Rosenberg: bery strong on racial purity/ superiority, anti christian, anti communist. Gottfried Feder: Anti-semitic, strong focus on economics, Walter Darré Focus on Volkisch idea of ‘blood and soil’ → the Aryan race (blood) unified in Germany (soil) and the purity of the peasant Hans Günther Focus on race and the study of  eugenics (improving genetic quality of a population/ improving racial stock) Nazism and Fascism: → Nazism was a part of the general trend of European interwar fascism → Nazism shares many characteristics with other European fascist movements: anti-liberalism, anti-conservatism, anti-rationalism, anti-internationalism, non-marxist socialism and the notion of charismatic leadership/ cult of personality. → Nundamental to both Nazism and Fascism → Griffins notion of ‘f decay. Much like Mussolinis fascism, returning to an earlier period a golden age, a purer uncorrupted time. Quotes/Sources/Primary Evidence Main Ideas Summary  Joseph Goebbels: Propaganda The role of Hermann Göring: Police and prominent Economics individuals in the Heinrich Himmler: camps and Police Nazi state Ernst Röhm: SA Heydrich: Police Streicher: Propaganda Hess: law and legislation Hermann Göring → in charge of rebuilding the German airforce which had been banned by the treaty of Versailles. → President of the Reichstag → Founder of the Gestapo → next in line to Hitler → in charge of preparing German economy for war → implementation of Gleichschaltung (Nazification) → played a crucial role in the consolidation of Nazi Power in 1933 and 1934 → commited to hanging at the Nuremberg Trials → killed himself in his cell the night before Joseph Goebbels: → minister for propaganda and enlightenment → key role in censorship → invented certain nazi rituals eg) book burnings → upon Hitlers suicide he was made chancellor of Germany → killed himself and his children the next day alongside his wife Reinhard Heydrich: → joined Schutzstaffel (SS) in 1931 → 1939 became head of Reich security including the Gestapo → played a major role in the implementation of the final solution including the use of death camps and mass executions → oversaw Czechoslovakia (nicknamed the Butcher of Prague) → he was involved in Kristallnacht → he chaired the Wanassee Conference (Jan 1942) which planned the Holocaust → involved in his namesake operations, Operation Reinhard which saw the extermination of Jews in Poland. → died from assassination in Prague (4/6/1942) → Nazis massacred Czech citizens in the town of Lidice as retaliation for his death Julius Streicher: → one of the earliest and most influential members of NSDAP → founded Der Strumer and anti-semitic newspaper which was propaganda riddled → he was a famous anti semite → had a direct role in inciting racial Hatred within Germany → demonstrated the power of propaganda in perpetrating genocide  Rudolf Hess: → served in WW1 → one of earliest NSDAP members (was already a member of DAP when it became NSDAP) → appointed deputy Führer in 1933 → is seen as one of the true believers in Nazism → in 1941 he made a solo trip to Scotland without the knowledge fo Hitler to negotiate with the British → took him prisoner → During the Nuremberg Trials (1946) he was wheeled out again and sentenced to life in prison for crimes against peace but not war crimes → died mysteriously 93y/o in Spandau Prison, Berlin officially called a suicide (1987) Quotes/Sources/Primary Evidence Main Ideas Summary Laws Laws: - The Reichstag Fire Decree → during his chancellorship Hitler The various (1933) consolidated his power in laws methods used by - Enabling Act (1933) which enhanced his ability to the Nazi regime to - Nuremberg Laws (1935) restrict the rights of German exercise control, (including Jewish) citizens one he including laws, Censorship and Propaganda was Führer censorship, Reichstag Fire Decree repression, terror, Cult of Personality (28/21933) propaganda, cult → in response to the alleged of personality Repression crime of communist criminal Marnus Van der Lubbe (in setting Terror alight the reichstag) Hitler announced the Reichstag fire decree → framed as a defensive measure against threat of communism → decree was defnesive against all types of opposition and restrictec personal freedoms → gateway law which allowed him to pass other things Enabling Act (1933) → established Hitler as the absolute ruler both President and Chancellor of Germany (the Führer) → made the reich cabinet purely ceremonial → got rid of the weimar constitution Nuremberg Laws (1935) 1) The Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour → criminalised sexual relations and marriage between Jews and non-Jews 2) Reich Citizenship Law → stripped Jews, Sinti, Roma and Africans of German citizenship, removing protection from German law for these groups. Censorship and Propaganda: →used to control and manipulate the German people → Joseph Goebbels founded reich chamber of culture in september 1933] → withheld information deliberastely from the public sphere → censored ‘degenerate’ elements of culture that opposed, or didnt align with Nazi ideology → many people censored themselves to avoid attracting the attention of the brutal authorities → Nazi Book Burning (10/51933) famous example → propaganda filled the cultural vacuum left by widespread censorship → manipulated people into support of Hitler → fed into Hitlers cult of personality Cult of Personality The Führers Myth: → created by Joseph Goebbels → Hitler as the sole source of power and authority → Hitler only ever acted for the good of Germany trying to restore it to its former glory (hence the Third Reich piece) (Roman and German empires were the first 2) Charisma: → Hitler presented to the public as charismatic, empathetic and passionate via his speeches → spoke at rallies, public appearances and on the radio Sincerity: → represented as a caring figure who wanted what was best for ordinary Germans (emphasised through propaganda) Nationalism: → Hitler presented himself as an extension of Germany itself → he was a vehicle for restoring national pride and peace → to be a proud german was to be a proud Nazi → cult of personality made Hitler cult-like and beyond criticism there was no way to ‘check’ Hitler. Terror SA: → Ernst Rohm (early years of the party ousted after assassination during the Night of the Long Knives) → eliminated political rivals through police force (eg beating, torturing and imprisoning communists) → sent political dissenters to the first concentration camps SS: → Heinrich Himmler → Took control over concentration camps → tooak over the implementation  of the ‘final solution’ Gestapo: → secret police (a division of the SS) → arrested and sent enemies to prison or concentration camps without trial → surveillance and violence → created a paranoid atmosphere where citizens surveilled and turned on each other to protect themselves (think 1984) Repression → censorship was a clear way the regime removed opposition from the public sphere → propaganda replaced this opposition with proregime ideas → laws → eg Reichstag fire decree restricted free speech and assembly → terror SS/SA/Gestapo Quotes/Sources/Primary Evidence Main Ideas Summary The impact of the Non Minorities: Non Minorities: Nazi regime on life → cultural expression Cultural Expression in Germany, → religion → ideological impact: promote the including cultural → workers superiority of the Aryan race and expression, → youth reinforce ideal German values religion, workers, → women (loyalty to nuclear family, the youth, women, nation and above all the Führer) minorities Minorities: → controlled by the including Jews → Jews Reichskulturkammer (reich → Sinti/Roma and Africans chamber of culture → Joseph → Disabled Goebbels) which aligned art, film, literature w Nazi ideology SSTS: → censorship of all nonpaligned Aurtarky: economic independence or art, film, literature, music, self sufficiency (so if everyone architecture etc and replaced with sanctioned them and they had no propaganda international trade GER could survive) → ‘degenerate’ → common label Progeny: (descendants/s) → abstract art replaced with Eugenics: selectively breeding to neoclassical genetically and racially ‘purify’ a → jazz replaced with operas population. → hollywood films replaced with Untermenschen: the impure or propaganda films inferior races (as viewed by the Nazis) → books: book burning 1933 and Pseudo-speciation: a phenomenon propaganda books eg ‘Barb’ where a dominant group views (housewife promotion) another group as sub-human → Nazi architecture reflected the Ghettoisation: Jews were forcibly brutalist eternal image removed from their homes into ghettos where they were rationed 120 calories Religion: a day. They were starved, denied → the two major religions of medical assisstance and died of Germany were the protestants disease due to the poor hygiene. and the catholics The Final Solution: the extermination → religion had large support and of the Jewish race in Europe (the weld much power so Hitler had to Holocaust) tread carefully→ Hitler disliked christianity but had to compromise 1 → the Nazis treated the Jews as an ethnic group not a religion Catholics: → Reichskonkordat (July 1933) (agreement that church could have its freedoms but must stay out of politics) → agreement was the Hitler would stay out of Catholic church’s, schools and youth groups → Hitle broke these rules in only a few months (changed catholic school curriculum and even killed prominent German catholic leaders in the purge on the Night of the Long Knives) Protestants: → Nazis formed the ‘Protestant Reich Church’ which reinterpreted christianity in a way that met Nazi needs → this church had much opposition among christians → denounced by thousands of pastors → led by Ludwig Müller → Hitler was apparently the Messiah → no old testament (its a ‘Jewish’ book) Workers → workers were positively impacted by the Nazi regime → hence most were loyal to Hitler → Hitler required rearmament and a self sufficient economy (aurtarky) therefore workers were important → 1939 25% workforce dedicated to rearamaments Pros - Solved unemployment crisis - Workers felt valued - The regime subsidised small luxuries like holidays and and theatre tickets - Workers were better off and were largely loyal Cons - Low wages, high hours poor industry standards - Due to restrictions on personal freedoms trade unions couldnt be formed and workers couldn’t advocate for themselves Youth: Education: → Nazis created a whole new curriculum set on indoctrinating kids into little Nazis → so that all opposition to the regime could be wiped out in one generation → New curriculum focused on work of Nazi authors, biology of social darwinism and myths about France, the UK and the US. Hitler Youth: →1933 had 100 000 members → 1939: compulsory for boys 10-18 → war training and lectures in Nazi ideology → young men enjoyed their time there, they enjoyed the sense of importance, purpose, comradeship and belonfnf the Hitler Youth brought them. Women: → traditionalist views (kinder, küche, kirche) (kids, kitchen, church) → banned from government roles → not allowed to work → pretty much dependent on their husbands → Nazi women joined groups (eg the league of German maidens, Nazi Womens Group and Deutsches Fraunwerk) which prepared them for domestic roles MINORITIES: *Nazis followed the principle of eugenics Homosexuals: → Nazis only targeted gay men → anti gay laws in Germany predate the Nazis in power → Reich central office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion (1936) → 15 000 gay men were sent to concentration camps → (Nazis beliecved that 98% of gay men could be ‘cured’ of homosexuality through discipline and hard labour) Disabled: → Law for the Prevention of Progeny with Hereditary diseases (July 1933) → allowed gove to forcibly sterilise people with 8 specific conditions (including depression and blindness) → state sanctioned euthanasia program → up to 140 000 psychiatric patients were euthanised → childrens euthanasia program killed over 5000 severely mentally  and physically disabled children. Jews → anti-semitism in Germany predated the Nazis, Hitler just capitalised on it as a point of national solidarity → 7/11/1938 Ernst Vom Rath (minor German diplomat) shot in Paris by a young (17y/o) Jew → This inspired Kristallnacht (9-10/11/1938) → Jewish homes, synagogues and businesses were burnt down → 100 Jews killed → 20 000 Jews sent to concentration camps → ghettoisation: Jews were forcibly removed from their homes into ghettos where they were rationed 120 calories a day. They were starved, denied medical assisstance and died of disease due to the poor hygiene. → Jews were forced to where the star of David → Ghettoisation (1939) pre empted the holocaust (dehumanised the Jews) → made it more acceptable to the German population that the Jews be relocated to concentratoin camps → anti semitic actions justified by pseudo-speciation (see SSTS) → The final solution (founded by Heinrich Himmler) → meant labour and death camps for all Jews (Dachau, Auschwitz, Buchenwald) → 1945 6 million Jews had been killed Quotes/Sources/Primary Evidence Hitlers Prewar Warning to the Jews (30/1/1939) “If the international Jewish financiers inside and outside Europe succeed in plunging the nations into another world war then the result will be the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe” \ - Adolf Hitler Youth and Education: “The whole function of education is to create Nazi’s” (Bernard Rust Reich Minister of Science, Education and Culture 1933-1945) “The Nazis referred to the Jews as ‘bacilli, bacteria, vermin’, they actively believed that the Jewish race was subhuman” - Richard J Evans (British Historian), The Third Reich in Power. Main Ideas Summary Opposition to the Nazi regime Quotes/Sources/Primary Evidence The Search for Peace and Security in the World Main Ideas Summary an overview of the search for peace and security 1919–1946: -the ambitions of Germany in Europe and Japan in the Asia-Pacific  Sources/Quotes/Primary Evidence Main Ideas Summary -the intentions and authority of the League of Nations and the UN https://aceh.b-cdn.net/re24/power-and-authority-complete-notes-modern-history-65c0bee82552 1.pdf